Chatra (umbrella): Difference between revisions

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{{Italic title}}
{{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=270|caption_align=center
{{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=270|caption_align=center
| align    = right
| align    = right
| direction =horizontal
| direction =horizontal
| header=Chhatra
| headerChhatra
| image1  = Buddha, standing under umbrella, inscribed Gift of Abhayamira in 154 GE 474 CE in the reign of Kumaragupta II.jpg
| image1  = Buddha, standing under umbrella, inscribed Gift of Abhayamira in 154 GE 474 CE in the reign of Kumaragupta II.jpg
| caption1 = The Buddha, standing under a ''Chhatra'' umbrella, inscribed: "Gift of Abhayamira in 154 [[Gupta era|GE]]" (474 CE) in the reign of [[Kumaragupta II]]. [[Gupta art]]. [[Sarnath Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Collections-Virtual Museum of Images and Sounds |url=https://vmis.in/ArchiveCategories/collection_gallery_zoom?id=1329&search=1&index=147669&searchstring=kumaragup |website=vmis.in |publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies}}</ref>
| caption1 = The Buddha, standing under a ''Chhatra'' umbrella, inscribed: "Gift of Abhayamira in 154 [[Gupta era|GE]]" (474 CE) in the reign of [[Kumaragupta II]]. [[Gupta art]]. [[Sarnath Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Collections-Virtual Museum of Images and Sounds |url=https://vmis.in/ArchiveCategories/collection_gallery_zoom?id=1329&search=1&index=147669&searchstring=kumaragup |website=vmis.in |publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies}}</ref>
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{{ Infobox Buddhist term
{{ Infobox Buddhist term
| title = Chhatra
| title = ''Chhatra''
| en = Umbrella
| en = Umbrella
| pi = Chatta
| pi = Chatta
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| id =  
| id =  
}}
}}
The '''chhatra''' (from {{lang-sa|छत्र}}, meaning "umbrella"){{efn|Also '''chhatraratna''' ({{lang-sa|छत्ररत्न}} "jewelled/precious parasol"}} is an auspicious symbol in [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]].
The '''''chhatra''''' (from {{lang-sa|छत्र}}, meaning "umbrella"){{efn|Also '''chhatraratna''' ({{lang-sa|छत्ररत्न}} "jewelled/precious parasol"}} is an auspicious symbol in [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]].


==The chhatra in various traditions==
==The ''chhatra'' in various traditions==
According to [[Hindu mythology]], it is the emblem of [[Varuna]], also considered an embodiment of [[kingship]]. Chhatra is also a deity, [[yidam]] and [[ishta-devata]].{{Fact|date=December 2007}}  In various Dharmic traditions it is an accoutrement of [[chakravartin]]. A number of deities are depicted with chhatra, and they include [[Revanta]], [[Surya]], and [[Vishnu]] (in his [[Vamana]] avatar). The chhatra is cordoned amongst the symbols that approach [[universality (philosophy)|universality]] within the numerous [[:wikt:octavalent|octavalent]] suites or sets of Ashtamangala, e.g., in the [[Digambar]] [[Jain]] tradition, and the [[Vajrayana]] tradition.
According to [[Hindu mythology]], it is the emblem of [[Varuna]], also considered an embodiment of [[kingship]]. ''Chhatra'' is also a deity, [[yidam]] and [[ishta-devata]].{{Fact|date=December 2007}}  In various Dharmic traditions it is an accoutrement of ''[[chakravartin]]''. A number of deities are depicted with ''chhatra'', and they include [[Revanta]], [[Surya]], and [[Vishnu]] (in his [[Vamana]] avatar). The ''chhatra'' is cordoned amongst the symbols that approach [[universality (philosophy)|universality]] within the numerous [[:wikt:octavalent|octavalent]] suites or sets of Ashtamangala, e.g., in the [[Digambar]] [[Jain]] tradition, and the [[Vajrayana]] tradition.


In Dharmic tradition [[iconography]], [[traditional Tibetan medicine]] [[thangka]]s and [[Ayurvedic]] diagrams, the chhatra is uniformly represented as the [[Sahasrara]].
In Dharmic tradition [[iconography]], [[traditional Tibetan medicine]] [[thangka]]s and [[Ayurvedic]] diagrams, the ''chhatra'' is uniformly represented as the [[Sahasrara]].


In Vajrayana Buddhism, the umbrella or parasol is included in the 'Eight Auspicious Signs' or [[Ashtamangala]].
In Vajrayana Buddhism, the umbrella or parasol is included in the 'Eight Auspicious Signs' or [[Ashtamangala]].


The chhatra shares a similar symbolic value to the [[baldachin]], refer image of [[Vishvakarman]].
The ''chhatra'' shares a similar symbolic value to the [[baldachin]], refer image of [[Vishvakarman]].


In [[Burmese culture]], the [[hti]] is considered regalia, and also crowns [[Burmese pagoda]]s.
In [[Burmese culture]], the ''[[hti]]'' is considered regalia, and also crowns [[Burmese pagoda]]s.


The [[Royal Nine-Tiered Umbrella]] is one part of the royal regalia of Thailand, and appears in connection with this role in the logo of Royal Umbrella rice.<ref>NTUC Fairprice, [https://web.archive.org/web/20170623212349/http://www.fairprice.com.sg/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?storeId=10001&productId=49568&urlRequestType=Base&catalogId=10051 Royal Umbrella Fragrant Rice 5KG], 2017.</ref>
The [[Royal Nine-Tiered Umbrella]] is one part of the royal regalia of Thailand, and appears in connection with this role in the logo of Royal Umbrella rice.<ref>NTUC Fairprice, [https://web.archive.org/web/20170623212349/http://www.fairprice.com.sg/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?storeId=10001&productId=49568&urlRequestType=Base&catalogId=10051 Royal Umbrella Fragrant Rice 5KG], 2017.</ref>
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== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Vasudeva Krishna on a coin of Agathocles of Bactria circa 180 BCE.jpg|A chatra crowning [[Vāsudeva-Krishna]] on a coin of [[Agathocles of Bactria]], circa 180 BCE.<ref>[[Osmund Bopearachchi]], [https://www.academia.edu/25807197 Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence], 2016.</ref>
File:Vasudeva Krishna on a coin of Agathocles of Bactria circa 180 BCE.jpg|A ''chatra'' crowning [[Vāsudeva-Krishna]] on a coin of [[Agathocles of Bactria]], circa 180 BCE.<ref>[[Osmund Bopearachchi]], [https://www.academia.edu/25807197 Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence], 2016.</ref>
File:Buddha, Mathura IIe s. Musée Guimet.jpg|Statue of a [[Bodhisattva]] crowned by a chatra, [[Mathura art]].
File:Buddha, Mathura IIe s. Musée Guimet.jpg|Statue of a [[Bodhisattva]] crowned by a ''chatra'', [[Mathura art]]
File:Umbrella with Eight Auspicious Motifs - Circa 1st-2nd Century CE - Gita Enclave - ACCN 75-32 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5698.JPG|Umbrella with Eight Auspicious Motifs, circa 1st-2nd Century CE. [[Mathura Museum]]
File:Umbrella with Eight Auspicious Motifs - Circa 1st-2nd Century CE - Gita Enclave - ACCN 75-32 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5698.JPG|Umbrella with Eight Auspicious Motifs, circa 1st-2nd Century CE. [[Mathura Museum]]
vishwakarmaji.png|[[Vishvakarman]], Divine Architect of [[Vedas]] in a modern Hindu representation: note chhatra.
vishwakarmaji.png|[[Vishvakarman]], Divine Architect of [[Vedas]] in a modern Hindu representation: note ''chhatra''
File:Chandragupt maurya Birla mandir 6 dec 2009 (31).JPG|A modern statue of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] under a chatra.
File:Chandragupt maurya Birla mandir 6 dec 2009 (31).JPG|A modern statue of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] under a ''chatra''
File:Head of Shwedagon Pagoda.JPG|A closeup of [[Shwedagon Pagoda]]'s [[hti]].
File:Head of Shwedagon Pagoda.JPG|A closeup of [[Shwedagon Pagoda]]'s ''[[hti]]''
Gran Palacio, Bangkok, Tailandia, 2013-08-22, DD 57.jpg|The [[Royal Nine-Tiered Umbrella]] (Nobapadol Mahasvetachatra) attached to a throne inside a hall in the [[Grand Palace]], [[Bangkok]]. Only a [[Coronation of the Thai monarch|crowned king]] can use an umbrella with nine-tiers, until then he must make do with only seven.
Gran Palacio, Bangkok, Tailandia, 2013-08-22, DD 57.jpg|The [[Royal Nine-Tiered Umbrella]] (''Nobapadol Mahasvetachatra'') attached to a throne inside a hall in the [[Grand Palace]], [[Bangkok]]. Only a [[Coronation of the Thai monarch|crowned king]] can use an umbrella with nine-tiers, until then he must make do with only seven.
Prajadhipok's coronation records - 001.jpg|King [[Prajadhipok]] of Thailand signs a [[Constitution of Thailand|constitution]] within the [[Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall|Ananta Samakhom Hall]]. A large white chatra is seen nearby his throne.
Prajadhipok's coronation records - 001.jpg|King [[Prajadhipok]] of Thailand signs a [[Constitution of Thailand|constitution]] within the [[Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall|Ananta Samakhom Hall]]. A large white ''chatra'' is seen nearby his throne.
พระราชพิธี เจ้าฟ้าเพชร 1.jpg|A "Saptapadol Mahasvetachatra" (seven-tiered-white-umbrella) hangs over the [[urn]] of Princess [[Bejaratana Rajasuda]] of Thailand whilst the urn is being moved up to the [[Great Chariot of Victory]], the seven-tiered umbrella denotes her rank as a royal princess.
พระราชพิธี เจ้าฟ้าเพชร 1.jpg|A ''Saptapadol Mahasvetachatra'' (seven-tiered-white-umbrella) hangs over the [[urn]] of Princess [[Bejaratana Rajasuda]] of Thailand whilst the urn is being moved up to the [[Great Chariot of Victory]], the seven-tiered umbrella denotes her rank as a royal princess.
File:Nobapadol Maha Svetachatra above King Bhumibol Adulyadej's funeral pyre.jpg|"Nobapadol Mahasvetachatra" (nine-tiered-white-umbrella) over the funeral pyre of King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]].
File:Nobapadol Maha Svetachatra above King Bhumibol Adulyadej's funeral pyre.jpg|''Nobapadol Mahasvetachatra'' (nine-tiered-white-umbrella) over the funeral pyre of King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]].
Chhatra.jpg|Chatra kept in office of [[Tijara Jain temple]], [[Rajasthan]]
Chhatra.jpg|''Chatra'' kept in office of [[Tijara Jain temple]], [[Rajasthan]]
Image:Parasol.svg|A Chatra symbol
Image:Parasol.svg|A ''chatra'' symbol
</gallery>
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Hti]]
* ''[[Hti]]''
* [[Royal Nine-Tiered Umbrella]]
* [[Royal Nine-Tiered Umbrella]]


Latest revision as of 02:28, 16 June 2021

The Buddha, standing under a Chhatra umbrella, inscribed: "Gift of Abhayamira in 154 GE" (474 CE) in the reign of Kumaragupta II. Gupta art. Sarnath Museum.[1]
Translations of
Chhatra
EnglishUmbrella
SanskritChhatra
PaliChatta
Burmeseထီး
Chinese伞/傘, 伞盖/傘蓋
(Pinyin: sǎn, sǎn gài)
Japanese傘, 傘蓋
(rōmaji: san/kasa, sangai)
Khmerឆ័ត្រ
Korean산(傘), 산개(傘蓋)
(RR: san, sangae)
Tibetanརིནཆེན་གདུགས, གདུགས་ནི།[2]
(rin chen gdugs, gdugs ni)
Thaiฉัตร
(RTGS: chat)
Glossary of Buddhism

The chhatra (from Sanskrit: छत्र, meaning "umbrella")< [lower-alpha 1] is an auspicious symbol in Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.

The chhatra in various traditions[edit | edit source]

According to Hindu mythology, it is the emblem of Varuna, also considered an embodiment of kingship. Chhatra is also a deity, yidam and ishta-devata.[citation needed] In various Dharmic traditions it is an accoutrement of chakravartin. A number of deities are depicted with chhatra, and they include Revanta, Surya, and Vishnu (in his Vamana avatar). The chhatra is cordoned amongst the symbols that approach universality within the numerous octavalent suites or sets of Ashtamangala, e.g., in the Digambar Jain tradition, and the Vajrayana tradition.

In Dharmic tradition iconography, traditional Tibetan medicine thangkas and Ayurvedic diagrams, the chhatra is uniformly represented as the Sahasrara.

In Vajrayana Buddhism, the umbrella or parasol is included in the 'Eight Auspicious Signs' or Ashtamangala.

The chhatra shares a similar symbolic value to the baldachin, refer image of Vishvakarman.

In Burmese culture, the hti is considered regalia, and also crowns Burmese pagodas.

The Royal Nine-Tiered Umbrella is one part of the royal regalia of Thailand, and appears in connection with this role in the logo of Royal Umbrella rice.[3]

Gallery[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Also chhatraratna (Sanskrit: छत्ररत्न "jewelled/precious parasol"

References[edit | edit source]

Footnotes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Collections-Virtual Museum of Images and Sounds". vmis.in. American Institute of Indian Studies.
  2. ↑ Sarat Chandra Das (1902). Tibetan-English Dictionary with Sanskrit Synonyms. Calcutta, India: Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, p.69
  3. ↑ NTUC Fairprice, Royal Umbrella Fragrant Rice 5KG, 2017.
  4. ↑ Osmund Bopearachchi, Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence, 2016.

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

External links[edit | edit source]


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