HAL AMCA: Difference between revisions

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  |status = Detailed data-generation phase<ref name="TOIFeb21">{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=2021-02-10|title=Future fighters: Drone swarm, laser tech demo, AMCA nod likely this year|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/future-fighters-drone-swarm-laser-tech-demo-amca-nod-likely-this-year/articleshow/80792497.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2021-02-13}}</ref><br>(Prototype development)
  |status = Detailed data-generation phase<ref name="TOIFeb21">{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=2021-02-10|title=Future fighters: Drone swarm, laser tech demo, AMCA nod likely this year|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/future-fighters-drone-swarm-laser-tech-demo-amca-nod-likely-this-year/articleshow/80792497.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2021-02-13}}</ref><br>(Prototype development)
  |first flight = 2025(expected)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=KP Sanjeev|date=2020-10-24|title=When Can Indian Air Force Deploy First ‘Desi’ 5th Gen Fighter Jet?|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/indian-air-force-first-desi-5th-generation-fighter-jet-hal-drdo-amca|access-date=2021-02-03|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India plans to roll out fifth-generation fighters by 2024|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/feb/05/india-plans-to-roll-out-fifth-generation-fightersby-2024-2259979.html|publisher=THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS|access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>
  |first flight = 2025(expected)<ref name="Kumar">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=KP Sanjeev|date=2020-10-24|title=When Can Indian Air Force Deploy First ‘Desi’ 5th Gen Fighter Jet?|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/indian-air-force-first-desi-5th-generation-fighter-jet-hal-drdo-amca|access-date=2021-02-03|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India plans to roll out fifth-generation fighters by 2024|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/feb/05/india-plans-to-roll-out-fifth-generation-fightersby-2024-2259979.html|publisher=THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS|access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>
  |primary user = [[Indian Air Force]] (intended)
  |primary user = [[Indian Air Force]] (intended)
  |more users = [[Indian Navy]] (intended)
  |more users = [[Indian Navy]] (intended)
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The '''Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft''' ('''AMCA''') is an Indian programme to develop a [[fifth-generation fighter]] aircraft for the [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Indian Navy]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=KP Sanjeev|date=2020-10-24|title=When Can Indian Air Force Deploy First ‘Desi’ 5th Gen Fighter Jet?|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/indian-air-force-first-desi-5th-generation-fighter-jet-hal-drdo-amca|access-date=2021-02-03|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> The design of the aircraft is carried out by [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] (ADA), an aircraft design and development agency constituted under [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO).<ref>{{cite news|title=Defence Research and Development Organisation|url=http://idrw.org/the-first-flight-of-amca-in-2025-ada-chief/}}</ref> It is expected to be produced by a public-private joint venture between the DRDO, [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL), and an Indian private company.<ref>{{cite news|title=A point for HAL Nashik to ponder: What after Sukhoi-30MKI fighters?|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/a-point-for-hal-nashik-to-ponder-what-after-sukhoi-30mki-fighters-121042901623_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref> The programme has an aim to start production by 2028.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=KP Sanjeev|date=2020-10-24|title=When Can Indian Air Force Deploy First ‘Desi’ 5th Gen Fighter Jet?|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/indian-air-force-first-desi-5th-generation-fighter-jet-hal-drdo-amca|access-date=2021-02-03|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref>
The '''Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft''' ('''AMCA''') is an Indian programme to develop a [[fifth-generation fighter]] aircraft for the [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="Kumar">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=KP Sanjeev|date=2020-10-24|title=When Can Indian Air Force Deploy First ‘Desi’ 5th Gen Fighter Jet?|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/indian-air-force-first-desi-5th-generation-fighter-jet-hal-drdo-amca|access-date=2021-02-03|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> The design of the aircraft is carried out by [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] (ADA), an aircraft design and development agency constituted under [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO).<ref>{{cite news|title=Defence Research and Development Organisation|url=http://idrw.org/the-first-flight-of-amca-in-2025-ada-chief/}}</ref> It is expected to be produced by a public-private joint venture between the DRDO, [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL), and an Indian private company.<ref>{{cite news|title=A point for HAL Nashik to ponder: What after Sukhoi-30MKI fighters?|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/a-point-for-hal-nashik-to-ponder-what-after-sukhoi-30mki-fighters-121042901623_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref> The programme has an aim to start production by 2028.<ref name="Kumar">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=KP Sanjeev|date=2020-10-24|title=When Can Indian Air Force Deploy First ‘Desi’ 5th Gen Fighter Jet?|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/indian-air-force-first-desi-5th-generation-fighter-jet-hal-drdo-amca|access-date=2021-02-03|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref>


AMCA will be a single-seat, [[Twinjet|twin-engine]], [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] all-weather [[Multirole combat aircraft#Swing-role|Swing-role fighter]] aircraft, expected to have “[[Sixth-generation jet fighter|sixth generation]] characteristics”.<ref>{{cite web|title=ADA-Advanced Medium Fighter Aircraft|url=https://www.ada.gov.in/adawebsitedev.html}}</ref><ref name="ET Manu Pubby October 2020">{{Cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|title=India likely to produce next generation fighter jets in a private sector-led joint venture|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-likely-to-produce-next-generation-fighter-jets-in-a-pvt-sector-led-jv/articleshow/78439692.cms|access-date=2020-10-02}}</ref> The AMCA which is intended to perform a multitude of missions including [[Air supremacy|air superiority]], [[Air interdiction|ground-strike]], [[Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses]] (SEAD) and [[electronic warfare]] (EW) missions would be a potent replacement for the [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] air superiority fighter, which forms the backbone of the IAF fighter fleet.<ref>{{cite web|title=ADA-Advanced Medium Fighter Aircraft|url=https://www.ada.gov.in/adawebsitedev.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India Looks to Indigenous Fighters|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2018-09-12/india-looks-indigenous-fighters|publisher=AINonline|access-date=12 September 2018}}</ref> The AMCA design is optimised for low radar cross section and [[Supercruise|supercruise]] capability.<ref name="bangaloremirror1">{{cite news|title=Scientists face uphill task developing India’s first 5th generation fighter|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/scientists-face-uphill-task-developing-indias-first-5th-generation-fighter/articleshow/46204361.cms|work=Bangalore Mirror|agency=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|date=12 February 2015}}</ref> Feasibility study on AMCA and the preliminary design stage have been completed, and the project entered the detailed design phase in February 2019.<ref name ="TOIFEB2019">{{Cite news|title = Aero India 2019: HAL-developed Advanced Medium {{sic|nolink=y|Aicraft}} will be IAF’s 1st option for fifth-gen fighter|url = https://m.timesofindia.com/city/bengaluru/hal-developed-advanced-medium-aicraft-will-be-iafs-1st-option-for-fifth-gen-fighter/articleshow/68118701.cms|date = February 23, 2019|newspaper = [[Times of India]]}}</ref> A CAD model of the aircraft was shown at Aero India 2019. The first flight is expected to be by 2025 and serial production might begin by 2030.<ref>{{cite news|title=India plans to roll out fifth-generation fighters by 2024|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/feb/05/india-plans-to-roll-out-fifth-generation-fightersby-2024-2259979.html|publisher=THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS|access-date= 5 February 2021}}</ref> The AMCA is currently the only fifth generation fighter under development in India, expected to get [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]  approval in second quarter of 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt to soon give nod for indigenous stealth fighters|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-to-soon-give-nod-for-indigenous-stealth-fighters-101615917481953.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref> The aircraft, along with its naval variant, is intended to provide the bulk of the manned tactical airpower of the [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Indian Navy]] over the coming decades. AMCA would be the third [[Supersonic aircraft|supersonic]] jet of Indian origin after the [[HAL HF-24 Marut|HAL Marut]] and [[HAL Tejas]].
AMCA will be a single-seat, [[Twinjet|twin-engine]], [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] all-weather [[Multirole combat aircraft#Swing-role|Swing-role fighter]] aircraft, expected to have “[[Sixth-generation jet fighter|sixth generation]] characteristics”.<ref name="ada.gov.in">{{cite web|title=ADA-Advanced Medium Fighter Aircraft|url=https://www.ada.gov.in/adawebsitedev.html}}</ref><ref name="ET Manu Pubby October 2020">{{Cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|title=India likely to produce next generation fighter jets in a private sector-led joint venture|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-likely-to-produce-next-generation-fighter-jets-in-a-pvt-sector-led-jv/articleshow/78439692.cms|access-date=2020-10-02}}</ref> The AMCA which is intended to perform a multitude of missions including [[Air supremacy|air superiority]], [[Air interdiction|ground-strike]], [[Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses]] (SEAD) and [[electronic warfare]] (EW) missions would be a potent replacement for the [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] air superiority fighter, which forms the backbone of the IAF fighter fleet.<ref name="ada.gov.in"/><ref>{{cite news|title=India Looks to Indigenous Fighters|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2018-09-12/india-looks-indigenous-fighters|publisher=AINonline|access-date=12 September 2018}}</ref> The AMCA design is optimised for low radar cross section and [[supercruise]] capability.<ref name="bangaloremirror1">{{cite news|title=Scientists face uphill task developing India’s first 5th generation fighter|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/scientists-face-uphill-task-developing-indias-first-5th-generation-fighter/articleshow/46204361.cms|work=Bangalore Mirror|agency=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|date=12 February 2015}}</ref> Feasibility study on AMCA and the preliminary design stage have been completed, and the project entered the detailed design phase in February 2019.<ref name ="TOIFEB2019">{{Cite news|title = Aero India 2019: HAL-developed Advanced Medium {{sic|nolink=y|Aicraft}} will be IAF’s 1st option for fifth-gen fighter|url = https://m.timesofindia.com/city/bengaluru/hal-developed-advanced-medium-aicraft-will-be-iafs-1st-option-for-fifth-gen-fighter/articleshow/68118701.cms|date = February 23, 2019|newspaper = [[Times of India]]}}</ref> A CAD model of the aircraft was shown at Aero India 2019. The first flight is expected to be by 2025 and serial production might begin by 2030.<ref>{{cite news|title=India plans to roll out fifth-generation fighters by 2024|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/feb/05/india-plans-to-roll-out-fifth-generation-fightersby-2024-2259979.html|publisher=THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS|access-date= 5 February 2021}}</ref> The AMCA is currently the only fifth generation fighter under development in India, expected to get [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]  approval in second quarter of 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt to soon give nod for indigenous stealth fighters|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-to-soon-give-nod-for-indigenous-stealth-fighters-101615917481953.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref> The aircraft, along with its naval variant, is intended to provide the bulk of the manned tactical airpower of the [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Indian Navy]] over the coming decades. AMCA would be the third [[Supersonic aircraft|supersonic]] jet of Indian origin after the [[HAL HF-24 Marut|HAL Marut]] and [[HAL Tejas]].


==Development==
==Development==
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The AMCA programme, earlier known as Medium Combat Aircraft (MCA) programme, was initiated to develop a twin engine fighter which incorporates stealth features to replace the main strike fighters of IAF viz [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]] and [[SEPECAT Jaguar]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rao|first1=Radhakrishna|title=India reveals plan to develop indigenous medium fighter|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/10/06/316782/india-reveals-plan-to-develop-indigenous-medium-fighter.html|work=Flight International|date=6 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210035617/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/10/06/316782/india-reveals-plan-to-develop-indigenous-medium-fighter.html|archive-date=10 February 2009}}</ref> In 2010, the MCA programme was rechristened as Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) programme and a detailed feasibility study was launched by ADA.<ref>{{cite web|title=The LCA Tejas Programme: Leading to Indigenous AMCA: Quo Vadis?|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/the-lca-tejas-programme-leading-to-indigenous-amca-quo-vadis/2/|publisher=Indian Defence Review|date=20 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=30th Audit report ADA|url=http://164.100.47.191/paperlaidfiles/DEFENCE/ADA-30th%20AR_Eng.pdf}}</ref> Although MCA was envisioned as a 15-tonne class fighter, the IAF's Air Staff requirements (ASR) for the AMCA, issued in April 2010 placed the now rechristened aircraft in the 25-tonne category.<ref>{{cite news|title=India set to build Medium Combat Aircraft|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-set-to-build-medium-combat-aircraft-109050200016_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|date=20 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="dhqxnzzajv69c.cloudfront.net">{{cite web|url=http://dhqxnzzajv69c.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/IssueBrief_105.pdf|title=The Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft:A Technical Analysis|author=Abhijit Iyer-Mitra and Pushan Das|work=[[Observer Research Foundation]]}}</ref><ref name=dn733>{{cite news|title=India's Indigenous 5th-Gen Combat Plane to Boast Of Condition Monitoring Systems|url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/733/indias-indigenous-5th-gen-combat-plane-to-boast-of-condition-monitoring-systems.html|access-date=5 December 2013|newspaper=Defence Now |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210215736/http://www.defencenow.com/news/733/indias-indigenous-5th-gen-combat-plane-to-boast-of-condition-monitoring-systems.html|archive-date=10 December 2013|df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.aviationweek.com/awin/india-develops-requirements-advanced-medium-combat-aircraft-0|title=Login|work=aviationweek.com|access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref> In October 2010, the Government of India allocated ₹100 crore to prepare feasibility studies in 18 months.<ref name="hindu-21nov10">{{cite news|author1=Y. Mallikarjun|title=Plans for Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/21/stories/2010112165812200.htm|date=21 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124030035/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/21/stories/2010112165812200.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=24 November 2010}}</ref> In 2013, a review committee was formed, which on the feasibility study report recommended initiating the next phase of the programme.<ref>{{cite report|title=ADA 30th Annual report|url=http://164.100.47.191/paperlaidfiles/DEFENCE/ADA-30th%20AR_Eng.pdf}}</ref>
The AMCA programme, earlier known as Medium Combat Aircraft (MCA) programme, was initiated to develop a twin engine fighter which incorporates stealth features to replace the main strike fighters of IAF viz [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]] and [[SEPECAT Jaguar]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rao|first1=Radhakrishna|title=India reveals plan to develop indigenous medium fighter|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/10/06/316782/india-reveals-plan-to-develop-indigenous-medium-fighter.html|work=Flight International|date=6 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210035617/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/10/06/316782/india-reveals-plan-to-develop-indigenous-medium-fighter.html|archive-date=10 February 2009}}</ref> In 2010, the MCA programme was rechristened as Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) programme and a detailed feasibility study was launched by ADA.<ref>{{cite web|title=The LCA Tejas Programme: Leading to Indigenous AMCA: Quo Vadis?|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/the-lca-tejas-programme-leading-to-indigenous-amca-quo-vadis/2/|publisher=Indian Defence Review|date=20 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=30th Audit report ADA|url=http://164.100.47.191/paperlaidfiles/DEFENCE/ADA-30th%20AR_Eng.pdf}}</ref> Although MCA was envisioned as a 15-tonne class fighter, the IAF's Air Staff requirements (ASR) for the AMCA, issued in April 2010 placed the now rechristened aircraft in the 25-tonne category.<ref>{{cite news|title=India set to build Medium Combat Aircraft|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-set-to-build-medium-combat-aircraft-109050200016_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|date=20 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="dhqxnzzajv69c.cloudfront.net">{{cite web|url=http://dhqxnzzajv69c.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/IssueBrief_105.pdf|title=The Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft:A Technical Analysis|author=Abhijit Iyer-Mitra and Pushan Das|work=[[Observer Research Foundation]]}}</ref><ref name=dn733>{{cite news|title=India's Indigenous 5th-Gen Combat Plane to Boast Of Condition Monitoring Systems|url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/733/indias-indigenous-5th-gen-combat-plane-to-boast-of-condition-monitoring-systems.html|access-date=5 December 2013|newspaper=Defence Now |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210215736/http://www.defencenow.com/news/733/indias-indigenous-5th-gen-combat-plane-to-boast-of-condition-monitoring-systems.html|archive-date=10 December 2013|df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.aviationweek.com/awin/india-develops-requirements-advanced-medium-combat-aircraft-0|title=Login|work=aviationweek.com|access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref> In October 2010, the Government of India allocated ₹100 crore to prepare feasibility studies in 18 months.<ref name="hindu-21nov10">{{cite news|author1=Y. Mallikarjun|title=Plans for Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/21/stories/2010112165812200.htm|date=21 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124030035/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/21/stories/2010112165812200.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=24 November 2010}}</ref> In 2013, a review committee was formed, which on the feasibility study report recommended initiating the next phase of the programme.<ref>{{cite report|title=ADA 30th Annual report|url=http://164.100.47.191/paperlaidfiles/DEFENCE/ADA-30th%20AR_Eng.pdf}}</ref>


The [[Specification (technical standard)|Project Definition]] and Preliminary Design phase of AMCA began in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=A note on India's Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) project|url=https://www.news18.com/blogs/india/saurav-jha/a-note-on-indias-advanced-medium-combat-aircraft-amca-project-10879-748657.html|website=News 18|date=27 December 2014}}</ref> From November 2013 to December 2014, 9 configurations of AMCA, starting from 3B-01 to 3B-09, were studied using [[Computer-aided design|CAD]], low speed - high speed wind tunnel testing and radar cross section (RCS) testing and eventually by the end of 2014, configuration 3B-09 was chosen.<ref>{{cite report|title=30th Audit report ADA|url=http://164.100.47.191/paperlaidfiles/DEFENCE/ADA-30th%20AR_Eng.pdf}}</ref> In 2015, basic design configuration of AMCA was finalized and a detailed AMCA programme report was submitted to the IAF, which after review gave concurrence to the programme.<ref>{{cite web|title=Development of indigenous AMCA on track|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/development-of-indigenous-amca-on-track/article6913681.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=20 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=31st ADA Audit Report|url=https://www.ada.gov.in/images/Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf}}</ref> The AMCA design after considerable refinements, has been accepted by IAF in 2016.<ref>{{cite report|title=31st ADA Audit Report|url=https://www.ada.gov.in/images/Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf}}</ref> The Project definition phase was completed by 2017.<ref>{{cite report|title=31st ADA Audit Report|url=https://www.ada.gov.in/images/Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=AMCA, India's first stealth fighter, likely to be airborne before 2025|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2019/02/19/india-stealth-fighter-project-amca.html|publisher=onmanorama|date=19 February 2019}}</ref> On 4 April 2018, Indian Defence Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] in a written reply to the [[Lok Sabha]] confirmed that the feasibility study for the AMCA programme has been completed and the programme would be completed in two phases viz, technology demonstration phase and full scale engineering development phase.<ref>{{cite news|title=After Tejas, defence industry looks to ‘Make In India’ advanced medium combat aircraft|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/after-tejas-defence-industry-looks-to-make-in-india-advanced-medium-combat-aircraft/1121720/|publisher=Finance Express|date=4 April 2018}}</ref> The ''Detailed Design Phase'' of AMCA has commenced in 2018, as part of the phase, a full scale model of AMCA will be developed for testing stealth features.<ref name = "TOIFEB2019"/><ref name = "HTAUG2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indigenous-light-combat-aircraft-targeted-by-2022/story-MGy2MXsapn8H6IDjUNt12H.html|title=Indigenous light combat aircraft targeted by 2022|date=2019-08-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref> The ADA is expecting to get government approval for the AMCA programme by the second quarter of 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt to soon give nod for indigenous stealth fighters|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-to-soon-give-nod-for-indigenous-stealth-fighters-101615917481953.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=17 March 2021}}</ref> Rs. 15,000 crore will be sanctioned for the program soon as per the latest reports.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt to soon give nod for indigenous stealth fighters|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-to-soon-give-nod-for-indigenous-stealth-fighters-101615917481953.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=17 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=AMCA and TEDBF: India's Two most fighter jet program set to go official|url=https://idrw.org/amca-and-tedbf-indias-two-most-fighter-jet-program-set-to-go-official/|publisher=INDIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH WING|date=26 March 2021}}</ref> The first prototype of AMCA is expected to be rolled out by 2024.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tejas done, focus on three other fighter jets: two for IAF, one Navy|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aero-india-2021-tejas-done-focus-on-three-other-fighter-jets-two-for-iaf-one-navy-7175125/|publisher=The Indian EXPRESS|access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tejas-mark-ii-to-have-ability-to-conduct-balakot-like-ops/story-kMUDWj7o7GkrK2WTsAsGEM.html|title=Tejas Mark II to have ability to conduct Balakot-like operations|date=2020-03-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref>  
The [[Specification (technical standard)|Project Definition]] and Preliminary Design phase of AMCA began in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=A note on India's Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) project|url=https://www.news18.com/blogs/india/saurav-jha/a-note-on-indias-advanced-medium-combat-aircraft-amca-project-10879-748657.html|website=News 18|date=27 December 2014}}</ref> From November 2013 to December 2014, 9 configurations of AMCA, starting from 3B-01 to 3B-09, were studied using [[Computer-aided design|CAD]], low speed - high speed wind tunnel testing and radar cross section (RCS) testing and eventually by the end of 2014, configuration 3B-09 was chosen.<ref>{{cite report|title=30th Audit report ADA|url=http://164.100.47.191/paperlaidfiles/DEFENCE/ADA-30th%20AR_Eng.pdf}}</ref> In 2015, basic design configuration of AMCA was finalized and a detailed AMCA programme report was submitted to the IAF, which after review gave concurrence to the programme.<ref>{{cite web|title=Development of indigenous AMCA on track|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/development-of-indigenous-amca-on-track/article6913681.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=20 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=31st ADA Audit Report|url=https://www.ada.gov.in/images/Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf}}</ref> The AMCA design after considerable refinements, has been accepted by IAF in 2016.<ref>{{cite report|title=31st ADA Audit Report|url=https://www.ada.gov.in/images/Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf}}</ref> The Project definition phase was completed by 2017.<ref>{{cite report|title=31st ADA Audit Report|url=https://www.ada.gov.in/images/Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=AMCA, India's first stealth fighter, likely to be airborne before 2025|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2019/02/19/india-stealth-fighter-project-amca.html|publisher=onmanorama|date=19 February 2019}}</ref> On 4 April 2018, Indian Defence Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] in a written reply to the [[Lok Sabha]] confirmed that the feasibility study for the AMCA programme has been completed and the programme would be completed in two phases viz, technology demonstration phase and full scale engineering development phase.<ref>{{cite news|title=After Tejas, defence industry looks to ‘Make In India’ advanced medium combat aircraft|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/after-tejas-defence-industry-looks-to-make-in-india-advanced-medium-combat-aircraft/1121720/|publisher=Finance Express|date=4 April 2018}}</ref> The ''Detailed Design Phase'' of AMCA has commenced in 2018, as part of the phase, a full scale model of AMCA will be developed for testing stealth features.<ref name = "TOIFEB2019"/><ref name = "HTAUG2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indigenous-light-combat-aircraft-targeted-by-2022/story-MGy2MXsapn8H6IDjUNt12H.html|title=Indigenous light combat aircraft targeted by 2022|date=2019-08-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref> The ADA is expecting to get government approval for the AMCA programme by the second quarter of 2021.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news|title=Govt to soon give nod for indigenous stealth fighters|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-to-soon-give-nod-for-indigenous-stealth-fighters-101615917481953.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=17 March 2021}}</ref> Rs. 15,000 crore will be sanctioned for the program soon as per the latest reports.<ref name="Hindustan Times"/><ref>{{cite web|title=AMCA and TEDBF: India's Two most fighter jet program set to go official|url=https://idrw.org/amca-and-tedbf-indias-two-most-fighter-jet-program-set-to-go-official/|publisher=INDIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH WING|date=26 March 2021}}</ref> The first prototype of AMCA is expected to be rolled out by 2024.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tejas done, focus on three other fighter jets: two for IAF, one Navy|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aero-india-2021-tejas-done-focus-on-three-other-fighter-jets-two-for-iaf-one-navy-7175125/|publisher=The Indian EXPRESS|access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tejas-mark-ii-to-have-ability-to-conduct-balakot-like-ops/story-kMUDWj7o7GkrK2WTsAsGEM.html|title=Tejas Mark II to have ability to conduct Balakot-like operations|date=2020-03-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref>  


The current plan is to procure 6 squadrons of AMCA, first two squadrons in Mark 1, equipped with an imported engine and the remaining four squadrons in Mark 2, equipped with an uprated indigenous engine.<ref name = "TOIOCT2019">{{Cite news|title = Defence ministry to seek Cabinet nod for prototype of desi stealth jet|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/defence-ministry-to-seek-cabinet-nod-for-prototype-of-desi-stealth-jet/articleshow/71798166.cms|date = October 29, 2019|access-date = October 29, 2019|newspaper = [[Times of India]]}}</ref> The Mark 2 of AMCA would also incorporate sixth generation features and technologies to stay relevant in the coming decades.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt to soon give nod for indigenous stealth fighters|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-to-soon-give-nod-for-indigenous-stealth-fighters-101615917481953.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=17 March 2021}}</ref>
The current plan is to procure 6 squadrons of AMCA, first two squadrons in Mark 1, equipped with an imported engine and the remaining four squadrons in Mark 2, equipped with an uprated indigenous engine.<ref name = "TOIOCT2019">{{Cite news|title = Defence ministry to seek Cabinet nod for prototype of desi stealth jet|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/defence-ministry-to-seek-cabinet-nod-for-prototype-of-desi-stealth-jet/articleshow/71798166.cms|date = October 29, 2019|access-date = October 29, 2019|newspaper = [[Times of India]]}}</ref> The Mark 2 of AMCA would also incorporate sixth generation features and technologies to stay relevant in the coming decades.<ref name="Hindustan Times"/>
   
   
In 2015, 700 ADA employees were working on the project along with 2,000 employees of DRDO and 1,000 employees of HAL supported by over 500 employees of subcontractors of both Indian and foreign firms.  
In 2015, 700 ADA employees were working on the project along with 2,000 employees of DRDO and 1,000 employees of HAL supported by over 500 employees of subcontractors of both Indian and foreign firms.  
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===Overview===
===Overview===
The AMCA is a twin-engine, stealth supersonic swing-role fighter designed for the IAF.<ref>{{cite web|title=ADA-Advanced Medium Fighter Aircraft|url=https://www.ada.gov.in/adawebsitedev.html}}</ref> At present, the AMCA is planned as a fifth generaton fighter, but there is a strong hint that AMCA would integrate emerging, best of breed sixth generation technologies over time to stay in the loop.<ref>{{cite news|title=India’s 5th-Gen Fighter Jet ‘AMCA’ Will Have 6th-Gen Technology – Indian Air Force|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/indias-5th-gen-fighter-jet-amca-will-have-6th-gen-technology-indian-air-force/|website=Eurasian Times|access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref> The AMCA would be the first fifth generaton fighter to enter service with the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{cite news|title=India Pulls out of Joint Stealth Fighter Project With Russia|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/india-pulls-out-of-joint-stealth-fighter-project-with-russia/|publisher=The Diplomat|date=13 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India plans to roll out fifth-generation fighters by 2024|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/feb/05/india-plans-to-roll-out-fifth-generation-fightersby-2024-2259979.html|publisher=New Indian Express|date=5 February 2021}}</ref>  
The AMCA is a twin-engine, stealth supersonic swing-role fighter designed for the IAF.<ref name="ada.gov.in"/> At present, the AMCA is planned as a fifth generaton fighter, but there is a strong hint that AMCA would integrate emerging, best of breed sixth generation technologies over time to stay in the loop.<ref>{{cite news|title=India’s 5th-Gen Fighter Jet ‘AMCA’ Will Have 6th-Gen Technology – Indian Air Force|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/indias-5th-gen-fighter-jet-amca-will-have-6th-gen-technology-indian-air-force/|website=Eurasian Times|access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref> The AMCA would be the first fifth generaton fighter to enter service with the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{cite news|title=India Pulls out of Joint Stealth Fighter Project With Russia|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/india-pulls-out-of-joint-stealth-fighter-project-with-russia/|publisher=The Diplomat|date=13 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India plans to roll out fifth-generation fighters by 2024|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/feb/05/india-plans-to-roll-out-fifth-generation-fightersby-2024-2259979.html|publisher=New Indian Express|date=5 February 2021}}</ref>  


The AMCA is designed with shoulder mounted [[trapezoidal wing|diamond shaped trapezoidal wing]]s, a profile with substantial [[area rule|area-ruling]] to reduce drag at [[transonic]] speeds, and an [[Stabilator|all-moving]] Canard-Vertical [[V-tail]] with large fuselage mounted [[Tail-wing]].<ref name="dhqxnzzajv69c.cloudfront.net"/> Flight control surfaces include leading and trailing-edge flaps, [[aileron]]s, rudders on the canted [[vertical stabilizer]]s, and all-moving [[tailplane]]s; these surfaces also serve as [[Air brake (aeronautics)|Air brakes]]. The [[cockpit]] features a single seat configuration which is placed high, near the air intakes and wings of the aircraft to provide good visibility to the pilot with a single bubble canopy construction.<ref name="dhqxnzzajv69c.cloudfront.net" /> A [[leading-edge root extension]] (LERX), which is a small [[fillet (aircraft)|fillet]], is situated on the front section of the intake and wings of the aircraft. It has a typically roughly rectangular shape, running forward from the leading edge of the wing root to a point along the fuselage.<ref name="dhqxnzzajv69c.cloudfront.net"/> The aircraft features a [[Tricycle gear|tricycle landing gear]] configuration. The weapons bay is placed on the underside of the fuselage between the nose and main landing gear. The AMCA is designed to produce a very small radar cross-section, to accomplish this it features serpentine shaped air-intakes to reduce radar exposure to the fan blade which increases stealth, uses an internal [[weapons bay]] and features the use of [[composite material|composites]] and other materials.<ref name="dhqxnzzajv69c.cloudfront.net" /> The [[flight control surfaces]] are controlled by a central management computer system. The AMCA will have some sixth generation characteristics such as an optionally manned, directed energy weapons, capable of controlling UCAVs and swarm drones.<ref name="OnManoramaFeb2020">{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2020/02/05/amca-could-fly-undetected-during-dangerous-missions.html|title=AMCA could fly undetected during dangerous missions|date=February 5, 2020|website=[[OnManorama]]|language=en|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/indias-5th-gen-fighter-jet-amca-will-have-6th-gen-technology-indian-air-force/|title=India’s 5th-Gen Fighter Jet ‘AMCA’ Will Have 6th-Gen Technology – Indian Air Force|website=Eurasian Times|access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=We are calling AMCA 5th gen aircraft but it will come with 6th gen technologies:IAF Chief|url=https://idrw.org/we-are-calling-amca-5th-gen-aircraft-but-it-will-come-with-6th-gen-technologies-iaf-chief/|publisher=INDIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH WING|date =20 December 2019}}</ref>
The AMCA is designed with shoulder mounted [[trapezoidal wing|diamond shaped trapezoidal wing]]s, a profile with substantial [[area rule|area-ruling]] to reduce drag at [[transonic]] speeds, and an [[Stabilator|all-moving]] Canard-Vertical [[V-tail]] with large fuselage mounted [[Tail-wing]].<ref name="dhqxnzzajv69c.cloudfront.net"/> Flight control surfaces include leading and trailing-edge flaps, [[aileron]]s, rudders on the canted [[vertical stabilizer]]s, and all-moving [[tailplane]]s; these surfaces also serve as [[Air brake (aeronautics)|Air brakes]]. The [[cockpit]] features a single seat configuration which is placed high, near the air intakes and wings of the aircraft to provide good visibility to the pilot with a single bubble canopy construction.<ref name="dhqxnzzajv69c.cloudfront.net" /> A [[leading-edge root extension]] (LERX), which is a small [[fillet (aircraft)|fillet]], is situated on the front section of the intake and wings of the aircraft. It has a typically roughly rectangular shape, running forward from the leading edge of the wing root to a point along the fuselage.<ref name="dhqxnzzajv69c.cloudfront.net"/> The aircraft features a [[Tricycle gear|tricycle landing gear]] configuration. The weapons bay is placed on the underside of the fuselage between the nose and main landing gear. The AMCA is designed to produce a very small radar cross-section, to accomplish this it features serpentine shaped air-intakes to reduce radar exposure to the fan blade which increases stealth, uses an internal [[weapons bay]] and features the use of [[composite material|composites]] and other materials.<ref name="dhqxnzzajv69c.cloudfront.net" /> The [[flight control surfaces]] are controlled by a central management computer system. The AMCA will have some sixth generation characteristics such as an optionally manned, directed energy weapons, capable of controlling UCAVs and swarm drones.<ref name="OnManoramaFeb2020">{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2020/02/05/amca-could-fly-undetected-during-dangerous-missions.html|title=AMCA could fly undetected during dangerous missions|date=February 5, 2020|website=[[OnManorama]]|language=en|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/indias-5th-gen-fighter-jet-amca-will-have-6th-gen-technology-indian-air-force/|title=India’s 5th-Gen Fighter Jet ‘AMCA’ Will Have 6th-Gen Technology – Indian Air Force|website=Eurasian Times|access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=We are calling AMCA 5th gen aircraft but it will come with 6th gen technologies:IAF Chief|url=https://idrw.org/we-are-calling-amca-5th-gen-aircraft-but-it-will-come-with-6th-gen-technologies-iaf-chief/|publisher=INDIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH WING|date =20 December 2019}}</ref>
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===Sensors and avionics===
===Sensors and avionics===
The AMCA is expected to have distributed passive sensors with Artificial intelligence (AI) assisted multi-sensor data fusion to increase situational awareness and to work in tandem with the advanced electronic warfare (EW) suite onboard AMCA.<ref>{{cite news|title=Air Chief Bhadauria’s focus on homegrown AMCA shows IAF learnt nothing from Tejas failure|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/air-chief-rakesh-bhadauria-indigenous-amca-iaf-lca-tejas-aircraft/303718/|publisher=The Print|date=11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=HAL AMCA: Why India Needs Its Own Lockheed-Martin To Develop 5th-Gen, Stealth Fighter Aircraft?|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/hal-amca-why-india-needs-its-own-lockheed-martin-to-develop-5th-gen-stealth-fighter-aircraft/|publisher=EurAsian Times|date=12 April 2021}}</ref> The AMCA has a distributed processing system employing fast processors and smart subsystems.<ref>{{cite news |last=Karnozov |first=Vladimir |title=Indian 'Home-Grown' AMCA, An Alternative To FGFA |url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/paris-air-show/2013-06-13/indian-home-grown-amca-alternative-fgfa |access-date=5 December 2013 |newspaper=AIN Online |date=13 June 2013}}</ref> The AMCA will also have an integrated vehicle health monitoring system which works on sensor fusion.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aero India: Indigenous stealth fighter to initially use US engines|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/02/20/aero-india-indigenous-stealth-fighter-engine.html|publisher=The Week|date=20 February 2019}}</ref>
The AMCA is expected to have distributed passive sensors with Artificial intelligence (AI) assisted multi-sensor data fusion to increase situational awareness and to work in tandem with the advanced electronic warfare (EW) suite onboard AMCA.<ref>{{cite news|title=Air Chief Bhadauria’s focus on homegrown AMCA shows IAF learnt nothing from Tejas failure|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/air-chief-rakesh-bhadauria-indigenous-amca-iaf-lca-tejas-aircraft/303718/|publisher=The Print|date=11 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="EurAsian Times">{{cite news|title=HAL AMCA: Why India Needs Its Own Lockheed-Martin To Develop 5th-Gen, Stealth Fighter Aircraft?|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/hal-amca-why-india-needs-its-own-lockheed-martin-to-develop-5th-gen-stealth-fighter-aircraft/|publisher=EurAsian Times|date=12 April 2021}}</ref> The AMCA has a distributed processing system employing fast processors and smart subsystems.<ref>{{cite news |last=Karnozov |first=Vladimir |title=Indian 'Home-Grown' AMCA, An Alternative To FGFA |url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/paris-air-show/2013-06-13/indian-home-grown-amca-alternative-fgfa |access-date=5 December 2013 |newspaper=AIN Online |date=13 June 2013}}</ref> The AMCA will also have an integrated vehicle health monitoring system which works on sensor fusion.<ref name="The Week">{{cite news|title=Aero India: Indigenous stealth fighter to initially use US engines|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/02/20/aero-india-indigenous-stealth-fighter-engine.html|publisher=The Week|date=20 February 2019}}</ref>


AMCA would be equipped with a larger and powerful variant of the [[Uttam AESA Radar]] mounted on a mechanically steerable mount.<ref name="dhqxnzzajv69c.cloudfront.net"/> An onboard [[condition monitoring]] system is planned to be included in the AMCA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/drdo-developing-onboard-equipment-monitoring-system-for-submarines/article5826308.ece|title=DRDO developing onboard equipment monitoring system for submarines|author=S. Anandan|work=The Hindu|date=19 May 2016|access-date=17 November 2017}}</ref>
AMCA would be equipped with a larger and powerful variant of the [[Uttam AESA Radar]] mounted on a mechanically steerable mount.<ref name="dhqxnzzajv69c.cloudfront.net"/> An onboard [[condition monitoring]] system is planned to be included in the AMCA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/drdo-developing-onboard-equipment-monitoring-system-for-submarines/article5826308.ece|title=DRDO developing onboard equipment monitoring system for submarines|author=S. Anandan|work=The Hindu|date=19 May 2016|access-date=17 November 2017}}</ref>


===Cockpit===
===Cockpit===
The AMCA will have a glass cockpit equipped with a wide panoramic touchscreen display for enhanced [[Human–computer interaction|man-machine interaction]], a multi function display (MFD) placed in portrait orientation and a wide-angle holographic [[Head-up display|head-up display]] HUD. The AMCA will have [[HOTAS|hands-on throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) arrangement with right hand on stick and left hand on throttle settings to ease the pilot workload.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aero India 2021: Futuristic Cockpit Simulator a big draw at airshow|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/technology/aero-india-2021-futuristic-cockpit-simulator-a-big-draw-at-airshow-947611.html|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=5 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=HAL AMCA: Why India Needs Its Own Lockheed-Martin To Develop 5th-Gen, Stealth Fighter Aircraft?|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/hal-amca-why-india-needs-its-own-lockheed-martin-to-develop-5th-gen-stealth-fighter-aircraft/|publisher=EurAsian Times|date=12 April 2021}}</ref>
The AMCA will have a glass cockpit equipped with a wide panoramic touchscreen display for enhanced [[Human–computer interaction|man-machine interaction]], a multi function display (MFD) placed in portrait orientation and a wide-angle holographic [[head-up display]] HUD. The AMCA will have [[HOTAS|hands-on throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) arrangement with right hand on stick and left hand on throttle settings to ease the pilot workload.<ref name="EurAsian Times"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Aero India 2021: Futuristic Cockpit Simulator a big draw at airshow|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/technology/aero-india-2021-futuristic-cockpit-simulator-a-big-draw-at-airshow-947611.html|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=5 February 2021}}</ref>


===Propulsion===
===Propulsion===
The AMCA is to be powered by two [[Turbofan#Afterburning turbofan|afterburning turbofan]] engines mounted side-by-side in the fuselage, fed by [[Diverterless supersonic inlet]]s (DSI). The initial plan was to equip an uprated [[GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri|Kaveri engine]] developed for Tejas, but Kaveri engine programme was shelved due to suboptimal performance.<ref>{{cite news|title=OneIndia Exclusive: DRDO to abandon indigenous fighter jet engine Kaveri project|url=https://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/oneindia-exclusive-drdo-to-abandon-kaveri-project-gtre-gets-revival-package-1565505.html|publisher=One India|date=11 January 2015}}</ref> The initial batch of AMCA would be powered by [[General Electric F414|GE F414]] afterburning turbofan engines procured off the shelf while, later batch of AMCA would be powered by either indigenous or joint venture (JV) engine of 110 kN thrust.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aero India: Indigenous stealth fighter to initially use US engines|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/02/20/aero-india-indigenous-stealth-fighter-engine.html|publisher=The Week|date=20 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tejas done, focus on three other fighter jets: two for IAF, one Navy|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aero-india-2021-tejas-done-focus-on-three-other-fighter-jets-two-for-iaf-one-navy-7175125/|publisher=The Indian Express|date=5 February 2021}}</ref> In 2015, ADA held a series of discussions with foreign engine manufacturers exploring the possibility of joint venture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sps-aviation.com/exclusive/?id=323&h=Russia-to-partner-in-AMCA-Technologies|title= Russia to partner in AMCA Technologies|author=SP's-Aviation|work=sps-aviation.com|date=7 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="hindu-20feb15">{{cite news|last1=Peri|first1=Dinakar|title=Development of indigenous AMCA on track|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/development-of-indigenous-amca-on-track/article6913681.ece|work=The Hindu|date=20 February 2015}}</ref> As of 2021, DRDO and [[Rolls-Royce Holdings|Rolls Royce]] are developing a new 110 kN thrust class engine. The deal is expected to be signed soon.<ref>{{cite news|title=Detailed Report: DRDO Rolls Royce JV for 110 kn her engine soon: Rolls Royce India|url=https://idrw.org/detail-report-drdo-rolls-royce-jv-for-110-kn-jet-engine-soon-rolls-royce-india/|publisher=INDIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH WING|date=12 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rolls Royce - DRDO|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/drdo-news-documents/NPC12-13_July_2020.pdf|publisher=Defence Research and Development Organisation|format=PDF|pages=48}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=DRDO-Rolls Royce engine deal in next two years, talks on feasibility studies|url=https://idrw.org/drdo-rolls-royce-engine-deal-in-next-two-years-talks-now-on-feasibility-studies/|publisher=INDIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH WING|date=3 March 2021}}</ref> The program might be fully funded by India and India will have the IP rights of the engine.<ref>{{cite news|title=DRDO-Rolls Royce engine deal in next two years, talks on feasibility studies|url=https://idrw.org/drdo-rolls-royce-engine-deal-in-next-two-years-talks-now-on-feasibility-studies/|publisher=INDIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH WING|date=3 March 2021}}</ref>
The AMCA is to be powered by two [[Turbofan#Afterburning turbofan|afterburning turbofan]] engines mounted side-by-side in the fuselage, fed by [[Diverterless supersonic inlet]]s (DSI). The initial plan was to equip an uprated [[GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri|Kaveri engine]] developed for Tejas, but Kaveri engine programme was shelved due to suboptimal performance.<ref>{{cite news|title=OneIndia Exclusive: DRDO to abandon indigenous fighter jet engine Kaveri project|url=https://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/oneindia-exclusive-drdo-to-abandon-kaveri-project-gtre-gets-revival-package-1565505.html|publisher=One India|date=11 January 2015}}</ref> The initial batch of AMCA would be powered by [[General Electric F414|GE F414]] afterburning turbofan engines procured off the shelf while, later batch of AMCA would be powered by either indigenous or joint venture (JV) engine of 110&nbsp;kN thrust.<ref name="The Week"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Tejas done, focus on three other fighter jets: two for IAF, one Navy|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aero-india-2021-tejas-done-focus-on-three-other-fighter-jets-two-for-iaf-one-navy-7175125/|publisher=The Indian Express|date=5 February 2021}}</ref> In 2015, ADA held a series of discussions with foreign engine manufacturers exploring the possibility of joint venture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sps-aviation.com/exclusive/?id=323&h=Russia-to-partner-in-AMCA-Technologies|title= Russia to partner in AMCA Technologies|author=SP's-Aviation|work=sps-aviation.com|date=7 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="hindu-20feb15">{{cite news|last1=Peri|first1=Dinakar|title=Development of indigenous AMCA on track|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/development-of-indigenous-amca-on-track/article6913681.ece|work=The Hindu|date=20 February 2015}}</ref> As of 2021, DRDO and [[Rolls-Royce Holdings|Rolls Royce]] are developing a new 110&nbsp;kN thrust class engine. The deal is expected to be signed soon.<ref>{{cite news|title=Detailed Report: DRDO Rolls Royce JV for 110 kn her engine soon: Rolls Royce India|url=https://idrw.org/detail-report-drdo-rolls-royce-jv-for-110-kn-jet-engine-soon-rolls-royce-india/|publisher=INDIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH WING|date=12 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rolls Royce - DRDO|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/drdo-news-documents/NPC12-13_July_2020.pdf|publisher=Defence Research and Development Organisation|format=PDF|pages=48}}</ref><ref name="INDIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH WING">{{cite news|title=DRDO-Rolls Royce engine deal in next two years, talks on feasibility studies|url=https://idrw.org/drdo-rolls-royce-engine-deal-in-next-two-years-talks-now-on-feasibility-studies/|publisher=INDIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH WING|date=3 March 2021}}</ref> The program might be fully funded by India and India will have the IP rights of the engine.<ref name="INDIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH WING"/>


===Armament===
===Armament===

Revision as of 22:53, 3 January 2022


Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft
AMCA model at Aero India 2013 (cropped).jpg
A model of AMCA displayed at Aero India 2013
Role Stealth multirole fighter
National origin India
Manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Design group Aeronautical Development Agency
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Defence Research and Development Organisation
First flight 2025(expected)[1][2]
Status Detailed data-generation phase[3]
(Prototype development)
Primary users Indian Air Force (intended)
Indian Navy (intended)

The Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) is an Indian programme to develop a fifth-generation fighter aircraft for the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy.[1] The design of the aircraft is carried out by Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), an aircraft design and development agency constituted under Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).[4] It is expected to be produced by a public-private joint venture between the DRDO, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), and an Indian private company.[5] The programme has an aim to start production by 2028.[1]

AMCA will be a single-seat, twin-engine, stealth all-weather Swing-role fighter aircraft, expected to have “sixth generation characteristics”.[6][7] The AMCA which is intended to perform a multitude of missions including air superiority, ground-strike, Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) and electronic warfare (EW) missions would be a potent replacement for the Sukhoi Su-30MKI air superiority fighter, which forms the backbone of the IAF fighter fleet.[6][8] The AMCA design is optimised for low radar cross section and supercruise capability.[9] Feasibility study on AMCA and the preliminary design stage have been completed, and the project entered the detailed design phase in February 2019.[10] A CAD model of the aircraft was shown at Aero India 2019. The first flight is expected to be by 2025 and serial production might begin by 2030.[11] The AMCA is currently the only fifth generation fighter under development in India, expected to get Ministry of Defence approval in second quarter of 2021.[12] The aircraft, along with its naval variant, is intended to provide the bulk of the manned tactical airpower of the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy over the coming decades. AMCA would be the third supersonic jet of Indian origin after the HAL Marut and HAL Tejas.

Development

AMCA Program

Earlier 3B-01 wind tunnel model of AMCA

The AMCA programme, earlier known as Medium Combat Aircraft (MCA) programme, was initiated to develop a twin engine fighter which incorporates stealth features to replace the main strike fighters of IAF viz Mirage 2000 and SEPECAT Jaguar.[13] In 2010, the MCA programme was rechristened as Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) programme and a detailed feasibility study was launched by ADA.[14][15] Although MCA was envisioned as a 15-tonne class fighter, the IAF's Air Staff requirements (ASR) for the AMCA, issued in April 2010 placed the now rechristened aircraft in the 25-tonne category.[16][17][18][19] In October 2010, the Government of India allocated ₹100 crore to prepare feasibility studies in 18 months.[20] In 2013, a review committee was formed, which on the feasibility study report recommended initiating the next phase of the programme.[21]

The Project Definition and Preliminary Design phase of AMCA began in 2013.[22] From November 2013 to December 2014, 9 configurations of AMCA, starting from 3B-01 to 3B-09, were studied using CAD, low speed - high speed wind tunnel testing and radar cross section (RCS) testing and eventually by the end of 2014, configuration 3B-09 was chosen.[23] In 2015, basic design configuration of AMCA was finalized and a detailed AMCA programme report was submitted to the IAF, which after review gave concurrence to the programme.[24][25] The AMCA design after considerable refinements, has been accepted by IAF in 2016.[26] The Project definition phase was completed by 2017.[27][28] On 4 April 2018, Indian Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in a written reply to the Lok Sabha confirmed that the feasibility study for the AMCA programme has been completed and the programme would be completed in two phases viz, technology demonstration phase and full scale engineering development phase.[29] The Detailed Design Phase of AMCA has commenced in 2018, as part of the phase, a full scale model of AMCA will be developed for testing stealth features.[10][30] The ADA is expecting to get government approval for the AMCA programme by the second quarter of 2021.[31] Rs. 15,000 crore will be sanctioned for the program soon as per the latest reports.[31][32] The first prototype of AMCA is expected to be rolled out by 2024.[33][34]

The current plan is to procure 6 squadrons of AMCA, first two squadrons in Mark 1, equipped with an imported engine and the remaining four squadrons in Mark 2, equipped with an uprated indigenous engine.[35] The Mark 2 of AMCA would also incorporate sixth generation features and technologies to stay relevant in the coming decades.[31]

In 2015, 700 ADA employees were working on the project along with 2,000 employees of DRDO and 1,000 employees of HAL supported by over 500 employees of subcontractors of both Indian and foreign firms.

Work on various technologies was carried out by multiple establishments of DRDO, ADA and HAL which included stealth, engine, three-dimensional thrust vectoring, AESA radar, internal weapons bay, serpentine air intakes and all other major avionics.[36][37] According to Deputy Air Marshall Sinha "To provide adequate time to Indian industries to develop required capabilities, the armed forces will soon come out with a list of technologies of interest... underlining that these efforts are expected to synergise indigenous development of advanced aerospace systems."[38] In 2015, as part of the Indian MRCA competition, Saab AB made an offer for participating in the AMCA programme.[39]

Design

Overview

The AMCA is a twin-engine, stealth supersonic swing-role fighter designed for the IAF.[6] At present, the AMCA is planned as a fifth generaton fighter, but there is a strong hint that AMCA would integrate emerging, best of breed sixth generation technologies over time to stay in the loop.[40] The AMCA would be the first fifth generaton fighter to enter service with the Indian Air Force.[41][42]

The AMCA is designed with shoulder mounted diamond shaped trapezoidal wings, a profile with substantial area-ruling to reduce drag at transonic speeds, and an all-moving Canard-Vertical V-tail with large fuselage mounted Tail-wing.[17] Flight control surfaces include leading and trailing-edge flaps, ailerons, rudders on the canted vertical stabilizers, and all-moving tailplanes; these surfaces also serve as Air brakes. The cockpit features a single seat configuration which is placed high, near the air intakes and wings of the aircraft to provide good visibility to the pilot with a single bubble canopy construction.[17] A leading-edge root extension (LERX), which is a small fillet, is situated on the front section of the intake and wings of the aircraft. It has a typically roughly rectangular shape, running forward from the leading edge of the wing root to a point along the fuselage.[17] The aircraft features a tricycle landing gear configuration. The weapons bay is placed on the underside of the fuselage between the nose and main landing gear. The AMCA is designed to produce a very small radar cross-section, to accomplish this it features serpentine shaped air-intakes to reduce radar exposure to the fan blade which increases stealth, uses an internal weapons bay and features the use of composites and other materials.[17] The flight control surfaces are controlled by a central management computer system. The AMCA will have some sixth generation characteristics such as an optionally manned, directed energy weapons, capable of controlling UCAVs and swarm drones.[43][44][45]

Stealth and radar signature

The AMCA design has inherent radar stealth, achieved through platform edge alignment and serration, body conformal antenna and low intercept radar, Diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) with serpentine ducts which conceal engine fan blades, internal weapons bay and extensive use of composites in airframe.[46]

Sensors and avionics

The AMCA is expected to have distributed passive sensors with Artificial intelligence (AI) assisted multi-sensor data fusion to increase situational awareness and to work in tandem with the advanced electronic warfare (EW) suite onboard AMCA.[47][48] The AMCA has a distributed processing system employing fast processors and smart subsystems.[49] The AMCA will also have an integrated vehicle health monitoring system which works on sensor fusion.[50]

AMCA would be equipped with a larger and powerful variant of the Uttam AESA Radar mounted on a mechanically steerable mount.[17] An onboard condition monitoring system is planned to be included in the AMCA.[51]

Cockpit

The AMCA will have a glass cockpit equipped with a wide panoramic touchscreen display for enhanced man-machine interaction, a multi function display (MFD) placed in portrait orientation and a wide-angle holographic head-up display HUD. The AMCA will have hands-on throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) arrangement with right hand on stick and left hand on throttle settings to ease the pilot workload.[48][52]

Propulsion

The AMCA is to be powered by two afterburning turbofan engines mounted side-by-side in the fuselage, fed by Diverterless supersonic inlets (DSI). The initial plan was to equip an uprated Kaveri engine developed for Tejas, but Kaveri engine programme was shelved due to suboptimal performance.[53] The initial batch of AMCA would be powered by GE F414 afterburning turbofan engines procured off the shelf while, later batch of AMCA would be powered by either indigenous or joint venture (JV) engine of 110 kN thrust.[50][54] In 2015, ADA held a series of discussions with foreign engine manufacturers exploring the possibility of joint venture.[55][56] As of 2021, DRDO and Rolls Royce are developing a new 110 kN thrust class engine. The deal is expected to be signed soon.[57][58][59] The program might be fully funded by India and India will have the IP rights of the engine.[59]

Armament

The AMCA features an internal weapons bay for carrying missiles and standoff precision guided munitions in stealthy configuration, while also has provision for external hardpoints for carrying ordinance externally for non-stealthy missions.[60][61] Directed energy weapons are also planned to be equipped on the AMCA.[62]

Projected specifications

AMCA Mark I

Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft[63]

General characteristics

  • Crew: One pilot
  • Length: 18 m (59 ft 1 in)
  • Height: 4.8 m (15 ft 9 in)
  • Wing area: 39.9 m2 (429 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 11,000 kg (24,251 lb) (estimated)
  • Gross weight: 18,000 kg (39,683 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 25,000[64] kg (55,116 lb) (estimated)
  • Fuel capacity: 6,500kg
  • Powerplant: 2 × Modified GE F414 (initial production)[65] afterburning turbofan
  • Powerplant: 2 × Undecided[66] afterburning turbofan

Performance

  • Maximum speed: Mach 2.15+
    • Supercruise: Mach 1.82 (planned)
  • Range: 3,240 km (2,010 mi, 1,750 nmi)
  • Combat range: 1,620 km (1,010 mi, 870 nmi)
  • Ferry range: 5,324 km (3,308 mi, 2,875 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 20,000 m (65,000 ft)

Armament

Avionics

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Notes

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kumar, KP Sanjeev (24 October 2020). "When Can Indian Air Force Deploy First 'Desi' 5th Gen Fighter Jet?". TheQuint. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  2. ↑ "India plans to roll out fifth-generation fighters by 2024". THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  3. ↑ Kumar, Chethan (10 February 2021). "Future fighters: Drone swarm, laser tech demo, AMCA nod likely this year". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  4. ↑ "Defence Research and Development Organisation".
  5. ↑ "A point for HAL Nashik to ponder: What after Sukhoi-30MKI fighters?". Business Standard. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "ADA-Advanced Medium Fighter Aircraft".
  7. ↑ Pubby, Manu. "India likely to produce next generation fighter jets in a private sector-led joint venture". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  8. ↑ "India Looks to Indigenous Fighters". AINonline. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
  9. ↑ "Scientists face uphill task developing India's first 5th generation fighter". Bangalore Mirror. Bangalore Mirror Bureau. 12 February 2015.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Aero India 2019: HAL-developed Advanced Medium Aicraft [sic] will be IAF's 1st option for fifth-gen fighter". Times of India. 23 February 2019.
  11. ↑ "India plans to roll out fifth-generation fighters by 2024". THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  12. ↑ "Govt to soon give nod for indigenous stealth fighters". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  13. ↑ Rao, Radhakrishna (6 October 2008). "India reveals plan to develop indigenous medium fighter". Flight International. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009.
  14. ↑ "The LCA Tejas Programme: Leading to Indigenous AMCA: Quo Vadis?". Indian Defence Review. 20 February 2019.
  15. ↑ 30th Audit report ADA (PDF) (Report).
  16. ↑ "India set to build Medium Combat Aircraft". Business Standard. 20 January 2013.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Abhijit Iyer-Mitra and Pushan Das. "The Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft:A Technical Analysis" (PDF). Observer Research Foundation.
  18. ↑ "India's Indigenous 5th-Gen Combat Plane to Boast Of Condition Monitoring Systems". Defence Now. Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  19. ↑ "Login". aviationweek.com. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  20. ↑ Y. Mallikarjun (21 November 2010). "Plans for Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010.
  21. ↑ ADA 30th Annual report (PDF) (Report).
  22. ↑ "A note on India's Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) project". News 18. 27 December 2014.
  23. ↑ 30th Audit report ADA (PDF) (Report).
  24. ↑ "Development of indigenous AMCA on track". The Hindu. 20 February 2015.
  25. ↑ 31st ADA Audit Report (PDF) (Report).
  26. ↑ 31st ADA Audit Report (PDF) (Report).
  27. ↑ 31st ADA Audit Report (PDF) (Report).
  28. ↑ "AMCA, India's first stealth fighter, likely to be airborne before 2025". onmanorama. 19 February 2019.
  29. ↑ "After Tejas, defence industry looks to 'Make In India' advanced medium combat aircraft". Finance Express. 4 April 2018.
  30. ↑ "Indigenous light combat aircraft targeted by 2022". Hindustan Times. 23 August 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "Govt to soon give nod for indigenous stealth fighters". Hindustan Times. 17 March 2021.
  32. ↑ "AMCA and TEDBF: India's Two most fighter jet program set to go official". INDIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH WING. 26 March 2021.
  33. ↑ "Tejas done, focus on three other fighter jets: two for IAF, one Navy". The Indian EXPRESS. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  34. ↑ "Tejas Mark II to have ability to conduct Balakot-like operations". Hindustan Times. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  35. ↑ "Defence ministry to seek Cabinet nod for prototype of desi stealth jet". Times of India. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  36. ↑ "OneIndia Exclusive: India's stealth fighter dream moves towards reality". www.oneindia.com.
  37. ↑ "AMCA to be developed in 12 15 years–SP's MAI". spsmai.com. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  38. ↑ "DEFENCE 2 LAST". Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  39. ↑ "Reliance Defence buys Saab's stake in Pipavav Defence". Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  40. ↑ "India's 5th-Gen Fighter Jet 'AMCA' Will Have 6th-Gen Technology – Indian Air Force". Eurasian Times. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  41. ↑ "India Pulls out of Joint Stealth Fighter Project With Russia". The Diplomat. 13 April 2018.
  42. ↑ "India plans to roll out fifth-generation fighters by 2024". New Indian Express. 5 February 2021.
  43. ↑ "AMCA could fly undetected during dangerous missions". OnManorama. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  44. ↑ "India's 5th-Gen Fighter Jet 'AMCA' Will Have 6th-Gen Technology – Indian Air Force". Eurasian Times. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  45. ↑ "We are calling AMCA 5th gen aircraft but it will come with 6th gen technologies:IAF Chief". INDIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH WING. 20 December 2019.
  46. ↑ "New Delhi forges ahead with new naval fighter, AMCA". Flight Global. 9 February 2021.
  47. ↑ "Air Chief Bhadauria's focus on homegrown AMCA shows IAF learnt nothing from Tejas failure". The Print. 11 October 2019.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "HAL AMCA: Why India Needs Its Own Lockheed-Martin To Develop 5th-Gen, Stealth Fighter Aircraft?". EurAsian Times. 12 April 2021.
  49. ↑ Karnozov, Vladimir (13 June 2013). "Indian 'Home-Grown' AMCA, An Alternative To FGFA". AIN Online. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Aero India: Indigenous stealth fighter to initially use US engines". The Week. 20 February 2019.
  51. ↑ S. Anandan (19 May 2016). "DRDO developing onboard equipment monitoring system for submarines". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  52. ↑ "Aero India 2021: Futuristic Cockpit Simulator a big draw at airshow". Deccan Herald. 5 February 2021.
  53. ↑ "OneIndia Exclusive: DRDO to abandon indigenous fighter jet engine Kaveri project". One India. 11 January 2015.
  54. ↑ "Tejas done, focus on three other fighter jets: two for IAF, one Navy". The Indian Express. 5 February 2021.
  55. ↑ SP's-Aviation (7 March 2015). "Russia to partner in AMCA Technologies". sps-aviation.com.
  56. ↑ Peri, Dinakar (20 February 2015). "Development of indigenous AMCA on track". The Hindu.
  57. ↑ "Detailed Report: DRDO Rolls Royce JV for 110 kn her engine soon: Rolls Royce India". INDIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH WING. 12 July 2020.
  58. ↑ "Rolls Royce - DRDO" (PDF). Defence Research and Development Organisation. p. 48.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "DRDO-Rolls Royce engine deal in next two years, talks on feasibility studies". INDIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH WING. 3 March 2021.
  60. ↑ Perrett, Bradley; Menon, Jay (23 February 2017). "India's AMCA Fighter Targets Mid-2020s First Flight". Aerospace Daily & Defense Report. Aviation Week. Retrieved 16 November 2017.Template:Registration required
  61. ↑ "Medium Combat Aircraft". MCA Handouts at AI-09. Aeronautical Development Agency. 13 February 2009. Archived from the original on 23 October 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
  62. ↑ Pubby, Manu. "India looks at a tight deadline to develop next generation fighter jets". The Economic Times. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  63. ↑ Jackson, Paul; Peacock, Lindsay; Bushell, Susan; Willis, David; Winchester, Jim, eds. (2016–2017). "India". IHS Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production. Couldson. p. 297. ISBN 978-0710631770.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  64. ↑ "TEDBF will be in the same class as Mig 29k and Rafale M : ADA". INDIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH WING. 30 November 2019.
  65. ↑ "Aero India: Indigenous stealth fighter to initially use US engines". The Week. 20 February 2019.
  66. ↑ Waldron, Greg (17 February 2017). "AERO INDIA: New Delhi continues work on stealthy AMCA". FlightGlobal.
  67. ↑ Krishnan M, Anantha (19 February 2015). "OneIndia Exclusive: Hypersonic, next-gen missiles on BrahMos' wishlist: Mishra". OneIndia.

External links

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