Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts: Difference between revisions

Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts (edit)

Revision as of 06:03, 31 December 2021

1,193 bytes added , 31 December 2021

→‎Standing armed conflicts

Anonymous user

>Meno25

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 | image             = Pakistan India Locator 2.png
 | caption           = Location of India (orange) and Pakistan (green)
-| date              = 22 October 1947 – present
+| date              = 22 October 1947 – present<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=10|day1=22|year1=1947}})
 | place             = [[Line of Control]], [[India–Pakistan border]]
 | status            = Ongoing
@@ Line 115: / Line 115: @@
 Commonly known as the Kargil War, this conflict between the two countries was mostly limited. During early 1999, Pakistani troops infiltrated across the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) and occupied Indian territory mostly in the [[Kargil district]]. India responded by launching a major military and diplomatic offensive to drive out the Pakistani infiltrators.<ref name=Stanley>{{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |title=India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation? |url=https://archive.org/details/indiapakistancon0000wolp |url-access=registration |publisher=University of California Press |date=14 August 2010 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiapakistancon0000wolp/page/73 73] |chapter=Recent Attempts to Resolve the Conflict|isbn=9780520271401}}</ref> Two months into the conflict, Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges that were encroached by the infiltrators.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n08/ali_01_.html|title=Bitter Chill of Winter|first=Tariq|last=Ali |author-link=Tariq Ali|newspaper= [[London Review of Books]]=| access-date=2009-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Colonel Ravi Nanda | title=Kargil: A Wake Up Call | publisher=Vedams Books | year=1999 | isbn=81-7095-074-0}} [https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14953.htm Online summary of the Book] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055430/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14953.htm |date=28 September 2007 }}</ref> According to official count, an estimated 75%–80% of the intruded area and nearly all high ground was back under Indian control.<ref name="VP Malik">[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-7-2002_pg4_12 Kargil: where defence met diplomacy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216074135/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-7-2002_pg4_12 |date=16 December 2012 }} - India's then [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Army Staff]] VP Malik, expressing his views on Operation Vijay. Hosted on ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]''; [http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjir/3.1.06_kapur-narang.html The Fate of Kashmir By Vikas Kapur and Vipin Narang] Stanford Journal of International Relations; [http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/displayReview.jsp?kValue=102 Book review of "The Indian Army: A Brief History by Maj Gen Ian Cardozo"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108040104/http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/displayReview.jsp?kValue=102 |date=8 January 2009 }} - Hosted on IPCS</ref>
 Fearing large-scale escalation in military conflict, the international community, led by the [[United States]], increased diplomatic pressure on Pakistan to withdraw forces from remaining Indian territory.<ref name=Stanley/><ref name=Dettman>{{cite book |last=R. Dettman |first=Paul |title=India Changes Course: Golden Jubilee to Millennium |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2001 |pages=119–120 |chapter=Kargil War Operations|isbn=9780275973087}}</ref>
-Faced with the possibility of international isolation, the already fragile [[Economy of Pakistan|Pakistani economy]] was weakened further.<ref name="Samina Ahmed">[http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1209/diplomatic_fiasco.html Samina Ahmed. "Diplomatic Fiasco: Pakistan's Failure on the Diplomatic Front Nullifies its Gains on the Battlefield"] (Belfer Center for International Affairs, [[Kennedy School of Government]])</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/10/13/reacts/print.html|title=Coup d'itat: Pakistan gets a new sheriff|author=Daryl Lindsey and Alicia Montgomery|work=salon.com|access-date=19 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220041521/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/10/13/reacts/print.html|archive-date=20 December 2009}}</ref> The morale of Pakistani forces after the withdrawal declined as many units of the [[Northern Light Infantry]] suffered heavy casualties.<ref name="Summary">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf|title=War in Kargil - The CCC's summary on the war|access-date=2009-05-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040221091712/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf|archive-date=21 February 2004}}</ref><ref>[http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1002/friend_for_all_seasons.html Samina Ahmed. "A Friend for all Seasons."] (Belfer Center for International Affairs, [[Kennedy School of Government]])</ref> The government refused to accept the dead bodies of many officers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/11karg1.htm|title=Rediff on the NeT: Pakistan refuses to take even officers' bodies|work=rediff.com|access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.indianembassy.org/pic/PR_1999/July_1999/PR_July_15_1999.html "press release issued in New Delhi regarding bodies of two Pakistan Army Officers"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615050107/http://www.indianembassy.org/pic/PR_1999/July_1999/PR_July_15_1999.html |date=15 June 2010 }}</ref> an issue that provoked outrage and protests in the Northern Areas.<ref>Second-Class Citizens by M. Ilyas Khan, [[The Herald (Pakistan)]], July 2000. [http://www.warbirds.in/downloads/HeraldKargil.pdf Online scanned version of the article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181806/http://www.warbirds.in/downloads/HeraldKargil.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110503214522/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006092505001100.htm&date=2006%2F09%2F25%2F&prd=th& Musharraf and the truth about Kargil] - [[The Hindu]] 25 September 2006</ref> Pakistan initially did not acknowledge many of its casualties, but [[Nawaz Sharif]] later said that over 4,000 Pakistani troops were killed in the operation and that Pakistan had lost the conflict.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://hindu.com/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111034601/http://hindu.com/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=2012-11-11|title=Over 4000 soldier's killed in Kargil: Sharif|work=[[The Hindu]]| access-date=2009-05-20}}</ref><ref name=Kapur>{{cite book|last=Kapur|first=S. Paul|title=Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia|year=2007|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0804755498|edition=23rd|page=227}}</ref> By the end of July 1999, organized hostilities in the Kargil district had ceased.<ref name=Dettman/>
+Faced with the possibility of international isolation, the already fragile [[Economy of Pakistan|Pakistani economy]] was weakened further.<ref name="Samina Ahmed">[http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1209/diplomatic_fiasco.html Samina Ahmed. "Diplomatic Fiasco: Pakistan's Failure on the Diplomatic Front Nullifies its Gains on the Battlefield"] (Belfer Center for International Affairs, [[Kennedy School of Government]])</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/10/13/reacts/print.html|title=Coup d'itat: Pakistan gets a new sheriff|author=Daryl Lindsey and Alicia Montgomery|work=salon.com|access-date=19 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220041521/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/10/13/reacts/print.html|archive-date=20 December 2009}}</ref> The morale of Pakistani forces after the withdrawal declined as many units of the [[Northern Light Infantry]] suffered heavy casualties.<ref name="Summary">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf|title=War in Kargil - The CCC's summary on the war|access-date=2009-05-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040221091712/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf|archive-date=21 February 2004}}</ref><ref>[http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1002/friend_for_all_seasons.html Samina Ahmed. "A Friend for all Seasons."] (Belfer Center for International Affairs, [[Kennedy School of Government]])</ref> The government refused to accept the dead bodies of many officers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/11karg1.htm|title=Rediff on the NeT: Pakistan refuses to take even officers' bodies|work=rediff.com|access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.indianembassy.org/pic/PR_1999/July_1999/PR_July_15_1999.html "press release issued in New Delhi regarding bodies of two Pakistan Army Officers"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615050107/http://www.indianembassy.org/pic/PR_1999/July_1999/PR_July_15_1999.html |date=15 June 2010 }}</ref> an issue that provoked outrage and protests in the Northern Areas.<ref>Second-Class Citizens by M. Ilyas Khan, [[The Herald (Pakistan)]], July 2000. [http://www.warbirds.in/downloads/HeraldKargil.pdf Online scanned version of the article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181806/http://www.warbirds.in/downloads/HeraldKargil.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110503214522/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006092505001100.htm&date=2006%2F09%2F25%2F&prd=th& Musharraf and the truth about Kargil]}} - [[The Hindu]] 25 September 2006</ref> Pakistan initially did not acknowledge many of its casualties, but [[Nawaz Sharif]] later said that over 4,000 Pakistani troops were killed in the operation and that Pakistan had lost the conflict.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://hindu.com/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111034601/http://hindu.com/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=2012-11-11|title=Over 4000 soldier's killed in Kargil: Sharif|work=[[The Hindu]]| access-date=2009-05-20}}</ref><ref name=Kapur>{{cite book|last=Kapur|first=S. Paul|title=Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia|year=2007|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0804755498|edition=23rd|page=227}}</ref> By the end of July 1999, organized hostilities in the Kargil district had ceased.<ref name=Dettman/>
 The war was a major military defeat for the Pakistani Army.<ref>{{cite book |last1=MacDonald |first1=Myra |title=Defeat is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-858-3 |pages=27, 53, 64, 66 |quote=p. 27: It was not so much that India won the Great South Asian War but that Pakistan lost it.{{pb}}p. 53: The story of the Kargil War—Pakistan's biggest defeat by India since 1971 —is one that goes to the heart of why it lost the Great South Asian War.{{pb}}p. 64: Afterwards, Musharraf and his supporters would claim that Pakistan won the war militarily and lost it diplomatically. In reality, the military and diplomatic tides turned against Pakistan in tandem.{{pb}}p. 66: For all its bravado, Pakistan had failed to secure even one inch of land.{{pb}} Less than a year after declaring itself a nuclear-armed power, Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Lavoy |editor1-first=Peter René |title=Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76721-7 |page=180 |quote=The false optimism of the architects of the Kargil intrusion, colored by the illusion of a cheap victory, was not only the main driver of the operation, and hence the crisis, it also was the cause of Pakistan's most damaging military defeat since the loss of East Pakistan in December 1971.}}</ref>
@@ Line 125: / Line 125: @@
 *'''[[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]:''' An insurgency in Kashmir has been a cause for heightened tensions. India has also [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|accused]] Pakistan-backed militant groups of executing [[List of terrorist incidents in India|several terrorist attacks across India]].
 * '''[[Siachen conflict]]:''' In 1984, India launched [[Operation Meghdoot]] capturing all of the [[Siachen Glacier]]. [[Siachen War|Further clashes]] erupted in the glacial area in 1985, 1987 and 1995 as Pakistan sought, without success, to oust India from its stronghold.<ref name="Lyon2008" /><ref name="Wirsing1998">{{cite book|last=Wirsing|first=Robert|title=India, Pakistan, and the Kashmir dispute: on regional conflict and its resolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3z8sNZTVv5gC&pg=PA77|access-date=31 October 2011|date=15 February 1998|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-17562-7|page=77}}</ref>
+====As proxies====
 *'''[[Insurgency in Balochistan]]:''' An insurgency in Balochistan province of Pakistan has also caused tensions recently. Pakistan has accused India of causing the insurgency with the help of ousted Baloch leaders, militant groups and terrorist organizations like the [[Balochistan Liberation Army]]. According to Pakistani Officials these militants are trained in neighboring Afghanistan. In 2016, Pakistan alleged that an Indian spy [[Kulbhushan Jadhav]] was arrested by Pakistani forces during a counter-intelligence operation in Balochistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/286526/indias-renewed-strategy-of-destabilising-balochistan/|title=India's renewed strategy of destabilising Balochistan|date=2018-08-20|website=Daily Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/341558-indian-campaigning-on-balochistan-continues|title=Indian campaigning on Balochistan continues|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>
+*'''[[Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)]]:''' India and Pakistan had long been supporting opposing sides during the wars of Afghanistan,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/taliban-takeover-threatens-to-raise-india-pakistan-tensions-11630502420|title = Taliban Takeover Threatens to Raise India-Pakistan Tensions|newspaper = Wall Street Journal|date = September 2021|last1 = Roy|first1 = Rajesh}}</ref> including during the [[Soviet-Afghan War]] and the civil wars from 1989-2001.<ref>https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/india-pakistan-rivalry-afghanistan</ref> In 2006, Pakistan has been accused by India for its involvement in terrorism in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/18/world/asia/18cnd-afghan.html|title=Coalition Vows to Regain Afghan Town Seized by Taliban|date=18 July 2006|website=The New York Times}}</ref> In 2020, Pakistan accused India of trying to derail peace negotiations to end the [[War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)]].<ref>https://www.dw.com/en/india-pakistan-tug-of-warjeopardizesafghan-peace-process/a-53482558</ref>
 === Past skirmishes and standoffs ===
@@ Line 132: / Line 135: @@
 *'''[[2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff]]''': a stand-off between the two nations following the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] which was defused by diplomatic efforts. Following ten coordinated shooting and bombing attacks across [[Mumbai]], India's largest city, [[Aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai attacks|tensions heightened]] between the two countries since India claimed interrogation results alleging<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/americas/accused-in-india-massacre-claims-ties-to-pakistani-secret-service/article1981052/ |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |location=Toronto | first=Colin | last=Freeze | title=Accused in India massacre claims ties to Pakistani secret service – The Globe and Mail | date=11 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-12/us/29409412_1_rana-and-headley-isi-tahawwur-hussain-rana | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811144123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-12/us/29409412_1_rana-and-headley-isi-tahawwur-hussain-rana | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 August 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Rana, Headley implicate Pak, ISI in Mumbai attack during ISI chief's visit to US | date=12 April 2011}}</ref> Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] supporting the attackers while Pakistan denied it.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/diplomat-denies-pakistan-role-in-mumbai-attacks-1521700.html | location=London |work=The Independent | date=31 January 2009 | title=Diplomat denies Pakistan role in Mumbai attacks}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2008/12/01/pakistan-denies-governmen_n_147395.html |title=Pakistan Denies Government Involvement in Mumbai Attacks |work=Huffington Post |date=1 December 2008 |access-date=16 December 2011 |first=Zarar |last=Khan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://articles.latimes.com/2009/jan/07/world/fg-pakistan-india7 | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Laura | last=King | title=Pakistan denies official involvement in Mumbai attacks | date=7 January 2009}}</ref> Pakistan placed its air force on alert and moved troops to the Indian border, voicing concerns about proactive movements of the [[Indian Army]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/indian-jets-violating-pakistani-airspace-technical-incursion-says-zardari-fourth-lead_100130857.html |title=Indian jets violating Pakistani airspace 'technical incursion', says Zardari (Fourth Lead) – Thaindian News |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=14 December 2008 |access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref> and the Indian government's possible plans to launch attacks on Pakistani soil.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-16/india/28165262_1_move-troops-taliban-stronghold-india-and-pakistan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811054310/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-16/india/28165262_1_move-troops-taliban-stronghold-india-and-pakistan | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 August 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Pak might soon move troops from border with India | date=16 June 2009}}</ref> The tension defused in short time and Pakistan moved its troops away from border.
 *'''[[2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]''': On 29 September 2016, ''border skirmishes between India and Pakistan'' began following reported "[[surgical strike]]s" by India against militant launch pads across the [[Line of Control]] in [[Pakistani-administered Kashmir]] "killing a large number of terrorists".<ref name="DGMO">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html|title=India's surgical strikes across LoC: Full statement by DGMO Lt Gen Ranbir Singh|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 September 2016|access-date=2 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002024056/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> Pakistan rejected that a strike took place,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/30/asia/kashmir-tensions-pakistan-capture-indian-soldier/index.html|title=Pakistan captures Indian soldier in Kashmir|first=Juliet |last=Perry|work=cnn.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001075544/http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/30/asia/kashmir-tensions-pakistan-capture-indian-soldier/index.html|archive-date=1 October 2016}}</ref> stating that Indian troops had not crossed the Line of Control but had only skirmished with Pakistani troops at the border, resulting in the deaths of two Pakistani soldiers and the wounding of nine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-india-kashmir-idUSKCN11Z0IJ|first1=Sanjeev|last1=Miglani|first2=Asad|last2=Hashim|title=India says hits Pakistan-based militants, escalating tensions|work=[[Reuters]]|date=29 September 2016|access-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005140149/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-india-kashmir-idUSKCN11Z0IJ|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1286881|title=Army rubbishes Indian 'surgical strikes' claim as two Pakistani soldiers killed at LoC|work=Dawn|date=29 September 2016|access-date=30 September 2016|first=Syed Sammer|last=Abbas|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930032051/http://www.dawn.com/news/1286881|archive-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> Pakistan rejected India's reports of any other casualties.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/world/asia/kashmir-pakistan-india.html?_r=0|title=In Kashmir, Pakistan Questions India's 'Surgical Strikes' on Militants|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=1 October 2016|access-date=1 October 2016|first=Salman|last=Masood|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005070714/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/world/asia/kashmir-pakistan-india.html?_r=0|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Pakistani sources reported that at least 8 Indian soldiers were killed in the exchange, and one was captured.<ref name="Haider2">{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1286910/|title=Pakistan captures one Indian soldier, eight killed at LoC overnight|work=Dawn|first=Abrar|last=Haider|date=29 September 2016|access-date=29 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930032029/http://www.dawn.com/news/1286910|archive-date=30 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/153627-14-Indian-soldiers-killed-in-clashes-with-Pakistan-Army|title=Indian soldiers killed in clashes with Pakistan Army|work=The News|date=29 September 2016|access-date=30 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930033205/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/153627-14-Indian-soldiers-killed-in-clashes-with-Pakistan-Army|archive-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> India confirmed that one of its soldiers was in Pakistani custody, but denied that it was linked to the incident or that any of its soldiers had been killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/army-denies-pak-media-claims-says-soldier-inadvertently-crossed-loc-1468244|title=Indian Army Says Soldier in Pak Custody Was Not Captured During Surgical Strikes|date=30 September 2016|work=NDTV.com|access-date=30 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930035414/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/army-denies-pak-media-claims-says-soldier-inadvertently-crossed-loc-1468244|archive-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> The Indian operation was said to be in retaliation for a [[militant]] [[2016 Uri attack|attack on the Indian army]] at [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] on 18 September in the Indian-administered state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] that left 19 soldiers dead.<ref name="evacuates">{{cite web|title=India evacuates 10,000 from border with Pakistan amid reprisal fears after Kashmir 'strikes'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/30/india-evacuates-10000-from-border-with-pakistan-amid-reprisal-fe/|website=Daily Telegraph|access-date=30 September 2016|date=30 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001065030/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/30/india-evacuates-10000-from-border-with-pakistan-amid-reprisal-fe/|archive-date=1 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1191648/called-surgical-strike-indian-farce-throws-challenges/|title=So-called surgical strike: Indian farce throws up a few challenges|work=Express Tribune|date=1 October 2016|access-date=2 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002135351/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1191648/called-surgical-strike-indian-farce-throws-challenges/|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> In the succeeding days and months, India and Pakistan continued to exchange fire along the border in Kashmir, resulting in dozens of military and civilian casualties on both sides.
-*'''[[2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]''': On 14 February 2019, [[2019 Pulwama attack|a suicide attack]] on convoy of India's [[CRPF]] resulted in death of at least 40 troops. The responsibility of attack was claimed by Pakistan-based [[Jaish-e-Mohammad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/37-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms|title=Pulwama terror attack today: 40 CRPF jawans martyred in IED blast in Jammu and Kashmir's Pulwama &#124; India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> 12 days later in February 2019, Indian jets crossed international border to conduct [[2019 Balakot airstrike|air strikes]] on alleged camp of JeM in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-struck-biggest-training-camp-of-jaish-in-balakot-large-number-of-terrorists-eliminated-governm-1999390|title=India Hits Main Jaish Camp in Balakot, "Non-Military" Strike: Government|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan army confirms Indian jets dropped 'four bombs' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan-army-confirms-indian-jets-dropped-four-bombs/articleshow/68171844.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> India claimed that it killed very large number of militants belonging to [[Jaish-e-Mohammed|JeM]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31091/Statement_by_Foreign_Secretary_on_26_February_2019_on_the_Strike_on_JeM_training_camp_at_Balakot|title=Statement by Foreign Secretary on 26 February 2019 on the Strike on JeM training camp at Balakot|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> Pakistan rejected to have suffered any losses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47370608|title=Viewpoint: India strikes in Pakistan a major escalation|date=2019-02-26|access-date=2019-02-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> According to the sources and satellite imagery analysis, Indian air force appears to caused minimal damage to the buildings concerned,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/israel-india-pakistan-conflict-balakot-arms-trade-jaish-e-mohammed-a8800076.html | title=Israel is playing a big role in India's escalating conflict with Pakistan | date=28 February 2019 | first=Robert | last=Fisk | newspaper=The Independent | access-date=12 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/opinion/sunday/kashmir-india-pakistan.html|title=Opinion &#124; The Young Suicide Bomber Who Brought India and Pakistan to the Brink of War|first=Basharat|last=Peer|date=2 March 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jets.html|title=Indian Jets Strike in Pakistan in Revenge for Kashmir Attack|first1=Maria|last1=Abi-Habib|first2=Austin|last2=Ramzy|date=25 February 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/asia/kashmir-shelling-india-pakistan.html|title=Deadly Shelling Erupts in Kashmir Between India and Pakistan After Pilot Is Freed|first1=Jeffrey|last1=Gettleman|first2=Hari|last2=Kumar|first3=Sameer|last3=Yasir|date=2 March 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> however, Pakistan had to close the site for one and a half month or 43 days before opened to media.<ref>{{cite news|title=A month after Indian air strike, Pakistan takes journalists to Balakot site|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/a-month-after-indian-air-strike-pakistan-takes-journalists-to-balakot-site/articleshow/68636173.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Foreign journalists given access to madressah near site of Balakot strike|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1475189}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=43 Days After Balakot Air Strike by IAF, Pakistan Takes Media Team And Diplomats to 'Site'|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/pakistan-takes-media-to-balakot-air-strike-site-curtails-interactions-2096733.html}}</ref> The incidents escalated the tension between India and Pakistan. The following day, Indian and Pakistani air forces got locked on in an aerial engagement. Pakistan claimed to have shot down two Indian aircraft and capturing one pilot [[Abhinandan Varthaman]]. Pakistan military officials claimed that the wreckage of one Indian aircraft fell in Pakistan administered Kashmir while the other one fell in Indian administered Kashmir rumored to be a [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]. Meanwhile, Indian version was about loss a [[MiG-21]] while shooting down a Pakistani [[F-16]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1466347|title=2 Indian aircraft violating Pakistani airspace shot down; pilot captured|date=27 February 2019|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47397418|title=Fighter pilot 'opened fire' before capture|first=M. Ilyas|last=Khan|date=1 March 2019|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> The IAF also displayed remnants of an [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] missile that they claimed could only be fired by F-16's air planes. The missiles were said to have fired against and jammed by Su-30 by IAF.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Downs Two Indian Jets, Pilot Arrested, Army Says|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-27/pakistani-jets-violate-indian-air-space-in-kashmir-pti-reports|website=Bloomberg|access-date=2019-02-27|author=Iain Marlow and Kamran Haider}}</ref> Pakistan rejected the Indian claim of an F-16 shot down. It initially released three or later on displayed all four air to air missiles of MiG-21 Bison with all missile seeker heads recovered intact from the wreckage however with mid-body of one of [[R-73 (missile)|R-73]] destroyed and claimed that non-of missiles were ever fired.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1474086|title=ISPR releases 'proof' further contradicting Indian claim of shooting down F-16|date=5 April 2019|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref> Following the threats of a full-scale war,<ref>{{Cite news|title = India, Pakistan came close to firing missiles at each other on February 27|url = https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-pakistan-came-close-to-firing-missiles-at-each-other-on-february-27/story-rVsBjZ5qmxXMprktzDNqcM.html|date = 23 March 2019|access-date = 9 October 2019|newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Abhinandan was released within two days. The Pentagon correspondent of [[Foreign Policy]] magazine, in a report claimed that Pakistan invited the United States to physically count its F-16 planes after the incident. Two senior U.S. defense officials told [[Foreign Policy]] that U.S. personnel recently counted Pakistan's F-16s and found none missing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/04/did-india-shoot-down-a-pakistani-jet-u-s-count-says-no/|title=Did India Shoot Down a Pakistani Jet? U.S. Count Says No.|first=Lara|last=Seligman}}</ref> A Pentagon spokesman said they was not aware of any count being conducted,<ref>{{Cite news|title = 'Not aware': Pentagon on Pak F-16 count after Feb aerial dogfight with IAF|url = https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/not-aware-pentagon-on-pak-f-16-count-after-feb-aerial-dogfight-with-iaf/story-Rw4gSknuuSBnMc2EyYe62H.html|date = 6 April 2019|access-date = 9 October 2019|newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> but the Pentagon did not put out any official statement on the matter. However, there have been no leaks countering the Foreign Policy report.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Analysis {{!}} Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/|last1=Lalwani|first1=Sameer|last2=Tallo|first2=Emily|website=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref> India released the electronic footage of aerial engagement to re-assert its claims.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Pakistan radio transmissions showed F-16 didn't return to its base: IAF|url = https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-radio-transmissions-showed-f-16-didnt-return-to-its-base-iaf/articleshow/68748026.cms|date = 6 April 2019|access-date = 9 October 2019|newspaper = [[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Indian Radar Data That Supposedly Proves They Downed An F-16 Is Far From "Irrefutable"|url = https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/27331/indian-radar-data-that-supposedly-proves-they-downed-an-f-16-is-far-from-irrefutable|date = 8 April 2019|access-date = 9 October 2019|newspaper = The Drive}}</ref> Pakistani officials has rejected radar images released by India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1946256/1-repetitions-dont-turn-lies-truth-dg-ispr-iaf-presser?amp=1|title=Repetitions don't turn lies into truth: DG ISPR on IAF presser|date=8 April 2019|work=Express Tribune}}</ref> Stand off followed with intermittent firings across the LoC. Months later on 8 October, India on its Air Force Day, flew the same [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]] "Avenger 1" aircraft in a [[flypast]] that Pakistan had claimed it had shot down during the air battle on 27 February.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Achom|first=Debanish|date=2019-10-09|title=On Air Force Day, IAF Disproves Pak Claim Of Shooting Down Sukhoi Fighter|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/on-air-force-day-iaf-flies-sukhoi-30mki-fighter-jet-that-pakistan-claims-it-shot-down-2113472?amp=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329035058/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/on-air-force-day-iaf-flies-sukhoi-30mki-fighter-jet-that-pakistan-claims-it-shot-down-2113472?amp=1|archive-date=2021-03-29|access-date=2021-03-29|website=NDTV}}</ref>
+*'''[[2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]''': On 14 February 2019, [[2019 Pulwama attack|a suicide attack]] on convoy of India's [[CRPF]] resulted in death of at least 40 troops. The responsibility of attack was claimed by Pakistan-based [[Jaish-e-Mohammad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/37-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms|title=Pulwama terror attack today: 40 CRPF jawans martyred in IED blast in Jammu and Kashmir's Pulwama &#124; India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> 12 days later in February 2019, Indian jets crossed international border to conduct [[2019 Balakot airstrike|air strikes]] on alleged camp of JeM in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-struck-biggest-training-camp-of-jaish-in-balakot-large-number-of-terrorists-eliminated-governm-1999390|title=India Hits Main Jaish Camp in Balakot, "Non-Military" Strike: Government|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan army confirms Indian jets dropped 'four bombs' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan-army-confirms-indian-jets-dropped-four-bombs/articleshow/68171844.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> India claimed that it killed very large number of militants belonging to [[Jaish-e-Mohammed|JeM]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31091/Statement_by_Foreign_Secretary_on_26_February_2019_on_the_Strike_on_JeM_training_camp_at_Balakot|title=Statement by Foreign Secretary on 26 February 2019 on the Strike on JeM training camp at Balakot|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> Pakistan rejected to have suffered any losses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47370608|title=Viewpoint: India strikes in Pakistan a major escalation|date=2019-02-26|access-date=2019-02-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> According to the sources and satellite imagery analysis, Indian air force appears to caused minimal damage to the buildings concerned,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/israel-india-pakistan-conflict-balakot-arms-trade-jaish-e-mohammed-a8800076.html | title=Israel is playing a big role in India's escalating conflict with Pakistan | date=28 February 2019 | first=Robert | last=Fisk | newspaper=The Independent | access-date=12 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/opinion/sunday/kashmir-india-pakistan.html|title=Opinion &#124; The Young Suicide Bomber Who Brought India and Pakistan to the Brink of War|first=Basharat|last=Peer|date=2 March 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jets.html|title=Indian Jets Strike in Pakistan in Revenge for Kashmir Attack|first1=Maria|last1=Abi-Habib|first2=Austin|last2=Ramzy|date=25 February 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/asia/kashmir-shelling-india-pakistan.html|title=Deadly Shelling Erupts in Kashmir Between India and Pakistan After Pilot Is Freed|first1=Jeffrey|last1=Gettleman|first2=Hari|last2=Kumar|first3=Sameer|last3=Yasir|date=2 March 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> however, Pakistan had to close the site for one and a half month or 43 days before opened to media.<ref>{{cite news|title=A month after Indian air strike, Pakistan takes journalists to Balakot site|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/a-month-after-indian-air-strike-pakistan-takes-journalists-to-balakot-site/articleshow/68636173.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Foreign journalists given access to madressah near site of Balakot strike|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1475189}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=43 Days After Balakot Air Strike by IAF, Pakistan Takes Media Team And Diplomats to 'Site'|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/pakistan-takes-media-to-balakot-air-strike-site-curtails-interactions-2096733.html}}</ref> The incidents escalated the tension between India and Pakistan. The following day, Indian and Pakistani air forces got locked on in an aerial engagement. Pakistan claimed to have shot down two Indian aircraft and capturing one pilot [[Abhinandan Varthaman]]. Pakistan military officials claimed that the wreckage of one Indian aircraft fell in Pakistan administered Kashmir while the other one fell in Indian administered Kashmir rumored to be a [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]. Meanwhile, Indian version was about loss a [[MiG-21]] while shooting down a Pakistani [[F-16]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1466347|title=2 Indian aircraft violating Pakistani airspace shot down; pilot captured|date=27 February 2019|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47397418|title=Fighter pilot 'opened fire' before capture|first=M. Ilyas|last=Khan|date=1 March 2019|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> The IAF also displayed remnants of an [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] missile that they claimed could only be fired by F-16's air planes. The missiles were said to have fired against and jammed by Su-30 by IAF.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Downs Two Indian Jets, Pilot Arrested, Army Says|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-27/pakistani-jets-violate-indian-air-space-in-kashmir-pti-reports|website=Bloomberg|access-date=2019-02-27|author=Iain Marlow and Kamran Haider}}</ref> Pakistan rejected the Indian claim of an F-16 shot down. It initially released three or later on displayed all four air to air missiles of MiG-21 Bison with all missile seeker heads recovered intact from the wreckage however with mid-body of one of [[R-73 (missile)|R-73]] destroyed and claimed that non-of missiles were ever fired.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1474086|title=ISPR releases 'proof' further contradicting Indian claim of shooting down F-16|date=5 April 2019|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref> Following the threats of a full-scale war,<ref>{{Cite news|title = India, Pakistan came close to firing missiles at each other on February 27|url = https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-pakistan-came-close-to-firing-missiles-at-each-other-on-february-27/story-rVsBjZ5qmxXMprktzDNqcM.html|date = 23 March 2019|access-date = 9 October 2019|newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Abhinandan was released within two days. The Pentagon correspondent of [[Foreign Policy]] magazine, in a report claimed that Pakistan invited the United States to physically count its F-16 planes after the incident. Two senior U.S. defense officials told [[Foreign Policy]] that U.S. personnel recently counted Pakistan's F-16s and found none missing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/04/did-india-shoot-down-a-pakistani-jet-u-s-count-says-no/|title=Did India Shoot Down a Pakistani Jet? U.S. Count Says No.|first=Lara|last=Seligman}}</ref> A Pentagon spokesman said they was not aware of any count being conducted,<ref>{{Cite news|title = 'Not aware': Pentagon on Pak F-16 count after Feb aerial dogfight with IAF|url = https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/not-aware-pentagon-on-pak-f-16-count-after-feb-aerial-dogfight-with-iaf/story-Rw4gSknuuSBnMc2EyYe62H.html|date = 6 April 2019|access-date = 9 October 2019|newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> but the Pentagon did not put out any official statement on the matter. However, there have been no leaks countering the Foreign Policy report.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Analysis {{!}} Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/|last1=Lalwani|first1=Sameer|last2=Tallo|first2=Emily|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref> India released the electronic footage of aerial engagement to re-assert its claims.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Pakistan radio transmissions showed F-16 didn't return to its base: IAF|url = https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-radio-transmissions-showed-f-16-didnt-return-to-its-base-iaf/articleshow/68748026.cms|date = 6 April 2019|access-date = 9 October 2019|newspaper = [[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Indian Radar Data That Supposedly Proves They Downed An F-16 Is Far From "Irrefutable"|url = https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/27331/indian-radar-data-that-supposedly-proves-they-downed-an-f-16-is-far-from-irrefutable|date = 8 April 2019|access-date = 9 October 2019|newspaper = The Drive}}</ref> Pakistani officials has rejected radar images released by India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1946256/1-repetitions-dont-turn-lies-truth-dg-ispr-iaf-presser?amp=1|title=Repetitions don't turn lies into truth: DG ISPR on IAF presser|date=8 April 2019|work=Express Tribune}}</ref> Stand off followed with intermittent firings across the LoC. Months later on 8 October, India on its Air Force Day, flew the same [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]] "Avenger 1" aircraft in a [[flypast]] that Pakistan had claimed it had shot down during the air battle on 27 February.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Achom|first=Debanish|date=2019-10-09|title=On Air Force Day, IAF Disproves Pak Claim Of Shooting Down Sukhoi Fighter|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/on-air-force-day-iaf-flies-sukhoi-30mki-fighter-jet-that-pakistan-claims-it-shot-down-2113472?amp=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329035058/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/on-air-force-day-iaf-flies-sukhoi-30mki-fighter-jet-that-pakistan-claims-it-shot-down-2113472?amp=1|archive-date=2021-03-29|access-date=2021-03-29|website=NDTV}}</ref>
 ==Incidents==
@@ Line 220: / Line 223: @@
 * [[United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan]]
 * [[India–Pakistan relations]]
-* [[Two nation theory]]
+* [[Two-nation theory]]
 * [[Patriotic hacking]]
 * [[List of wars involving India]]