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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} | ||
{{Infobox country | {{Infobox country | ||
|conventional_long_name = Odanad | | conventional_long_name = Odanad | ||
|common_name = Onattukara | | common_name = Onattukara | ||
|life_span | | life_span = 11th – 18th century | ||
|government_type = Monarchy | | government_type = [[Feudal Monarchy]] | ||
|year_start = 11th century | | year_start = 11th century | ||
|year_end = 1746 | | year_end = 1746 | ||
|p1 = Chera | | p1 = Chera Perumals | ||
|s1 = Kingdom of Travancore | | s1 = Kingdom of Travancore | ||
|flag_s1 = Former Travancore flag-Martanda Varma.png | | flag_s1 = Former Travancore flag-Martanda Varma.png | ||
|capital = [[ | | capital = [[Mavelikkara]]<br /><small>(before 15th century)</small><br />[[Kayamkulam]]<small><br />(after 15th century)</small> | ||
|common_languages = [[Malayalam]] | | common_languages = [[Malayalam]] | ||
|religion = [[Hinduism]] | | religion = [[Hinduism]] | ||
|title_leader = Kayamkulam Raja | | title_leader = Kayamkulam Raja | ||
|today = [[India]]<small> | | today = [[India]]<small> | ||
:[[Kerala]]</small> | :[[Kerala]]</small> | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Odanad''' ([[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: ''[[ISO 15919|ōṭānāṭŭ]]'', also known as '''Onattukara''', '''Onad''', '''Kayamkulam''', '''Kallikoilon''' and '''Chirava Svaroopam''') was a feudal state in late medieval [[Kerala]]. It was established in the 11th century,<ref name="ekayam"/> and disestablished in 1746 when it became part of [[Travancore]] after [[Venad]] King [[Marthanda Varma]]'s northern expedition. The last king of Odanad was King Kotha Varma. At the time of its dissolution, it was composed of the present-day [[taluk]]s of [[Mavelikkara]], [[Karthikapally]], [[Chenganur]] in the [[Alappuzha district]] and [[Karunagapally]] in the [[Kollam district]].<ref name="sadasivan129"/> In the 15th century, the capital of Odanad was moved from [[Kandiyoor-Muttom]], Mavelikkara to [[Eruva]] and [[Krishnapuram, Alappuzha|Krishnapuram]], near [[Kayamkulam]], which led to the state being called ''Kayamkulam''. After this shift, Kayamkulam became the commercial centre of Odanad, while Mavelikkara remained its cultural centre. Odanad was controlled by [[ | '''Odanad''' ([[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: ''[[ISO 15919|ōṭānāṭŭ]]'', also known as '''Onattukara''', '''Onad''', '''Kayamkulam''', '''Kallikoilon''' and '''Chirava Svaroopam''') was a feudal state in late medieval [[Kerala]]. It was established in the 11th century,<ref name="ekayam"/> and disestablished in 1746 when it became part of [[Travancore]] after [[Venad]] King [[Marthanda Varma]]'s northern expedition. The last king of Odanad was King Kotha Varma. At the time of its dissolution, it was composed of the present-day [[taluk]]s of [[Mavelikkara]], [[Karthikapally]], [[Chenganur]] in the [[Alappuzha district]] and [[Karunagapally]] in the [[Kollam district]].<ref name="sadasivan129"/> In the 15th century, the capital of Odanad was moved from [[Kandiyoor-Muttom]], Mavelikkara to [[Eruva]] and [[Krishnapuram, Alappuzha|Krishnapuram]], near [[Kayamkulam]], which led to the state being called ''Kayamkulam''. After this shift, Kayamkulam became the commercial centre of Odanad, while Mavelikkara remained its cultural centre. Odanad was controlled by [[Nair]] lords, among whom the ruler of Kayamkulam and Edeserill unnithan was the most prominent. | ||
Today, the region is better known as Onattukara, the name used for one of the many revenue villages included in the Mavelikkara taluk. The [[Sri Krishna Swamy Temple]] in Eruva, located two kilometres north of Kayamkulam, is one of the prominent establishments in Onattukara. | Today, the region is better known as Onattukara, the name used for one of the many revenue villages included in the Mavelikkara taluk. The [[Sri Krishna Swamy Temple]] in Eruva, located two kilometres north of Kayamkulam, is one of the prominent establishments in Onattukara. | ||
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=== 15th – 18th century === | === 15th – 18th century === | ||
In 1743, Odanad was bordered by the feudal states of [[Kingdom of Pandalam|Pandalam]], [[Thekkumkur]], [[Elayadath]], [[Vadakkumkur]], [[Purakkad]] and [[Thrikkunnapuzha]], according to records left by [[Julius Valentin van Gollenesse]], | In 1743, Odanad was bordered by the feudal states of [[Kingdom of Pandalam|Pandalam]], [[Thekkumkur]], [[Elayadath]], [[Vadakkumkur]], [[Purakkad]] and [[Thrikkunnapuzha]], according to records left by [[Julius Valentin van Gollenesse]], Commander of [[Dutch Malabar]] at the time.<ref name="galletti">{{cite book|first=A.|last=Galletti|title=The Dutch in Malabar|publisher=[[Government of Madras]]|year=1911|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023942828}}</ref> | ||
Odanad was demarcated from Vadakkumkur by the southern road from the [[Kandiyoor Sree Mahadeva Temple]], which formed Odanad's western border with | Odanad was demarcated from Vadakkumkur by the southern road from the [[Kandiyoor Sree Mahadeva Temple]], which formed Odanad's western border with Vadakkumkur. The eastern half of the temple was under the jurisdiction of Vadakkumkur, while the western half was in Odanad. | ||
Following the annexation of Quilon by King [[Marthanda Varma]] of the newly established [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]], Odanad organised a confederacy to liberate Quilon and restore its ruler. The Northern Alliance of Odanad, Purakkad, [[Vadakkumkur]], and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] succeeded in retaking Quilon and restoring its ruler. When the ruler of Quilon died in 1734, Odanad claimed the territory by virtue of adoption and immediately took possession of it. Travancore still claimed Quilon for itself and war broke out in 1739. The Queen of Elayadath, restored by the [[Dutch Empire]], attacked Travancore from the east, while Odanad moved in from the north and the Dutch landed in the south. Travancore made quick work of the untrained levies of Elayadath and, turning south, inflicted a crushing defeat on the Dutch in the [[Battle of Colachel]]. After failing to hold the [[Kilimanoor Fort]] in 1742, the forces of Odanad were chased back to the walls of their capital. The defeated ruler signed a separate peace agreement, the [[Treaty of Mannar]], according to which Odanad became a tributary of Travancore and ceded it more than half of its territories. | Following the annexation of Quilon by King [[Marthanda Varma]] of the newly established [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]], Odanad organised a confederacy to liberate Quilon and restore its ruler. The Northern Alliance of Odanad, Purakkad, [[Vadakkumkur]], and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] succeeded in retaking Quilon and restoring its ruler. When the ruler of Quilon died in 1734, Odanad claimed the territory by virtue of adoption and immediately took possession of it. Travancore still claimed Quilon for itself and war broke out in 1739. The Queen of Elayadath, restored by the [[Dutch Empire]], attacked Travancore from the east, while Odanad moved in from the north and the Dutch landed in the south. Travancore made quick work of the untrained levies of Elayadath and, turning south, inflicted a crushing defeat on the Dutch in the [[Battle of Colachel]]. After failing to hold the [[Kilimanoor Fort]] in 1742, the forces of Odanad were chased back to the walls of their capital. The defeated ruler signed a separate peace agreement, the [[Treaty of Mannar]], according to which Odanad became a tributary of Travancore and ceded it more than half of its territories. | ||
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{{expand section|date=February 2014}} | {{expand section|date=February 2014}} | ||
Odanadu Dynasty was one of the strongest Military powered state in ancient Kerala. One among the strongest and brave army power, Kayamkulam provided mortal support to the surrounding local states and helped them to lead war against their rivals. | Odanadu Dynasty was one of the strongest Military powered state in ancient Kerala. One among the strongest and brave army power, Kayamkulam provided mortal support to the surrounding local states and helped them to lead war against their rivals. | ||
The identity Weapon was " Double side sharpen Sword" commonly called Kayamkulam Vaal. | The identity Weapon was " Double side sharpen Sword" commonly called [[Kayamkulam vaal|Kayamkulam Vaal]]. | ||
== Economy == | == Economy == | ||
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== Culture == | == Culture == | ||
Festivals in Odanad include the ''[[Jeevatha Nritham]]'',<ref name="manifest">{{cite journal|url=http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/keralacal_mar09/pg30-32.pdf|title=Manifesting the Rich Culture|last=Puthiavila|first=Manoj K.| | Festivals in Odanad include the ''[[Jeevatha Nritham]]'',<ref name="manifest">{{cite journal|url=http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/keralacal_mar09/pg30-32.pdf|title=Manifesting the Rich Culture|last=Puthiavila|first=Manoj K.|pages=30–32|date=March 2009|journal=[[Kerala Calling]]|publisher=[[Government of Kerala]]|access-date=2014-02-16|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216181609/http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/keralacal_mar09/pg30-32.pdf|archive-date=2014-02-16}}</ref> a traditional form of dance, and the ''[[Kettukazhcha]]'', which has its origins in Buddhism.<ref name="Sadasivan2000">{{cite book|title=Buddhism in Kerala|work=A Social History of India|last=Sadasivan|first=S. N.|author-link=S. N. Sadasivan|publisher=[[APH Publishing]]|isbn=9788176481700|date=2000|page=141|quote=after Brahminism [...] legendary heroes like Bhima and heroines like Panchali replaced the Buddhist tableax}}</ref> | ||
{{expand section|date=February 2014}} | {{expand section|date=February 2014}} | ||
ഓച്ചിറ പരബ്രഹ്മാ ക്ഷേത്രത്തിൽ മിഥുനം 1,2 തീയതി കളിൽ നടക്കുന്ന ഓച്ചിറ കളി പണ്ടുകാലത്തു കായംകുളം രാജാവിന്റെ സൈന്യത്തിലേക്കു പടയാളികളെ എടുക്കുന്ന വാർഷിക ആഘോഷത്തെയാണ് സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നത്.ഇന്നും മുടക്കമില്ലാത്ത ഈ ആചാരം തുടരുന്നു. | ഓച്ചിറ പരബ്രഹ്മാ ക്ഷേത്രത്തിൽ മിഥുനം 1,2 തീയതി കളിൽ നടക്കുന്ന ഓച്ചിറ കളി പണ്ടുകാലത്തു കായംകുളം രാജാവിന്റെ സൈന്യത്തിലേക്കു പടയാളികളെ എടുക്കുന്ന വാർഷിക ആഘോഷത്തെയാണ് സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നത്.ഇന്നും മുടക്കമില്ലാത്ത ഈ ആചാരം തുടരുന്നു. | ||