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In Western and South India, The Saraswat Brahmins are Rigvedi Brahmins and they follow Ashwalayana Sutra and are of Shakala Shaka<ref>Kamath, Suryanath U. (1992). The origin and spread of Gauda Saraswats. Archana Prakashana.</ref> Saraswat Brahmins are divided into two groups based on the Vedanta they follow, the first of which follows the [[Dvaita Vedanta]] of [[Madhvacharya]] and second group are followers of [[Advaita Vedanta]] of [[Adi Shankara]]. | In Western and South India, The Saraswat Brahmins are Rigvedi Brahmins and they follow Ashwalayana Sutra and are of Shakala Shaka<ref>Kamath, Suryanath U. (1992). The origin and spread of Gauda Saraswats. Archana Prakashana.</ref> Saraswat Brahmins are divided into two groups based on the Vedanta they follow, the first of which follows the [[Dvaita Vedanta]] of [[Madhvacharya]] and second group are followers of [[Advaita Vedanta]] of [[Adi Shankara]]. | ||
In [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]], Majority of Gaud Saraswat Brahmins are followers of [[Madhvacharya]], while the Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins are Smarthas, followers of [[Adi Shankara]].<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indians in Kolkata: History of Kannadigas, Konkanis, Malayalees, Tamilians, Telugus, South Indian Dishes, and Tippoo Sultan's Heirs in Calcutta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swNuAAAAMAAJ|page=93|author=P. Thankappan Nair|publisher=Punthi Pustak|year=2004|isbn = 9788186791509|quote=As a result of this , the Saraswats living in the south of the Gangavali in North Kanara separated into what is known as the Gowda Saraswat community consisting mostly of Vaishnavas and Chitrapur Saraswats , mostly of Smarthas.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: South Kanara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jooBAAAAMAAJ|page=111|publisher=Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|year=1973|quote=The Gauda Saraswats are the Madhva Vaishnavite Saraswat Brahmins, while the Saraswats [Chitrapur] have continued to be Smarthas.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Karnataka State: Udupi District|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGiex76a5-kC&q=madhva|author=S. Anees Siraj|publisher=Government of Karnataka, Karnataka Gazetteer Department|year=2012|page=189}}</ref> Writer [[Chandrakant Keni]] and former [[Indian Civil Service|I.C.S]] officer V. N. Kudva says, "The majority of the Saraswats, including those in [[Goa]], are now [[Vaishnava]]s".<ref>{{cite book|title=Saraswats in Goa and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0NuAAAAMAAJ|author=Chandrakant Keni|publisher=Murgaon Mutt Sankul Samiti|year=1998|page=62|quote=The majority of the Saraswats , including those in Goa , are now Vaishnavas}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India, Volume 91, Part 2|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12084|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|year=1970|page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12084/page/n411 63]|quote=The Saraswats are largely a vegetarian community, whose coconut- based cuisine is famed for its variety.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0NuAAAAMAAJ|page=154|author=Venkataraya Narayan Kudva|publisher=Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha|year=1972|quote=The majority of the Saraswats, including those in Goa, are now Vaishnavas. Nearly the whole of the prosperous trading community on the West Coast are now Madhvas.}}</ref> | In [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]], Majority of Gaud Saraswat Brahmins are followers of [[Madhvacharya]], while the Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins are Smarthas, followers of [[Adi Shankara]].<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indians in Kolkata: History of Kannadigas, Konkanis, Malayalees, Tamilians, Telugus, South Indian Dishes, and Tippoo Sultan's Heirs in Calcutta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swNuAAAAMAAJ|page=93|author=P. Thankappan Nair|publisher=Punthi Pustak|year=2004|isbn = 9788186791509|quote=As a result of this , the Saraswats living in the south of the Gangavali in North Kanara separated into what is known as the Gowda Saraswat community consisting mostly of Vaishnavas and Chitrapur Saraswats , mostly of Smarthas.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: South Kanara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jooBAAAAMAAJ|page=111|publisher=Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|year=1973|quote=The Gauda Saraswats are the Madhva Vaishnavite Saraswat Brahmins, while the Saraswats [Chitrapur] have continued to be Smarthas.}}</ref><ref name="S. Anees Siraj 2012 189">{{cite book|title=Karnataka State: Udupi District|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGiex76a5-kC&q=madhva|author=S. Anees Siraj|publisher=Government of Karnataka, Karnataka Gazetteer Department|year=2012|page=189}}</ref> Writer [[Chandrakant Keni]] and former [[Indian Civil Service|I.C.S]] officer V. N. Kudva says, "The majority of the Saraswats, including those in [[Goa]], are now [[Vaishnava]]s".<ref>{{cite book|title=Saraswats in Goa and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0NuAAAAMAAJ|author=Chandrakant Keni|publisher=Murgaon Mutt Sankul Samiti|year=1998|page=62|quote=The majority of the Saraswats , including those in Goa , are now Vaishnavas}}</ref><ref name="archive.org">{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India, Volume 91, Part 2|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12084|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|year=1970|page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12084/page/n411 63]|quote=The Saraswats are largely a vegetarian community, whose coconut- based cuisine is famed for its variety.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0NuAAAAMAAJ|page=154|author=Venkataraya Narayan Kudva|publisher=Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha|year=1972|quote=The majority of the Saraswats, including those in Goa, are now Vaishnavas. Nearly the whole of the prosperous trading community on the West Coast are now Madhvas.}}</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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;Western and Southern India | ;Western and Southern India | ||
The majority of Saraswats speak [[Konkani language|Konkani]], one of the languages of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language ]] family. The major dialects of Konkani used by Saraswats are [[Goan Konkani]], [[Maharashtrian Konkani]] and [[Canarese Konkani]]. | The majority of Saraswats speak [[Konkani language|Konkani]], one of the languages of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] family. The major dialects of Konkani used by Saraswats are [[Goan Konkani]], [[Maharashtrian Konkani]] and [[Canarese Konkani]]. | ||
Rivalry between the Saraswat Brahmins and the other Brahmins such as the Chitpavans led to conflicts over ritual status<ref>. Gokhale, Sandhya (2008). The Chitpwans. Shubhi Publications. p. 204. The jati disputes were not a rare occurrence in Maharashtra. There are recorded instances of disputes between jatis such as Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus and the Chitpawans, Pathare Prabhus and the Chitpawans, Saraswats and the Chitpawans and Shukla Yajurvedi and the Chitpawans. These intra-caste dispute involving the supposed violation of the Brahmanical ritual code of behavior was called Gramanya in Marathi.</ref> During Shivaji's coronation, the ritual status of the Saraswats to be Brahmins was supported by Gaga Bhat a leading Brahmin from Benares.<ref name="Pillai2018">{{cite book|author=Manu S Pillai|title=Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji|url=https://books.google.com/books?d=Rq5oDwAAQBAJ |year=2018|publisher=Juggernaut Books|isbn=978-93-86228-73-4|pages=279–}}</ref> | Rivalry between the Saraswat Brahmins and the other Brahmins such as the Chitpavans led to conflicts over ritual status<ref>. Gokhale, Sandhya (2008). The Chitpwans. Shubhi Publications. p. 204. The jati disputes were not a rare occurrence in Maharashtra. There are recorded instances of disputes between jatis such as Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus and the Chitpawans, Pathare Prabhus and the Chitpawans, Saraswats and the Chitpawans and Shukla Yajurvedi and the Chitpawans. These intra-caste dispute involving the supposed violation of the Brahmanical ritual code of behavior was called Gramanya in Marathi.</ref> During Shivaji's coronation, the ritual status of the Saraswats to be Brahmins was supported by Gaga Bhat a leading Brahmin from Benares.<ref name="Pillai2018">{{cite book|author=Manu S Pillai|title=Rebel Sultans: The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji|url=https://books.google.com/books?d=Rq5oDwAAQBAJ |year=2018|publisher=Juggernaut Books|isbn=978-93-86228-73-4|pages=279–}}</ref> | ||
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In [[Goa]] and [[Konkan|Konkan region]], Saraswat Brahmins have both [[vegetarian]]s and [[Pescetarianism|pescetarians]] among them,<ref name="Couto2005">{{cite book|author=Maria Couto|title=Goa: A Daughter's Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2QYYjT8-0BIC&pg=PR11|year=2005|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-303343-1|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jDxdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273|title=Understanding Society: Readings in the Social Sciences|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|access-date=4 March 2019|page=273|isbn=9781349153923|date=October 1970}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Goa Re-discovered|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbR99ym3E_EC|page=53|author=Anant Kakba Priolkar|publisher=Bhatkal Books International|year=1967|quote=Saraswats are mainly vegetarians but are permitted to eat fish.}}</ref> while in [[Maharashtra]] they are [[Pescetarianism|pescetarians]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Journal of Social Research, Volume 29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Yg5AAAAIAAJ|author=G. C. Hallen|page=4|year=1988|quote=In Maharashtra among most Brahmin castes non-vegetarian food is taboo but the Saraswat Brahmins eat fish.}}</ref> | In [[Goa]] and [[Konkan|Konkan region]], Saraswat Brahmins have both [[vegetarian]]s and [[Pescetarianism|pescetarians]] among them,<ref name="Couto2005">{{cite book|author=Maria Couto|title=Goa: A Daughter's Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2QYYjT8-0BIC&pg=PR11|year=2005|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-303343-1|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jDxdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273|title=Understanding Society: Readings in the Social Sciences|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|access-date=4 March 2019|page=273|isbn=9781349153923|date=October 1970}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Goa Re-discovered|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbR99ym3E_EC|page=53|author=Anant Kakba Priolkar|publisher=Bhatkal Books International|year=1967|quote=Saraswats are mainly vegetarians but are permitted to eat fish.}}</ref> while in [[Maharashtra]] they are [[Pescetarianism|pescetarians]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Journal of Social Research, Volume 29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Yg5AAAAIAAJ|author=G. C. Hallen|page=4|year=1988|quote=In Maharashtra among most Brahmin castes non-vegetarian food is taboo but the Saraswat Brahmins eat fish.}}</ref> | ||
In [[Karnataka]], Saraswat Brahmins are mainly concentrated in the coastal [[Kanara]] region. The sub-groups among Saraswats are [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmins]], [[Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins]] and [[Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins]] are largely vegetarians.<ref | In [[Karnataka]], Saraswat Brahmins are mainly concentrated in the coastal [[Kanara]] region. The sub-groups among Saraswats are [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmins]], [[Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins]] and [[Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins]] are largely vegetarians.<ref name="S. Anees Siraj 2012 189"/><ref name="archive.org"/> | ||
In [[Gujarat]], Saraswat Brahmins are pure vegetarians and do not even consume [[masur dal]] and [[garlic]]. They chiefly live on Bajri (millet), [[roti|wheat roti]] (unleavened bread) with rice during the [[lunch]] and [[Khichdi]] (a mixture of rice and pulse) in the [[Dinner]].<ref>{{cite book|title=India's Communities: N -Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ|page=3178|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn = 9780195633542}}</ref> | In [[Gujarat]], Saraswat Brahmins are pure vegetarians and do not even consume [[masur dal]] and [[garlic]]. They chiefly live on Bajri (millet), [[roti|wheat roti]] (unleavened bread) with rice during the [[lunch]] and [[Khichdi]] (a mixture of rice and pulse) in the [[Dinner]].<ref>{{cite book|title=India's Communities: N -Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ|page=3178|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn = 9780195633542}}</ref> | ||