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{{Short description|Historical ethnic group in the Middle East}}
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'''Zuṭṭ'''{{efn|{{Langx|ar|الزط|translit=al-Zuṭṭ}}, {{Langx|syc|ܙܘ̈ܛܝܐ|translit=ZWṬYʾ}}<ref>Carlson, Thomas A.; Mutter, Jessica; Cady, McKenzie, “[https://medievalmideast.org/person/19731 Zuṭṭ]” in Thomas A. Carlson, ed. Historical Index of the Medieval Middle East, last modified September 16, 2021</ref>}} is an Arabicised form of [[Jats|Jat]].<ref>{{harvnb|Maclean|1984|p=45}}; {{harvnb|Nizami|1994|p=57}}; {{harvnb|ʿAthamina|1998|p=355}}; {{harvnb|Wink|2002|p=156}}; {{harvnb|Anthony|2011|p=178}}; {{harvnb|Ehsan Yarshater|2015|p=7}}; {{harvnb|Malik|2020|p=42}}; {{harvnb|Bosworth|2012}}</ref> Originally inhabitants of lower [[Indus Valley]], Jats were present in [[Mesopotamia]] from the 5th century AD since the times of the [[Sasanian Empire]], although their main migration occurred after the establishment of [[Umayyad Caliphate]]. They were one of the prominent ethnic groups in [[Lower Mesopotamia|lower Iraq]] during the [[Islamic Golden Age]], supplying labourers<ref>{{cite book |last1=Delattre |first1=Alain |title=Authority and Control in the Countryside: From Antiquity to Islam in the Mediterranean and Near East (6th-10th Century) |date=2018 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004386549 |pages=516-517 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Authority_and_Control_in_the_Countryside/mdJ7DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0}}</ref> and [[mercenary]] soldiers to the Muslim states. Their mention fades from Arab chronicles after the 11th century.

==History==
===Original homeland===
"Zutt" is an Arab corruption of "[[Jats|Jat]]". At the time of the [[Umayyad conquest of Sindh]] in the early 8th century, Zutt (Jats) populated [[Makran]] and [[Turan (Sasanian province)|Turan]] (including Qiqan, modern [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]]) as far as the east bank of [[Indus]] river, where cities of [[Mansura, Sindh|Mansura]] and [[Multan]] were located.{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=160}} According to [[Ibn Khordadbeh]], Jats safeguarded the entire [[trade route]] in the region which was known as ''bilād al-Zāt'' (land of the Jats).{{sfn|Nizami|1994|p=57}} Makran had a significant number of Zutt at the time (or before) the Muslim conquest who had moved eastward into [[Sindh]] as well in the following centuries.{{sfn|Wink|2002|loc=142: At the time of (and before) the Arab conquest, Makrān or Kīj-Makrān held a substantial population of Zutt or 'Jat' dromedary-men. These Zutt appear to have moved eastward into Sind in the following two or three centuries}} [[Michael Jan de Goeje|Goeje]] says Zutt were a people originating from Sindh and claims that they were distributed throughout the [[Sassanid Empire]]. [[Al-Khwarizmi]] also elucidates their origins, attributing their roots to Sindh and noting the [[Arabization|Arabicization]] of their original name, ''Jit'', to Zuṭṭ and further highlights that the Zutt were employed to protect ''badhraqa'' (roads).{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|pp=120–121}} In Arabic literature, however, ''Sind'' referred to a larger region than the present province of [[Sindh]] and Makran, and the "land of Sind" designated the [[Indus valley]] or the area traversed by Indus river.{{sfn|Wink|2002|loc=pp. 145–146: "The Arabic literature often conflates 'Sind' with '[[al-Hind|Hind]]' into a single term but also refers to 'Sind and Hind', to distinguish the two. Sind, in point of fact, while vaguely defined territorially, overlaps rather well with what is currently Pakistan. It definitely did extend beyond the present province of Sind and Makran; the whole of [[Baluchistan]] was included, a part of the [[Panjab]], and the [[North-West Frontier Province]]. Sind derived its name and identity from the river which in Sanskrit was called Sindhu (meaning literally 'river' or 'stream'), i.e. the '[[Indus]]' of the Greeks and Romans, the Mihran of the Arabs. 'The land of Sind' designated the alluvial plains created by the river on both sides in its middle and lower course, from [[Attock]] to the coast, with varying portions of the rocky uplands (Kuhistan) adjoining Baluchistan and of the sandhills of the [[Thar Desert|Thar]]"}}
[[File:The provinces of Sakastan, Paradan, Turan, Makuran and Hind in the early Sasanian era.svg|350px|thumb|right|Regions from [[Makran]] and [[Turan (Sasanian province)|Turan]] till [[Mansura, Sindh|Mansura]] were the original homeland of Zutt people.{{sfn|Westphal-Hellbusch|Westphal|1964|p=75}}{{sfn|Nizami|1994|p=57}}]]

===In early Islamic Arabia===
The commercial activities of Zutt led to their settlements in [[Arabia]]. They were evidently present in Arabia before the advent of Islam, mainly around the [[Persian Gulf]] and are known to have interacted with [[Muhammad]].{{sfn|Nizami|1994|p=55}} Muhammad reportedly compared [[Moses in Islam#Appearance|Musa]] (Moses) with them in physique, and stated him to be of brown complexion, straight hair and tall stature, resembling Zutt.{{sfn|Nizami|1994|p=55}} On another occasion, when [[Aisha]] fell ill, her nephew sent for a Zutt physician to treat her.{{sfn|Nizami|1994|p=55}} According to [[al-Tabari]], some Zutt participated in the [[Ridda Wars]] against Muslims.{{sfn|ʿAthamina|1998|p=355}}

===In Sassanid Empire===
Sassanid emperor [[Bahram V]] (431{{snd}}38) is said to have adopted a policy of tribal resettlement in the coastal regions. Due to it, a number of Zutt migrated, often with great herds of water buffalo, to the marshland of southern Iraq where they introduced large-scale rice farming.{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=48, 157}} They may have come in the search of pastures there, and their presence is indicated by a canal called ''Nahr al-Zuṭṭ'' in Iraq,{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=121–122}} as well as a district called ''Zutt'' in [[Khuzistan]] or [[Bahrain]].{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=122}} They also inhabited the city of ''Haumat al-Zutt'' in Khuzistan.

The last Sassanid emperor, [[Yazdegerd III]], called Zutt from Sind to help in his war against Arabs.{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|pp=120–121}} They fought as mercenary cavalry men for the [[Sassanian Empire]], later defecting to the side of Muslims.{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=156–157}}{{sfn|Anthony|2011|p=178}} When Muslims besieged the city of [[Ahwaz]] in Iran in 640, Zutt put up a strong resistance in the defence of the city along with Persian ''[[Aswaran]]''.{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=121–122}} Later, as did Aswaran, who were known as ''[[Asawira]]'' during the caliphate period, they settled in Basra as allies of [[Banu Tamim]].{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=122}}

===In Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates===
Zutt formed a large population of the garrison town of [[Basra]], where they became allies of the Arab tribe of [[Banu Hanzala]] in the inter-tribal warfare.{{sfn|ʿAthamina|1998|p=351}}{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=157}} The treasury of Basra was guarded by 40 or 400 Zutt soldiers during the reign of [[Ali]] under their chief Abu Salama al-Zutti,{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=191}}{{sfn|Nizami|1994|p=55}}{{sfn|Anthony|2011|p=121}} who were, according to the version narrated by [[Abu Mikhnaf]], killed while protecting ''[[bayt al-mal]]'' when rebels under [[Talha ibn Ubayd Allah|Talha]] and [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam|Zubayr]] occupied the city.{{sfn|Anthony|2011|p=121}} Zutt regiments had fought along with Ali at the [[Battle of the Camel]] in 656 AD under their chief, Ali bin Danūr.{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=127}}

In 670 AD, a large number of Zutt, along with [[Aswaran]], were moved into coastal cities of Syria, such as [[Antioch]], [[Beirut]] and [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]], replacing the earlier Greek population, and a quarter in Antioch came to be known after them.{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=157}}{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=159}} This was an attempt by Umayyad caliph [[Mu'awiya I]] to ward off any possible naval invasion by [[Byzantine Empire]].{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=128}} During this period, the role of Zutt and the associated groups was to guard the governors of different provinces, as well as to suppress revolts.{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=193–194}}{{sfn|ʿAthamina|1998|p=357}} They also acted as special troops to guard provincial treasuries.{{sfn|Anthony|2011|p=121}}{{sfn|ʿAthamina|1998|p=357}} Zutt had been in Mesopotamia for long enough that they were considered distinct from Sindhis or Indians.{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=157}} In Iraq and elsewhere, they had their separate units under their own leaders, giving them a status of distinct sub-tribe in the Muslim society.{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=190}}{{sfn|ʿAthamina|1998|p=356}}
[[File:Iraq ca. 875.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.4|Map of Iraq in the later 9th century. Zutt primarily inhabited the [[Mesopotamian Marshes|marshland]] in lower Iraq.]]

====Second migration====
After the conquest of Sindh in 712 AD, a second influx of Zutt occurred from Makran into Iraq.{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=156}} As a nomadic pastoral community, they did not originally profess Hinduism and instead followed their tribal religion.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=270}} Zutt were barely integrated into the Hindu society of Sindh,{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=161}} and as they were always prone to rebellion, the [[Brahman dynasty of Sindh|Brahman dynasty]] had imposed discriminatory measures upon them, which were maintained by Arabs, and in some cases, even intensified after a long series of rebellions.{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=162}} Four thousand Zutt became captive of Muslims during the early Muslim incursions into Makran, and later they participated as auxiliaries in the conquest of Sindh.{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=122}} The two chief tribal groupings in Sindh at the time of Arab conquest were Zutt ([[Jats]]) and ''[[Med people|Med]]s''.{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=156}} Unlike Jats, however, Meds were seafaring people. Some of them carried piracy in the [[Indian Ocean]] as ''[[Bawarij]]''. The incident in which they captured two treasure ships coming from Ceylon to Basra became ''casus belli'' for the Umayyad invasion of Sindh.{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=164}}

In addition to Zutt, several other groups from Indus Valley had permanently settled into Mesopotamia, including ''Sāyabija'' and ''Andāghar'', who were at times considered as part of Jats, and sometimes described separately.{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=123, 196}} Muslim accounts describe these soldiers as originally inhabitants of Sind.{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=196}} An important sub-group of Zutt were ''Qayqāniyya'', who inhabited the region of Qayqan (also known as Qiqān, modern Kalat).{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=158}}{{sfn|ʿAthamina|1998|p=373}} Many of them had been taken as captives between 659 and 664 by Abd Allah bin Sawwar al-Abdi to Iraq, who was appointed as governor of regions surrounding Sindh.{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=195}} He was himself killed in one of the wars against Qiqani Zutt in 667 and Qiqan was re-conquered by them.{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=195}} Always armed with arrows, whether cavalry or infantry, these Zutt Qayqaniyya units were master archers of the caliphate, and acted as auxiliary group for ''[[shurta]]''.{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=195}}{{sfn|ʿAthamina|1998|p=373}} Qiqaniyya as well as ''Bukhariyya'', an Iranian unit of soldiers, were sent to suppress [[revolt of Zayd ibn Ali]] in 740 by Umayyad Caliphate.{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=196}} Another group associated with Zutt was that of ''Qufs'', or "mountain dwellers", who were dark-skinned soldiers from Kerman.{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=122}} They had been recruited by Sassanids as auxiliaries{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=122}} and later, actively supported Arabs against Sassanids.{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=142}} However, they had married among Persians and had assimilated to the Persian culture.{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=122}}

Jats (with their very name being synonymous with dromedary-men or cameleers){{sfn|Wink|2002|p=142}} in Makran reportedly reared fine-quality camels which were in demand as far as Khurasan, and tall ''Qīqāni'' horses, which were presented to Mu'awiya I.{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=160, 172}} In Basra, they manufactured a distinct variety of cloth called ''zuttī'' or ''zuttiyah''.{{sfn|Haug|Judd|2023|p=222}} In the first half of 8th century, many of them were settled with herds of buffalo in the regions of Massisa and [[Amanus]] (present-day Turkey) to combat the large number of lions found there.{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=159}}

===In Abbasid Caliphate===
The position of Zutt as mercenary soldiers remained stable for some time after the Abbasid revolution and establishment of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. They still formed part of the armed forces of Basra during the governorship of Abbasid Sulayman bin Ali.{{sfn|Zakeri|1995|p=190}} During the [[Fourth Fitna|Abbasid civil war]] (809 {{snd}}813), [[Al-Sari ibn al-Hakam|al-Sāri ibn al-Hakam al-Zutti]] gained control of the lower Egypt, including the capital city of [[Fustat]] in 813 and ruled it till his death in 820. He was a Zutt soldier of ''[[abna’ al-dawla]]'', the elite Khurasani troops of Abbasid caliphate.<ref>{{Citation |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume VIII (Ned-Sam): [Fasc. 131-146a] |date=1998-05-28 |url=https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/2634 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume VIII (Ned-Sam) |access-date=2023-12-07 |publisher=Brill |language=en |isbn=978-90-04-09834-3|page=138}}</ref> His two sons, [[Abu Nasr ibn al-Sari|Abu Nāsr]] ({{reign|820|822}}) and [[Ubaydallah ibn al-Sari|Ubāydallah]] ({{reign|822|826}}) succeeded him as the [[List of rulers of Islamic Egypt|emirs of Egypt]]. During this period, Egypt was independent from the Abbasids.{{sfn|Codoñer|2016|p=197}} Ubaydallah's reign came to an end in 826, when al-Ma'mun sought to achieve control over the country by dispatching to it the [[Tahirid]] general [[Abdallah ibn Tahir]]. Ubaydullah chose to fight against him, but his forces were defeated and he was forced into exile in [[Samarra]], where he died in 865. According to the Arabist [[Thierry Bianquis]], the succession of al-Sari by his sons signals the first attempt at creating an autonomous dynasty ruling Egypt, heralding the more successful [[Tulunids]] and [[Ikhshidids]].{{sfn|Bianquis|1998|p=97}} According to [[Juan Signes Codoñer]], Zutt may have been also involved in [[Thomas the Slav]]'s revolt against the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 821–23.{{sfn|Codoñer|2016|p=197}}
[[File:Abbasid_Dinar_-_al-Ma'mun_-_208_AH_(823_AD).jpg|thumb|right
|[[Gold dinar]] minted in Egypt in 823/4, displaying the names of the caliph al-Ma'mun and Ubaydallah ibn al-Sari]]
Jats produced a number of well-known people during the [[Islamic Golden Age]].{{sfn|Malik|2020|p=44}} Famous theologian, [[Abu Hanifa]], who was the founder of [[Hanafi school]] of thought, is considered by some to be one of them. His grandfather, named Zuttā, was brought as captive by Muslim armies in the late 7th century to lower Iraq.{{sfn|Wink|2002|loc= p. 161: Some Jat freemen became famous in the Islamic world, as for instance Abu Hanifa (699-767 ? )}}{{sfn|Malik|2020|loc= p.44: ...Abu Hanifa (699–767), the founder of the Hanafi school of law, who was of Jat stock, most likely descending from those early prisoners sent to Iraq.}} Other Zutt scholars include [[Ibn Ulayya]], who was from Qayqan, and [[Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i|al-Awza'i]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume II (C-G): [Fasc. 23-40, 40a] |date=1998-05-28 |url=https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/1481 |editor= [[Joseph Schacht|Schacht]] |editor2=[[Bernard Lewis|Lewis]] |editor3=[[Charles Pellat|Pellat]] |publisher=Brill |language=en |isbn=978-90-04-07026-4|quote=Imām al-Awzā'i was of Sindhī origin and his forefathers might have belonged to those Jāts who fell into the hands of Muhammad b. al-Kāsim and were sent as prisoners of war to 'lrāk.|page=489}}</ref> As they were earliest of the people from Indus Valley to have interacted with Muslims, "Zutt" became a general term for the people from Sind and Multan who were living in Syria,{{sfn|Bosworth|1976|p=170}} which included scholars and governors like [[Ibn al-A'rabi]], [[Al-Sindi ibn Shahak|Ibn Shahak]] and [[Abu al-Khaṣīb Marzuq|Abu al-Khasib]]. During this period, Zutt increasingly intermingled with other non-Arab foreign people in Basra, a cosmopolitan port at the time. They, along with Sayabija and [[Zanj]], were designated as one of the [[Black people#Arab world|Black]] peoples (Arabic: ''as-swadan'') by Arabs.{{sfn|Haug|Judd|2023|p=225}} Grandfather of [[al-Jahiz]], the famous 9th century author, was reportedly a black cameleer.{{sfn|Haug|Judd|2023|p=225–226}} The term ''Black'', however, was apparently applied to Berbers and Indians as well.{{sfn|Haug|Judd|2023|p=222}}

====Zutt rebellion====
{{main|Zutt Rebellion}}
As the central power of caliphate broke down after the mid-9th century, Zutt came to be viewed as outlaws and brigands instead of allies. Zutt, Asawira and other troops were effectively demilitarized at the start of century. Some of Zutt later turned into ''Banu Sasan'', who were members of what [[C. E. Bosworth]] calls "Islamic Underworld".{{sfn|Bosworth|1976|p=170}} The Qiqaniyya, who had reputation as sea-faring people, turned to piracy along the coast of Baluchistan and Makran.{{sfn|Bosworth|1976|p=34}} The continued political suppression, as well as relative weakness of Abbasid control after the devastating civil war, encouraged the Zutt living in lower Iraq to rise in rebellion in 820 under the leadership of [[Muhammad ibn Uthman]]. Early Abbasid efforts to defeat Zutt proved unsuccessful, and they continued to levy taxes over caravans and to raid neighbouring regions of Basra. After the defeat of Ahmad bin Sa'd al-Bahili, Abbasids sent a large force of more than 10,000 under their general [[Ujayf ibn Anbasa]] in 834 to [[Wasit]], which was a stronghold of Zutt. Abbasid forces blocked the waterways to the Iraqi marshes and thus cut down the communication lines of Zutt. The war continued for nine months, and included amphibious operations, until Zutt leaders agreed to surrender. They were ultimately deported to a village at the Byzantine frontier of Cilicia in 835.{{sfn|Ehsan Yarshater|2015|p=7–10}}{{sfn|Bosworth|2012}} In 855, Byzantine army made an unexpected raid on the city of [[Anazarbus]] (`Ain Zarbah) and took many of them to [[Constantinople]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=98}}{{sfn|Codoñer|2016|p=197}}

The Zutt rebellion lasted for 14 years before finally being put down. [[Al-Tabari]], a 9th-century historian, quoted a long poem by a Zutt poet when they were being deported to Cilicia. in it, poet taunted people of [[Baghdad]], where caliph was based, for their cowardice as they could not defeat Zutt and had to employ Turkic slave-soldiers against them.{{sfn|Anooshahr|2008|p=77}} The poet held these Turks in military posts in low regard and instead glorified austerity of the Zutt.{{sfn|Anooshahr|2008|p=77}}

===Later period===
Zutt also participated in the later [[Zanj rebellion|Zanj]] and [[Qarmatian]] rebellions against the caliphate, with [[Abu Hatim al-Zutti]] being one of the major Qarmatian Da'is.{{sfn|Maclean|1984|p=134}} Becoming active in 907, Abu Hatim prohibited his followers to slaughter animals and so they came to be known as ''[[Baqliyya]]'', or "Green Grocers". They were a major sub-sect of Qarmatians in lower Iraq and staged multiple uprisings against the Abbasids.{{sfn|Daftary|2011|p=29}} A certain Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad al-Zutti was a Buyid minister in Baghdad in 990.<ref name=archive/>{{rp|189}} Zutt, along with Turks and Daylamis, formed part of army of Buyid prince Abu Nasr Shah-Firuz, ruler of Fasa, when he waged war against [[Baha' al-Dawla]] for the control of province of [[Fars province|Fars]] in 1000 AD.{{sfn|Bosworth|2012}} They were described as most numerous and bravest of the warriors of Fars by Abbasid vizier [[Abu Shuja al-Rudhrawari|al-Rudhrawari]].<ref name=archive>{{Cite web |title=The eclipse of the 'Abbasid caliphate; original chronicles of the fourth Islamic century : Amedroz, Henry Frederick, 1854-1917 |url=https://archive.org/download/eclipseofabbasid06ameduoft/eclipseofabbasid06ameduoft.pdf |website=Archive.org}}</ref>{{rp|374}} Little is known about them any further, although they seem to have gained certain degree of notoriety along with [[Kurdish tribes|Kurdish]] and [[Bedouin]] tribes.{{sfn|Bosworth|1976|p=34}}

Abbasid caliphate itself disintegrated after the [[anarchy at Samarra]], and the regions of Makran, Sind and Multan became independent under [[sultanate of Makran|Ma'danids]], [[Habbari dynasty|Hābbarids]] and [[emirate of Multan|Munābbihids]], respectively. Owing to these developments, the movement of Jats into Iraq ceased.{{sfn|Wink|2002}} During the same period, Jats left Makran and moved upward to the fertile but thinly populated [[Punjab|Punjab plains]], which, since the 16th century, have been dominated by them.{{sfn|Wink|2002}}

===Descendants===
Afterwards, Jats lost their distinct identity in the Mesopotamia that they had previously. The 19th century Dutch orientalist [[De Goeje]] attempted to link Zutt with [[Romani people|Romani]] of Europe.{{sfn|Bosworth|2012}} Bosworth acknowledges that Romanis speak a North Western Indo-Aryan language but believes the thesis to remain unproven.{{sfn|Bosworth|2012}} However, the term ''[[Zott]]'' has persisted in Arab countries, albeit in a pejorative way, to describe them because of their Indian origins.{{sfn|Bosworth|1976|p=170}}

Kristina Richardson, however, agrees with the identification of the Zuṭṭ as the forerunners of the modern Romani and [[Dom people|Domari peoples]] and adds that this is supported by genetic and linguistic research. Rare genetic mutations have been identified in both the Jat of Pakistan and the Romani population of [[Slovakia]].{{sfn|Richardson|2021|p=22}} The Zuṭṭ were distinguished from the general population by their dark skin and thinness and made common cause with other outcast groups. [[Al-Jahiz]] in his writings uses the term ''kajār'' to denote a gypsy, and it is possible that the term has an origin from [[Indo-Aryan languages]] that the Zuṭṭ would have spoken.{{sfn|Richardson|2021|p=27}} [[Abu Dulaf al-Ijli]] counts the Zuṭṭ along with the [[Zanj]] as part of the Banū Sāsān, a "low-status group" who were "often enslaved" and the Banū Sāsān are often connected with the modern Romanis.{{sfn|Richardson|2021|p=27}}

It is believed that the Zutt later became what are now known as [[Marsh Arabs]] of Iraq.{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=157}}{{sfn|Westphal-Hellbusch|Westphal|1964|p=10}} However, genetic studies show that the Marsh Arabs harbor [[Mitochondrial DNA|mtDNAs]] and [[Y chromosome|Y]] chromosomes that are predominantly of Middle Eastern origin and despite the cultural influence from the Indian subcontinent, the genetic input is marginal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Al-Zahery |first1=Nadia |last2=Pala |first2=Maria |display-authors=1 |year=2011 |title=In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq |journal=BMC Ecology and Evolution |volume=11 |issue= |article-number=288 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-11-288 |pmc=3215667 |pmid=21970613 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==References==
{{notelist}}
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==Bibliography==
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*{{Citation |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=al-Zuṭṭ |date=2012|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_8217 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_8217|url-access=subscription }}
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*{{Cite book |last=Anthony |first=Sean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jeYxAQAAQBAJ&dq=Zutt&pg=PA352 |title=The Caliph and the Heretic: Ibn Sabaʾ and the Origins of Shīʿism |date=2011 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-21606-8 |language=en}}
*{{Cite journal |last=ʿAthamina |first=Khalil |date=1998 |title=Non-Arab Regiments and Private Militias during the Umayyād Period |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4057316 |journal=Arabica |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=347–378 |jstor=4057316 |issn=0570-5398}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-PxfFsmGcIC&dq=Zu%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD&pg=PA170 |title=The Mediaeval Islamic Underworld: The Banū Sāsān in Arabic Society and Literature. The Banū Sāsān in Arabic life and lore |date=1976 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-04392-3 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |editor1-first=Robert |editor1-last=Haug |editor2-first=Steven |editor2-last=Judd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQqtEAAAQBAJ&dq=Zu%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD&pg=PA225 |title=Islam on the Margins: Studies in Memory of Michael Bonner |date=2023-02-06 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-52783-6 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Codoñer |first=Juan Signes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ujOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197 |title=The Emperor Theophilos and the East, 829–842: Court and Frontier in Byzantium during the Last Phase of Iconoclasm |date=2016|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-03427-8 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |editor=Ehsan Yarshater|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ky2rl0xN2SQC&pg=PA7 |title=The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 33: Storm and Stress along the Northern Frontiers of the ʿAbbasid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Muʿtaṣim A.D. 833-842/A.H. 218-227 |date=2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-9721-0 |language=en|page=}}
*{{Cite book |last=Anooshahr |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTN8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 |title=The Ghazi Sultans and the Frontiers of Islam: A comparative study of the late medieval and early modern periods |date=2008|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-04134-3 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Hugh N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XdFqgSBTYeYC&pg=PA98-IA12 |title=The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East |date=2006 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-5909-9 |language=en}}
* {{cite book | chapter = Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Ṭūlūn to Kāfūr, 868–969 | first = Thierry | last = Bianquis | author-link = Thierry Bianquis | title = Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | editor-last = Petry | editor-first = Carl F. | location = Cambridge | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-521-47137-4 | pages = 86–119 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=y3FtXpB_tqMC&pg=PA86 }}
*{{Cite book |title=The Jat of Pakistan|first1=Sigrid |last1=Westphal-Hellbusch|first2= Heinz|last2=Westphal |language=en|publisher=Duncker & Humblot, Berlin|date=1964|oclc=581010797}}
*{{Cite book |last=Maclean |first=Derryl N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGxqygAACAAJ |title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind|date=1984 |publisher=McGill University |isbn=978-0-315-20821-6 |language=en|page=}}
*{{Cite book |last=Daftary |first=Farhad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qiyy6skgPfoC&pg=PA29 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis |date=2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7970-6 |page=29 |language=en}}
*{{cite book|last1=Asher|first1=Catherine Ella Blanshard|last2=Talbot|first2=Cynthia|title=India before Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA269|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7|page=}}
*{{cite book |last1=Richardson |first1=Kristina |title=Roma in the Medieval Islamic World: Literacy, Culture, and Migration |date=2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9780755635788 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Roma_in_the_Medieval_Islamic_World/IcFPEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iraq]]
[[Category:Jat]]

Zuṭṭ - Revision history

JeanetteBracegir: Creating A Info - done