He is british, it said American.Added mainly to articles and ooks published as description falls short.Added field of interest: Bhakti.
>Citation bot (Alter: url. URLs might have been anonymized. Add: s2cid, authors 1-1. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Columbia University alumni | #UCB_Category 2310/4340) |
(He is british, it said American.Added mainly to articles and ooks published as description falls short.Added field of interest: Bhakti.) |
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| workplaces = [[Rutgers University]] | | workplaces = [[Rutgers University]] | ||
| discipline = Religious Studies | | discipline = Religious Studies | ||
| main_interests = [[Yoga]], [[Hindu philosophy]] | | main_interests = [[Yoga]], [[Hindu philosophy]] Bhakti | ||
|alma_mater=[[Columbia University]]}} | |alma_mater=[[Columbia University]]}} | ||
'''Edwin Francis Bryant''' is a British [[Indologist]]. Currently, he is professor of religions of India at [[Rutgers University]]. He published seven books and authored a number of articles mainly on Vedic history, ''yoga'', and the [[Krishna]] tradition. In his research engagements, he lived several years in India where he studied Sanskrit and was trained with several Indian pandits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.edwinbryant.org/|title=Inside the Yoga Tradition|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|date=2007|website=Inside the Yoga Tradition|publisher=edwinbryant.org|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> | |||
'''Edwin Francis Bryant''' is | |||
==Academic career== | ==Academic career== | ||
Edwin Bryant received his Ph.D in [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indic languages]] and Cultures from [[Columbia University]] in 1997 with a dissertation on the "[[Indigenous Aryans]] Debate". He taught [[Hinduism]] at [[Harvard University]] for three years, and is presently professor of Religions of India at [[Rutgers University]] where he teaches courses on Hindu philosophy and religion.<ref name="rutgcv" /> He has received numerous fellowships.<ref name="rutgcv">{{cite web|url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~edbryant/edwinbryant_cv.pdf|title=CURRICULUM VITAE|publisher=Rutgers University|page=1|date=22 April 2010}}</ref> | Edwin Bryant received his Ph.D in [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indic languages]] and Cultures from [[Columbia University]] in 1997 with a dissertation on the "[[Indigenous Aryans]] Debate". He taught [[Hinduism]] at [[Harvard University]] for three years, and is presently professor of Religions of India at [[Rutgers University]] where he teaches courses on Hindu philosophy and religion.<ref name="rutgcv" /> He has received numerous fellowships.<ref name="rutgcv">{{cite web|url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~edbryant/edwinbryant_cv.pdf|title=CURRICULUM VITAE|publisher=Rutgers University|page=1|date=22 April 2010}}</ref> | ||
In addition to his academic courses, Bryant currently teaches workshops at yoga studios and teacher training courses throughout the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~edbryant/workshopsched.html|title=Edwin Bryant, Ph.D. -- Workshop Schedule|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|date=May 2016|website=About Edwin|publisher=rci.rutgers.edu|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> His lectures and workshop engagements include: The [[Bhagavad Gita]], The [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutras]], Indian Philosophy and [[Bhakti]], and the Krishna Tradition. Indian Philosophy workshop includes "the foundational philosophical texts of yoga and examine the underpinnings and essential principles of the classical schools of Hindu philosophy... beginning with their foundations in the [[Upanishads]], the earliest mystico-philosophical tradition of India, and evolving into the Yoga Sutras, Vedanta Sutras, Bhagavad Gita, and other post-Vedic texts."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~edbryant/workshops/hinduphil.html|title=Introduction to Hindu Philosophy|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|date=2016|website=Workshops|publisher=rci.rutgers.edu|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> | In addition to his academic courses, Bryant currently teaches workshops at yoga studios and teacher training courses throughout the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~edbryant/workshopsched.html|title=Edwin Bryant, Ph.D. -- Workshop Schedule|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|date=May 2016|website=About Edwin|publisher=rci.rutgers.edu|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> His lectures and workshop engagements include: The [[Bhagavad Gita]], The [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutras]], Indian Philosophy and [[Bhakti]], and the Krishna Tradition. Indian Philosophy workshop includes "the foundational philosophical texts of yoga and examine the underpinnings and essential principles of the classical schools of Hindu philosophy... beginning with their foundations in the [[Upanishads]], the earliest mystico-philosophical tradition of India, and evolving into the Yoga Sutras, Vedanta Sutras, Bhagavad Gita, and other post-Vedic texts."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~edbryant/workshops/hinduphil.html|title=Introduction to Hindu Philosophy|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|date=2016|website=Workshops|publisher=rci.rutgers.edu|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> | ||
==Works== | ==Works== | ||
Bryant has published seven books and authored a number of articles on [[Vedic]] history, [[yoga]], and [[Krishna]]-[[bhakti]] tradition. He is an expert on [[Krishnaism|Krishna tradition]]<ref name="yj130">{{cite journal|date=May 2006|title=The Ahimsa Debate|journal=Yoga Journal|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA130}}</ref> and has translated the story of [[Krishna]] from the [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.<ref name="yj68">{{cite journal|date=November 2001|title=Edwin Bryant|journal=Yoga Journal|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68}}</ref> | Bryant has published seven books and authored a number of articles on [[Vedic]] history, [[yoga]], and [[Krishna]]-[[bhakti]] tradition. He is an expert on [[Krishnaism|Krishna tradition]]<ref name="yj130">{{cite journal|date=May 2006|title=The Ahimsa Debate|journal=Yoga Journal|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA130}}</ref> and has translated the story of [[Krishna]] from the [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.<ref name="yj68">{{cite journal|date=November 2001|title=Edwin Bryant|journal=Yoga Journal|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68}}</ref> | ||
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*Edwin F. Bryant, ''Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God; Śrīmad Bhāgavata Purāṇa, Book X; with chapters 1, 6 and 29-31 from Book XI'', Translated with an introduction and notes by Edwin F. Bryant. — London: Penguin Books, 2003. — xxxi, 515 p. — {{ISBN|0-14-044799-7}} | *Edwin F. Bryant, ''Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God; Śrīmad Bhāgavata Purāṇa, Book X; with chapters 1, 6 and 29-31 from Book XI'', Translated with an introduction and notes by Edwin F. Bryant. — London: Penguin Books, 2003. — xxxi, 515 p. — {{ISBN|0-14-044799-7}} | ||
*Edwin F. Bryant and Maria L. Ekstrand, ''The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant''. New York; Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2004. — xix, 448 p. — {{ISBN|0-231-12256-X}} | *Edwin F. Bryant and Maria L. Ekstrand, ''The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant''. New York; Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2004. — xix, 448 p. — {{ISBN|0-231-12256-X}} | ||
*Edwin F. Bryant and Laurie L. Patton, ''Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History''. | *Edwin F. Bryant and Laurie L. Patton, ''Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History''. London: Routledge, 2005. — 522 p. — {{ISBN|0-7007-1462-6}} (cased), {{ISBN|0-7007-1463-4}} (pbk.) | ||
*Edwin F. Bryant, ''Krishna: a Sourcebook''. | *Edwin F. Bryant, ''Krishna: a Sourcebook''. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. — xiv, 575 p. — {{ISBN|0-19-514891-6}} (hbk.) {{ISBN|0-19-514892-4}} (pbk.) | ||
*Edwin F. Bryant, ''The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali: A New Edition'', Translation, and Commentary with Insights from the Traditional Commentators; illustrated. New York: North Point Press, 2009. — xvii, 598 p. — {{ISBN|0-86547-736-1}} | *Edwin F. Bryant, ''The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali: A New Edition'', Translation, and Commentary with Insights from the Traditional Commentators; illustrated. New York: North Point Press, 2009. — xvii, 598 p. — {{ISBN|0-86547-736-1}} | ||
*Edwin F. Bryant, ''Bhakti yoga: Tales and teachings from the Bhāgavata Purāṇa'', New York, North Point Press. 2017. 688 p. — {{ISBN|0-86547-775-2}} | *Edwin F. Bryant, ''Bhakti yoga: Tales and teachings from the Bhāgavata Purāṇa'', New York, North Point Press. 2017. 688 p. — {{ISBN|0-86547-775-2}} | ||
===''The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture''=== | ===''The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture''=== | ||
Bryant is the author of ''The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture'' ([[Oxford University Press]], 2001).<ref name="bryant10">{{cite book|last=Edwin Francis Bryant|title=Krishna: a sourcebook|publisher=Oxford University Press US|year=2007|pages=x|isbn=978-0-19-514892-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PR10}}</ref> | Bryant is the author of ''The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture'' ([[Oxford University Press]], 2001).<ref name="bryant10">{{cite book|last=Edwin Francis Bryant|title=Krishna: a sourcebook|publisher=Oxford University Press US|year=2007|pages=x|isbn=978-0-19-514892-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PR10}}</ref> | ||
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[[J. P. Mallory]] says the book: | [[J. P. Mallory]] says the book: | ||
{{quote|... systematically exposes the logical weaknesses of most of the arguments that support the consensus of either side. This is not only an important work in the field of Indo-Aryan studies but a long overdue challenge for scholarly fair play.<ref>[http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780195169478.do Oxford University Press, ''The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate'']</ref>}} | {{quote|... systematically exposes the logical weaknesses of most of the arguments that support the consensus of either side. This is not only an important work in the field of Indo-Aryan studies but a long overdue challenge for scholarly fair play.<ref>[http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780195169478.do Oxford University Press, ''The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate'']</ref>}} | ||
[[Michael Witzel]] writes: | [[Michael Witzel]] writes: | ||
{{quote|A balanced description and evaluation of the two century old debate dealing with the origins of the Indo-Aryan speaking peoples of South Asia. [Bryant] presents both sides of the issue, that is the traditional western, linguistic and philological consensus of immigration from Central Asia, and the more recent Indian position that denies any immigration and that asserts an indigenous South Asian origin. He probes for loopholes on both sides....}} | {{quote|A balanced description and evaluation of the two century old debate dealing with the origins of the Indo-Aryan speaking peoples of South Asia. [Bryant] presents both sides of the issue, that is the traditional western, linguistic and philological consensus of immigration from Central Asia, and the more recent Indian position that denies any immigration and that asserts an indigenous South Asian origin. He probes for loopholes on both sides....}} | ||
===''Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History''=== | ===''Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History''=== | ||
This book, edited by Edwin Bryant and Laurie Patton,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History|last1=Bryant|first1=Edwin|last2=Patton|first2=Laurie|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=978-0700714636|location=Ney York}}</ref> contains a series of articles by proponents of the "[[Indigenous Aryans]]" position and scholars of the [[Indo-Aryan migration theory]], with some alternative interpretations. According to Edwin Bryant, most of the evidence regarding the origin of Indo-Aryans is inconclusive and he is not convinced of the Indo-Aryan migrations theory, but he is also not convinced of an "Out-of-India position", since the support for it is not significant. He notes that the discovery of Indo-Aryan language family was foundational to the investigation of the origins of the Western civilization, and the relationship between the Indo-Aryan family and the remaining [[Indo-European languages]] must be established. However, he states: "... I find most of the evidence that has been marshalled to support the theory of Indo-Aryan migrations into the subcontinent to be inconclusive upon careful scrutiny, but on the other, I have not been convinced by an Out-of-India position, since there has been very little of significance offered so far in support of it." | This book, edited by Edwin Bryant and Laurie Patton,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History|last1=Bryant|first1=Edwin|last2=Patton|first2=Laurie|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=978-0700714636|location=Ney York}}</ref> contains a series of articles by proponents of the "[[Indigenous Aryans]]" position and scholars of the [[Indo-Aryan migration theory]], with some alternative interpretations. According to Edwin Bryant, most of the evidence regarding the origin of Indo-Aryans is inconclusive and he is not convinced of the Indo-Aryan migrations theory, but he is also not convinced of an "Out-of-India position", since the support for it is not significant. He notes that the discovery of Indo-Aryan language family was foundational to the investigation of the origins of the Western civilization, and the relationship between the Indo-Aryan family and the remaining [[Indo-European languages]] must be established. However, he states: "... I find most of the evidence that has been marshalled to support the theory of Indo-Aryan migrations into the subcontinent to be inconclusive upon careful scrutiny, but on the other, I have not been convinced by an Out-of-India position, since there has been very little of significance offered so far in support of it." | ||
In a review, Sanskrit linguist [[Stephanie W. Jamison]] likened the effort of the volume to calls to "teach the controversy" by the proponents of [[Intelligent Design]]. She states that the Indo-Aryan controversy is a "manufactured one" with a non-scholarly, religio-nationalistic attack on scholarly consensus and the editors (Bryant and Patton) have unwittingly provided it a gloss of intellectual legitimacy. The editors are not linguists, she contends, and they have accepted patently weak or false linguistic arguments. So their apparently even-handed assessment lacks merit and cannot be regarded as objective scholarship.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jamison |first=Stephanie W. |title=The Indo-Aryan controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history (Book review) |url=http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/Bryant_Patton.review.pdf |journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies |volume=34 |year=2006 |pages=255–261}}</ref> Historian Sudeshna Guha concurs, saying that Bryant does not probe into the epistemology of evidence and hence perceives the opposing viewpoints unproblematic. On the contrary, she holds that the timing and renewed vigour of the indigenist arguments during the 1990s demonstrates unscholarly opportunism. Fosse and Deshpande's contributions to the volume provide a critical analysis of the historiography and the nationalist and colonial agendas behind it. She also holds Bryant's desire to present what he calls the views of "Indian scholars" for "reconstructing the religious and cultural history of their own country" as misleading because it patently ignores the views of historians of India who have done so since the beginning of the twentieth century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Guha |first=Sudheshna |title=The Indo-Aryan controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history (Book review) |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |series=Third Series |volume=17 |pages=340–343 |number=3 |year=2007 |jstor=25188742|doi=10.1017/S135618630700733X |s2cid=163092658 }}</ref> | In a review, Sanskrit linguist [[Stephanie W. Jamison]] likened the effort of the volume to calls to "teach the controversy" by the proponents of [[Intelligent Design]]. She states that the Indo-Aryan controversy is a "manufactured one" with a non-scholarly, religio-nationalistic attack on scholarly consensus and the editors (Bryant and Patton) have unwittingly provided it a gloss of intellectual legitimacy. The editors are not linguists, she contends, and they have accepted patently weak or false linguistic arguments. So their apparently even-handed assessment lacks merit and cannot be regarded as objective scholarship.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jamison |first=Stephanie W. |title=The Indo-Aryan controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history (Book review) |url=http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/Bryant_Patton.review.pdf |journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies |volume=34 |year=2006 |pages=255–261}}</ref> Historian Sudeshna Guha concurs, saying that Bryant does not probe into the epistemology of evidence and hence perceives the opposing viewpoints unproblematic. On the contrary, she holds that the timing and renewed vigour of the indigenist arguments during the 1990s demonstrates unscholarly opportunism. Fosse and Deshpande's contributions to the volume provide a critical analysis of the historiography and the nationalist and colonial agendas behind it. She also holds Bryant's desire to present what he calls the views of "Indian scholars" for "reconstructing the religious and cultural history of their own country" as misleading because it patently ignores the views of historians of India who have done so since the beginning of the twentieth century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Guha |first=Sudheshna |title=The Indo-Aryan controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history (Book review) |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |series=Third Series |volume=17 |pages=340–343 |number=3 |year=2007 |jstor=25188742|doi=10.1017/S135618630700733X |s2cid=163092658 }}</ref> | ||
===Translation of the ''Yoga Sutras and interpretation''=== | ===Translation of the ''Yoga Sutras and interpretation''=== | ||
In 2007 Bryant completed a translation of the ''[[Yoga Sutra]]s'' and their traditional commentaries.<ref name="bryant10"/> The translation was published in 2009 by [[North Point Press]] as ''The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali (with Insights from the Traditional Commentators).'' In his article ''History Repeats Itself'' (Yoga Journal, Nov 2001), the author adds that "Our modern world, more than any other epoch in human history, has universalized and idolized consumerism - the indulgence of the senses of the mind - as the highest goal of life." In yoga, that creates unwanted influences, where "Our [[vritti]]s, the turbulences of the mind born from desire, are out of control."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|date=Nov 2001|title=History Repeats Itself|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68|journal=Yoga Journal|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> Control and elimination of ''vrittis'' comprise significant portion of yoga practices and observances (''yama'' and ''niyama'') | In 2007 Bryant completed a translation of the ''[[Yoga Sutra]]s'' and their traditional commentaries.<ref name="bryant10"/> The translation was published in 2009 by [[North Point Press]] as ''The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali (with Insights from the Traditional Commentators).'' In his article ''History Repeats Itself'' (Yoga Journal, Nov 2001), the author adds that "Our modern world, more than any other epoch in human history, has universalized and idolized consumerism - the indulgence of the senses of the mind - as the highest goal of life." In yoga, that creates unwanted influences, where "Our [[vritti]]s, the turbulences of the mind born from desire, are out of control."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|date=Nov 2001|title=History Repeats Itself|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68|journal=Yoga Journal|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> Control and elimination of ''vrittis'' comprise significant portion of yoga practices and observances (''yama'' and ''niyama'') that culminates with [[Nirodha-Samapatti|nirodha]], an arrested state of mind capable of one-pointedness. Otherwise, if unwanted ''vrittis'' are allowed to predominate, "We risk missing the whole point of the practice". | ||
In the interview ''Inside the Yoga Tradition'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.edwinbryant.org/|title=Inside the Yoga Tradition|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|date=2007|website=Integral Yoga Magazine|publisher=Integral Yoga Magazine|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> Bryant describes some tenets of his interpretation of the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]], "I stress in my commentary that [[Patanjali]] is emphatic about the ''yamas'' and ''niyamas'' (vows and observances). We can't say that what he is teaching is applicable only to the time period in which he codified the Sutras or that they are only for Hindus living in India. Patanjali asserts that ''yamas'' and ''niyamas'' are great universal vows. He didn't | In the interview ''Inside the Yoga Tradition'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.edwinbryant.org/|title=Inside the Yoga Tradition|last=Bryant|first=Edwin|date=2007|website=Integral Yoga Magazine|publisher=Integral Yoga Magazine|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> Bryant describes some tenets of his interpretation of the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]], "I stress in my commentary that [[Patanjali]] is emphatic about the ''yamas'' and ''niyamas'' (vows and observances). We can't say that what he is teaching is applicable only to the time period in which he codified the Sutras or that they are only for Hindus living in India. Patanjali asserts that ''yamas'' and ''niyamas'' are great universal vows. He didn't have to further qualify them - universal means no exception whatsoever." | ||
Discussing theistic overtones in ''Yoga Sutras of Patanjali'' and the practice of ''[[Ishvarapranidhana|ishvara-pranidhana]]'' (commitment or surrender to God), David Gordon White points out in his ''The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali - A Biography'',<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali|last=White|first=David Gordon|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2014|isbn=978--0-691-14377-4|location=Princeton, New Jersey|pages=179–80}}</ref> "Edwin Bryant, who, in his recent splendid commentary on the Yoga Sutra, notes that [[Vijnanabhiksu|Vijanabhikshu]] considered ''ishvara-pranidhana'' to refer to the practice of devotion to Krishna, the Lord of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagavat Gita]]''. Bryant clearly aligns himself with this interpretation of the term, reading ''ishvara-pranidhana'' as submission to a personal god and asserting that most yogis over the past two millennia have been associated with devotional sects." Similar view is expressed by a commentator of ''Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (1999)'', [[Baba Hari Dass]], "''Ishvara pranidhana'' (surrender to God) is a method of the devotional path ([[Bhakti Yoga]])".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|last=Dass|first=Baba Hari|publisher=Sri Rama Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0-918100-20-8|volume=A Study Guide for Book I - Samadhi Pada|location=Santa Cruz, CA|pages=61}}</ref><ref>Note: "The devotional path is considered dualistic in that there is a devotee and that to which the yogi is devoted (Ishvara). When the yogi merges completely in the object of devotion, duality is transcended and the non-dual state is achieved." (Baba Hari Dass, 1999, p. 61)</ref> Due to its ultimate intensity, this practice is considered to be a fast-track to [[Samadhi]] (super-consciousness). | Discussing theistic overtones in ''Yoga Sutras of Patanjali'' and the practice of ''[[Ishvarapranidhana|ishvara-pranidhana]]'' (commitment or surrender to God), David Gordon White points out in his ''The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali - A Biography'',<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali|last=White|first=David Gordon|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2014|isbn=978--0-691-14377-4|location=Princeton, New Jersey|pages=179–80}}</ref> "Edwin Bryant, who, in his recent splendid commentary on the Yoga Sutra, notes that [[Vijnanabhiksu|Vijanabhikshu]] considered ''ishvara-pranidhana'' to refer to the practice of devotion to Krishna, the Lord of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagavat Gita]]''. Bryant clearly aligns himself with this interpretation of the term, reading ''ishvara-pranidhana'' as submission to a personal god and asserting that most yogis over the past two millennia have been associated with devotional sects." Similar view is expressed by a commentator of ''Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (1999)'', [[Baba Hari Dass]], "''Ishvara pranidhana'' (surrender to God) is a method of the devotional path ([[Bhakti Yoga]])".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|last=Dass|first=Baba Hari|publisher=Sri Rama Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0-918100-20-8|volume=A Study Guide for Book I - Samadhi Pada|location=Santa Cruz, CA|pages=61}}</ref><ref>Note: "The devotional path is considered dualistic in that there is a devotee and that to which the yogi is devoted (Ishvara). When the yogi merges completely in the object of devotion, duality is transcended and the non-dual state is achieved." (Baba Hari Dass, 1999, p. 61)</ref> Due to its ultimate intensity, this practice is considered to be a fast-track to [[Samadhi]] (super-consciousness). | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[J. P. Mallory]] | *[[J. P. Mallory]] | ||
*[[Jim G. Shaffer]] | *[[Jim G. Shaffer]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|30em}} | {{Reflist|30em}} | ||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
* {{cite journal |last=Kent |first=Eliza |year=2004 |title=Book Review: "The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate" |journal=Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies |volume=17 |doi=10.7825/2164-6279.1326|doi-access=free }} | * {{cite journal |last=Kent |first=Eliza |year=2004 |title=Book Review: "The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate" |journal=Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies |volume=17 |doi=10.7825/2164-6279.1326|doi-access=free }} | ||
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* {{Cite news|last1=Rausch |first1=Taylor |title=Yoga: Where old meets new |newspaper=columbiamissourian.com |date=September 14, 2007 |url=http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2007/09/14/where-old-meets-new/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130119191224/http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2007/09/14/where-old-meets-new/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 19, 2013 }} | * {{Cite news|last1=Rausch |first1=Taylor |title=Yoga: Where old meets new |newspaper=columbiamissourian.com |date=September 14, 2007 |url=http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2007/09/14/where-old-meets-new/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130119191224/http://www.columbiamissourian.com/stories/2007/09/14/where-old-meets-new/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 19, 2013 }} | ||
* {{Cite news | last1=Mohammedy | first1=Farseem M. | title=Retracing the old proto-historic migrations | newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] | date=January 19, 2008 | url=http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=19780}} | * {{Cite news | last1=Mohammedy | first1=Farseem M. | title=Retracing the old proto-historic migrations | newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] | date=January 19, 2008 | url=http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=19780}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [http://religion.rutgers.edu/graduate/graduate-faculty/885-edwin-f-bryant-professor-4 Edwin Bryant at Rutgers University] | * [http://religion.rutgers.edu/graduate/graduate-faculty/885-edwin-f-bryant-professor-4 Edwin Bryant at Rutgers University] | ||
* [http://www.edwinbryant.org/ Edwin Bryant website] | * [http://www.edwinbryant.org/ Edwin Bryant website] | ||
{{Yoga scholars}} | {{Yoga scholars}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bryant, Edwin}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Bryant, Edwin}} | ||
[[Category:American non-fiction writers]] | [[Category:American non-fiction writers]] | ||