Lotha language: Difference between revisions

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Lotha language (edit)

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→‎Consonants

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+{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
 {{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
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 *Kyou
 In the ''[[Linguistic Survey of India]]'', linguist George Abraham Grierson analyzed various branches of languages in India and categorized various Naga languages into three groups: Western Naga, Eastern Naga, and Central Naga.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CM7uC2W58wcC&pg=PA75|title=Naga Identity|last=Kumar|first=Braj Bihari|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-192-8|page=75}}</ref>  Lotha falls into the Central Naga group, which also includes the languages [[Ao language|Ao]], [[Sangtam language|Sangtam]], and [[Yimchungrü language|Yimchungru]].<ref name=":0" />
+== Phonology ==
+=== Consonants ===
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
+! colspan="2" |
+![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
+![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
+![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
+![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
+![[Glottal fricative|Glottal]]
+|-
+! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
+!<small>voiceless</small>
+|p
+|t
+|
+|k
+|ʔ
+|-
+!<small>aspirated</small>
+|pʰ
+|tʰ
+|
+|kʰ
+|
+|-
+! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate]]
+!<small>voiceless</small>
+|p͡f
+|t͡s
+|t͡ʃ
+|
+|
+|-
+!<small>vd./aspirated</small>
+|p͡v
+|t͡sʰ
+|t͡ʃʰ
+|
+|
+|-
+! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
+!<small>voiceless</small>
+|f
+|s
+|ʃ
+|
+|h
+|-
+!<small>voiced</small>
+|v
+|z
+|ʒ
+|
+|
+|-
+! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
+!<small>voiced</small>
+|m
+|n
+|ɲ
+|ŋ
+|
+|-
+!<small>aspirated</small>
+|mʰ
+|nʰ
+|ɲʰ
+|ŋʰ
+|
+|-
+! rowspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
+!<small>voiced</small>
+|
+|l
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+!<small>aspirated</small>
+|
+|lʰ
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+! rowspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
+!<small>voiced</small>
+|
+|r
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+!<small>aspirated</small>
+|
+|rʰ
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+! rowspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
+!<small>voiced</small>
+|w
+|
+|j
+|
+|
+|-
+!<small>aspirated</small>
+|
+|
+|jʰ
+|
+|
+|}
+* /v/ when followed by /o/ can also be heard as [w] in free variation.
+* The pronunciation of the trills /r, rʰ/ may vary as approximants [ɹ, ɹʰ] or a retroflex fricative [ʐ] among speakers.
+*/j/ only occurs as phonemically aspirated as /jʰ/ among other dialects.
+*Plosives /p, k/ can be heard as unreleased [p̚, k̚] in word-final position.
+=== Vowels ===
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
+!
+![[Front vowel|Front]]
+![[Central vowel|Central]]
+![[Back vowel|Back]]
+|- align="center"
+![[Close vowel|Close]]
+|i
+|
+|u
+|-
+![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
+|e
+|ə
+|o
+|- align="center"
+![[Open vowel|Open]]
+|
+|a
+|
+|}
+* When /u/ follows a labial consonant or /k, kʰ/, the consonant is then affricated and /u/ is realized as unrounded [ɯ]. The result is then from /ku, kʰu, pu, pʰu/ to [kvɯ, kfɯ, pvɯ, pfɯ].
+*/i/ may also tend to centralize and lower as [ɨ, ə] in open syllables when following sibilant sounds (/ʃi/ ~ [ʃɨ~ʃə]).
+* /ə/ may also range in pronunciation to a back sound [ɯ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bruhn|first=Daniel W.|title=Proto-Central Naga; Lotha|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|year=2014|location=A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Central Naga|pages=151-154}}</ref>
+*/i, u/ can also be heard shortened as [ɪ, ʊ] within the first syllable.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Acharya|first=K. P.|title=Lotha grammar|publisher=Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages|year=1983}}</ref>
 == Orthography and literature ==