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Kumaon division: Difference between revisions
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| area_footnotes = | | area_footnotes = | ||
| area_total_km2 = 21,035 | | area_total_km2 = 21,035 | ||
| population_total = 4,228,998 <ref name="census2011-C16"/> | | population_total = 4,228,998<ref name="census2011-C16"/> | ||
| population_density_km2 = 201.04 | | population_density_km2 = 201.04 | ||
| demographics_type1 = | | demographics_type1 = | ||
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'''Kumaon'''({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɛ|m|ɔː | '''Kumaon'''({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɛ|m|ɔː | ||
|ʊ}};[[Kumaoni language| Kumaoni]]: ''Kumāū''; {{IPA-all|kuːmɔːʊ|pron}}; historically romanized as '''Kemāon''' <ref>James Prinsep (Editor){{Google books|Y1oxAQAAMAAJ|Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 6, Part 2 (1837)|page=653}}</ref><ref>John McClelland {{Google books|0gwKAAAAIAAJ|Some inquiries in the province of Kemaon: relative to geology, and other branches of Natural Science (1835)}}</ref>) is a [[List of divisions in India|revenue and administrative division]] in the Indian State of [[Uttarakhand]]. It spans over the eastern half of the state and is bounded on the north by [[Tibet]], on the east by [[Nepal]], on the south by the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], and on the west by the [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] region. The people of Kumaon are known as [[Kumauni people|Kumaonis]] and speak the [[Kumaoni language]]. | |ʊ}};[[Kumaoni language| Kumaoni]]: ''Kumāū''; {{IPA-all|kuːmɔːʊ|pron}}; historically romanized as '''Kemāon'''<ref>James Prinsep (Editor){{Google books|Y1oxAQAAMAAJ|Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 6, Part 2 (1837)|page=653}}</ref><ref>John McClelland {{Google books|0gwKAAAAIAAJ|Some inquiries in the province of Kemaon: relative to geology, and other branches of Natural Science (1835)}}</ref>) is a [[List of divisions in India|revenue and administrative division]] in the Indian State of [[Uttarakhand]]. It spans over the eastern half of the state and is bounded on the north by [[Tibet]], on the east by [[Nepal]], on the south by the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], and on the west by the [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] region. The people of Kumaon are known as [[Kumauni people|Kumaonis]] and speak the [[Kumaoni language]]. | ||
Historically known as '''Manaskhand''' and then '''Kurmanchal''', the Kumaon region has been ruled by several Hindu dynasties over the course of history; most notably the [[Katyuri kings|Katyuris]] and the [[Chand kings|Chands]]. The Kumaon division was established in 1816, when the British reclaimed this region from the [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkhas]], who had annexed the erstwhile [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kingdom of Kumaon]] in 1790. It was formed into a division of what was then called [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]], later known as [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]]. In independent India the state was called [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In 2000, the new state of [[Uttarakhand]] was carved out of Uttar Pradesh, including Kumaon. | Historically known as '''Manaskhand''' and then '''Kurmanchal''', the Kumaon region has been ruled by several Hindu dynasties over the course of history; most notably the [[Katyuri kings|Katyuris]] and the [[Chand kings|Chands]]. The Kumaon division was established in 1816, when the British reclaimed this region from the [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkhas]], who had annexed the erstwhile [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kingdom of Kumaon]] in 1790. It was formed into a division of what was then called [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]], later known as [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]]. In independent India the state was called [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In 2000, the new state of [[Uttarakhand]] was carved out of Uttar Pradesh, including Kumaon. | ||
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Kumaon is believed to have been derived from ''Kurmanchal'', meaning land of the [[Kurma]]vatar (the [[tortoise]] incarnation of Lord [[Vishnu]], the preserver according to Hinduism). The region of Kumaon is named after as such.<ref name="History">{{cite book |last1=Gokhale |first1=Namita |title=Mountains Echoes: Reminiscences of Kumaoni Women |date=2015 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5194-180-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bJlCgAAQBAJ&q=kurmanchal&pg=PT12 |access-date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gajrani |first1=S. |title=History, Religion and Culture of India |date=2004 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8205-064-8 |page=236 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T02CC0ihCmcC&q=kumaun+kurmanchal&pg=PA236 |access-date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> | Kumaon is believed to have been derived from ''Kurmanchal'', meaning land of the [[Kurma]]vatar (the [[tortoise]] incarnation of Lord [[Vishnu]], the preserver according to Hinduism). The region of Kumaon is named after as such.<ref name="History">{{cite book |last1=Gokhale |first1=Namita |title=Mountains Echoes: Reminiscences of Kumaoni Women |date=2015 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5194-180-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bJlCgAAQBAJ&q=kurmanchal&pg=PT12 |access-date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gajrani |first1=S. |title=History, Religion and Culture of India |date=2004 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8205-064-8 |page=236 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T02CC0ihCmcC&q=kumaun+kurmanchal&pg=PA236 |access-date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
According to another theory the word '''Kumaon''' can be traced back to the 5th century BC. The '''''Kassite Assyrians''''' left their homeland '<nowiki/>'''''Kummah'''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>'', on the banks of river Euphrates, and settled in the northern part of India. | According to another theory the word '''Kumaon''' can be traced back to the 5th century BC. The '''''Kassite Assyrians''''' left their homeland '<nowiki/>'''''Kummah'''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>'', on the banks of river Euphrates, and settled in the northern part of India. | ||
During the time of the British control of the region, between 1815 and 1857 it was also known as ''Kemaon''.<ref>James Prinsep (Editor){{Google books|Y1oxAQAAMAAJ|Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 6, Part 2 (1837)|page=653}}</ref><ref>John McClelland {{Google books|0gwKAAAAIAAJ|Some inquiries in the province of Kemaon: relative to geology, and other branches of Natural Science (1835)}}</ref><ref>John Forbes Royle {{Google books|RxBJAAAAcAAJ|Illustrations of the botany and other branches of the natural history of the Himalayan Mountains and of the flora of Cashmere (1839)|page=108}}</ref> | During the time of the British control of the region, between 1815 and 1857 it was also known as ''Kemaon''.<ref>James Prinsep (Editor){{Google books|Y1oxAQAAMAAJ|Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 6, Part 2 (1837)|page=653}}</ref><ref>John McClelland {{Google books|0gwKAAAAIAAJ|Some inquiries in the province of Kemaon: relative to geology, and other branches of Natural Science (1835)}}</ref><ref>John Forbes Royle {{Google books|RxBJAAAAcAAJ|Illustrations of the botany and other branches of the natural history of the Himalayan Mountains and of the flora of Cashmere (1839)|page=108}}</ref> | ||
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===Folk Art=== | ===Folk Art=== | ||
[[File:Aipan design .jpg|thumb|Aipan, the Kumaoni folk art]] | [[File:Aipan design .jpg|thumb|Aipan, the Kumaoni folk art]] | ||
Aipan is the most famous folk art of Kumaon. In recent times its popularity has grown. | [[Aipan art|Aipan]] is the most famous folk art of Kumaon. In recent times its popularity has grown. | ||
Aipan is not only an important folk art of Kumaoni community but other ethnic groups of Kumaon, like Shaukas and Rungs, as well. Hence it also acts as a cultural link between different ethnic communities of Kumaon, therefore has significant importance. | Aipan is not only an important folk art of Kumaoni community but other ethnic groups of Kumaon, like Shaukas and Rungs, as well. Hence it also acts as a cultural link between different ethnic communities of Kumaon, therefore has significant importance. | ||
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'''Kumaoni holi''' is the historical and cultural celebration of the Hindu festival of [[Holi]]. It is one of the most important festivals for the [[Kumauni people]] as it signifies not only the victory of good over evil but also end of the winter season and the start of the new sowing season which holds great importance for this agricultural community of the [[North Indian]] [[Himalayas]]. It is an amalgamation of the cultural traditions of North India and the local traditions of Kumaon.The uniqueness of the Kumaoni Holi lies in its being a musical affair, whatever its form, be it the '''Baithki Holi''', the '''Khari Holi''' and the '''Mahila Holi''' all of which start from [[Basant Panchmi]]. | '''Kumaoni holi''' is the historical and cultural celebration of the Hindu festival of [[Holi]]. It is one of the most important festivals for the [[Kumauni people]] as it signifies not only the victory of good over evil but also end of the winter season and the start of the new sowing season which holds great importance for this agricultural community of the [[North Indian]] [[Himalayas]]. It is an amalgamation of the cultural traditions of North India and the local traditions of Kumaon. The uniqueness of the Kumaoni Holi lies in its being a musical affair, whatever its form, be it the '''Baithki Holi''', the '''Khari Holi''' and the '''Mahila Holi''' all of which start from [[Basant Panchmi]]. | ||
This results in the festivities of Holi lasting for almost two months in Kumaon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/culture/uttaranchali-holi-kumaoni-holi|title=eUttaranchal - Rediscover Uttarakhand - Tourism, Culture & People|website=www.euttaranchal.com}}</ref> The Baithki Holi and Khari Holi are unique in that the songs on which they are based have a combination of melody, fun, and spiritualism. These songs are essentially based on classical ragas. Baithki Holi is also known as '''Nirvan Ki Holi''' or Holi of Salvation. | This results in the festivities of Holi lasting for almost two months in Kumaon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/culture/uttaranchali-holi-kumaoni-holi|title=eUttaranchal - Rediscover Uttarakhand - Tourism, Culture & People|website=www.euttaranchal.com}}</ref> The Baithki Holi and Khari Holi are unique in that the songs on which they are based have a combination of melody, fun, and spiritualism. These songs are essentially based on classical ragas. Baithki Holi is also known as '''Nirvan Ki Holi''' or Holi of Salvation. | ||
===Cultural Hubs=== | ===Cultural Hubs=== | ||
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*Rudrapur- Rudrapur is undoubtedly Kumaon's most cosmopolitan city, with a significant presence of Punjabi, Bengali and other migrants. However, Kumaonis form a large part of the city. Rudrapur is known as Kumaon's Financial Capital.<ref>https://usnagar.nic.in/kumaoni-culture-chachri-chapeli-was-presented-by-swaramayi-academy-rudrapur-on-the-main-stage-under-the-us-carnival/</ref> | *Rudrapur- Rudrapur is undoubtedly Kumaon's most cosmopolitan city, with a significant presence of Punjabi, Bengali and other migrants. However, Kumaonis form a large part of the city. Rudrapur is known as Kumaon's Financial Capital.<ref>https://usnagar.nic.in/kumaoni-culture-chachri-chapeli-was-presented-by-swaramayi-academy-rudrapur-on-the-main-stage-under-the-us-carnival/</ref> | ||
==Religious Significance== | |||
In Kumaon, every peak, lake or mountain range is somehow or the other connected with some myth or the name of a God or Goddess, ranging from those associated with the [[Shaiva]], [[Shakta]] and [[Vaishnava]] traditions, to local Gods like Bambai Nath Swami, Haim, Saim, Golu, Nanda, Sunanda, Chhurmal, Kail Bisht, Bholanath, Gangnath, Airi and Chaumu. Referring to the rich religious myths and lores associated with Kumaon, E. T. Atkinson has said: 'To the beliefs of the great majority of [[Hindus]], the Kumaon is what [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] is to the Christians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uttarakhand.esiti.net/page/21278/ua.htm |title=FREE Website Creator and low cost hosting, DIY Online Easy Web Builder |publisher=Uttarakhand.esiti.net |access-date=25 August 2010}}{{dead link|date=March 2013}}</ref> | |||
==Economy== | ==Economy== | ||
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*'''Haldwani'''- Being the largest city of Kumaon, and the gateway of Kumaon, Haldwani is the financial centre of Kumaon. It is often dubbed as the financial capital, having the most commercial activity of the state. | *'''Haldwani'''- Being the largest city of Kumaon, and the gateway of Kumaon, Haldwani is the financial centre of Kumaon. It is often dubbed as the financial capital, having the most commercial activity of the state. | ||
*'''Rudrapur'''- Rudrapur has established itself as a significant trading center within the Udham Singh Nagar district, which itself is a big trading center in Kumaon.The district exports include industrial as well as agricultural products, both of which are predominantly channeled from Rudrapur.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=District Census Handbook-Udham Singh Nagar Part: XII-A|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0512_PART_A_DCHB_UDHAM%20SINGH%20NAGAR.pdf|access-date=30 September 2020|website=Census India}}</ref> The Basmati rice from Rudrapur is among the top crop which is produced in the region.<ref name=":4" /> Post the setup of State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited (SIDCUL), enhanced by the broad-gauge railway network in the area, Rudrapur has developed into an industrial city with its city limits expanding to accommodate new residential demands of the workers and professionals moving into the area.<ref name=":4" /> | *'''Rudrapur'''- Rudrapur has established itself as a significant trading center within the Udham Singh Nagar district, which itself is a big trading center in Kumaon. The district exports include industrial as well as agricultural products, both of which are predominantly channeled from Rudrapur.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=District Census Handbook-Udham Singh Nagar Part: XII-A|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0512_PART_A_DCHB_UDHAM%20SINGH%20NAGAR.pdf|access-date=30 September 2020|website=Census India}}</ref> The Basmati rice from Rudrapur is among the top crop which is produced in the region.<ref name=":4" /> Post the setup of State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited (SIDCUL), enhanced by the broad-gauge railway network in the area, Rudrapur has developed into an industrial city with its city limits expanding to accommodate new residential demands of the workers and professionals moving into the area.<ref name=":4" /> | ||
=== Tourism Sector === | === Tourism Sector === | ||
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*'''Lakes of Kumaon''': Nainital, Bhimtal, Sattal, Naukuchiatal attract a lot of people from within the country and abroad. | *'''Lakes of Kumaon''': Nainital, Bhimtal, Sattal, Naukuchiatal attract a lot of people from within the country and abroad. | ||
* '''National Parks''': Jim Corbett National Park, is the most famous National Park of Kumaon. Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary and Askot Deer Sanctuary are other protected areas of Kumaon. | * '''National Parks''': Jim Corbett National Park, is the most famous National Park of Kumaon. [[Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Askot Musk Deer Sanctuary|Askot Deer Sanctuary]] are other protected areas of Kumaon. | ||
*'''Hill Stations''': Nainital, Almora, Kasar, Chaukori, Kausani, Munsiyari, Lohaghat, Ramnagar, Mukteshwar, Pithoragarh, Ranikhet are some of the most famous Hill stations of Kumaon. | *'''Hill Stations''': Nainital, Almora, Kasar, Chaukori, Kausani, Munsiyari, Lohaghat, Ramnagar, Mukteshwar, Pithoragarh, Ranikhet are some of the most famous Hill stations of Kumaon. | ||