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{{Infobox country
| native_name = Xangxung {{Bo-textonly|ཞང་ཞུང་}}
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Zhangzhung
| common_name = Zhang Zhung
| image_map =
| image_map_caption =
| status =
| event_start =
| year_start = c. 500 BC
| date_start =
| event_end = Conquest of [[Songtsen Gampo]]
| year_end = 625 AD<ref name="Aldenderfer2007">{{cite book|last=Aldenderfer|first=Mark|editor=Amy Heller and Giacomella Orofino|title=Discoveries in Western Tibet and the Western Himalayas: Essays on History, Literature, Archaeology and Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Gu9M-IrLigC&pg=PA1|series=Tibetan Studies, Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003|year=2007|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=90-04-15520-1|pages=1–22|chapter=Defining Zhang Zhung ethnicity: an archaeological perspective from far western Tibet}}</ref>
| date_end =
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| event2 =
| date_event2 =
| stat_pop1 =
| p1 = Neolithic Tibet
| s1 = Tibetan Empire
| flag_s1 = Tibetan snow leopard.svg
| capital = [[Kyunglung]]
| common_languages = [[Zhangzhung language]]
| religion = [[Bön]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| leader1 =
| year_leader1 =
| leader2 =
| year_leader2 =
| leader3 =
| year_leader3 =
| leader4 =
| year_leader4 =
| title_leader = Brtsanpo
| today = [[China]]<br>[[India]]<br>[[Nepal]]
}}'''Zhangzhung''' ([[Tibetan language|Tibetan]]: ཞང་ཞུང; [[Tibetan pinyin]]: Xangxang; [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 象雄; pronounced Shangshung) was a kingdom of western [[China]] ([[Tibet]]) and northern [[India]] before the 7th century. The religion of Zhangzhung is [[Bon]], and the people are sometimes called Bonpo. The Bon religion influenced Tibet and [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. The Zhangzhung are mentioned frequently in Tibetan texts as the original rulers of central and western Tibet.

We are still trying to learn more about them.

== Where was it? ==
[[File:Kushanshas-Hepthalites_565ad.jpg|left|thumb|209x209px|Kingdoms in 565]]
Zhang Zhung had three different regions:

# sGob-ba, the outer; Western Tibet, from [[Gilgit]] in the west to Dangs-ra khyung-rdzong in the east, next to lake gNam-mtsho, and from Khotan, [[Xinjiang]] in the north to Chu-mig brgyad-cu rtsa-gnyis in the south.
# Phug-pa, the inner; The inner region is said to be sTag-gzig (Tazig) [often identified with [[Bactria]], [[Central Asia]]]
# and Bar-ba, the middle, not yet identified.

It was an independent kingdom and covered all of Western Tibet.<ref>[[Karmey, Samten G.]] (1979). ''A General Introduction to the History and Doctrines of Bon'', p. 180. The Toyo Bunko, Tokyo.</ref><ref>Stein, R. A. (1972). ''Tibetan Civilization''. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. {{ISBN|0-8047-0806-1}} (cloth); {{ISBN|0-8047-0901-7}}.</ref>

The capital was [[Khyunglung]], the "Silver Palace of [[Garuda]]", southwest of [[Mount Kailash]], with palaces found in the upper [[Sutlej|Sutlej Valley]].<ref>[[Charles Allen (writer)|Allen, Charles]]. (1999). ''The Search for Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History''. Abacus Edition, London. (2000), pp. 266-267; 273-274. {{ISBN|0-349-11142-1}}.</ref>

== History ==

=== Iron Age ===
Scientists dug stuff in the [[Changthang|Chang Tang]] plateau and found iron. These may be the Zhangzhung's iron.<ref name="tibetarchaeology">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tibetarchaeology.com/article1.htm|title=KM-III EXPLORATION REPORT: A Reconnaissance Mission to Locate the Sri Ashtapad Temple.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528222406/http://www.tibetarchaeology.com/article1.htm|archive-date=2010-05-28|url-status=dead|access-date=April 14, 2010}}</ref>

=== Unification of Tibet ===
[[File:Tibetan_empire_greatest_extent_780s-790s_CE.png|thumb|200x200px|Zhangzhung and its capital [[Kyunglung]] under the [[Tibetan Empire]]]]
The ''[[Tang Annals]]'' say that the Tibetan emperor [[Songtsen Gampo]] conquered and unified the Zhangzhung. In 634, Yangtong (Zhang Zhung) and various [[Qiang]] tribes, "altogether submitted to him." Gampo then united the Yangtong to defeat the 'Azha or Tuyuhun and conquer two more Qiang tribes. He then threatened [[Songzhou]] ([[China]]) with an army of more than 200,000 men. He then sent gifts of gold and silk to the [[Tang Dynasty|Tang]] emperor to marry a princess. At first the [[Emperor Gaozong of Tang]] refused so Gampo attacked Songzhou. But Gampo later gave up and apologized so the emperor married him to [[Princess Wencheng]].<ref>Lee, Don Y. (1981). ''The History of Early Relations between China and Tibet: From Chiu t'ang-shu, a documentary survey'', pp. 7–9. Eastern Press, Bloomington, IN.</ref><ref>Pelliot, Paul. (1961). ''Histoire ancienne du Tibet'', pp. 3–4. Librairie d'Amérique et d'orient, Paris.</ref>

== What language did they speak? ==
There are some Zhangzhung texts and 11th century bilingual Tibetan documents. The Zhangzhung language was related to [[Kinnauri]], a [[Han–Tibetan languages|Sino–Tibetan language]].

The Bonpo claim that the [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan writing system]] is derived from the Zhangzhung alphabet. However Tibetan script comes from a North [[India]]n script. Non-Bon Tibetan texts agree.

A modern Kinnauri language of the same name (pronounced [[Jangshung]]) is spoken by 2,000 people in the [[Sutlej|Sutlej Valley]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. They claim to be descendants of the Zhangzhung.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=JNA Ethnologue 14 report for language code:JNA]</ref>

== Zhangzhung's influence in India ==
Bonpo religion was founded by a [[Buddha]]-like person named [[Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ligmincha.org/bon/founder.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-07-24 |archive-date=2007-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808222426/http://www.ligmincha.org/bon/founder.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tonpa's teachings are very similar to [[Gautama Buddha]]. Bonpos claim that Tonpa lived 18,000 years ago and visited Tibet from the land of [[Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring]] (modern [[Tajikistan|Tajikstan]]) or [[Shambhala]].

The Bonpo claim that during this time Lord Tonpa's teachings entered the [[Indian subcontinent]] and helped develop the [[Vedic religion]] ([[Hinduism]]).

An example of this link between Bon and Hinduism is [[Mount Kailash]], the center of Zhang Zhung culture and also most sacred mountain to Hindus. As a result, the Bonpos claim that Hinduism owes its origin to Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche.

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Category:History of China]]
[[Category:History of India]]
[[Category:Former countries in Asia]]

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