MavisHelena6948: rework details additionally and corrected details based on references

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rework details additionally and corrected details based on references

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{{short description|Indian judge}}
{{Distinguish|Zainuddin Makhdoom I}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sheikh Ahmad Zainuddin Makhdoom
| father = Sheikh Muhammad Al Gazzali bin Sheikh Zainuddin bin Sheikh Ali bin Sheikh Ahmad Ma'bari
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1531 (938 [[Hijri year|AH]])
| birth_place = Chombal, near [[Mahé, Puducherry|Mahé]], present day [[India]].
| death_date = 1583
| known_for = Islamic jurisprudent, author of [[Fat'h Ul Mueen]] and [[Tuhafat Ul Mujahideen]]
| occupation = Qadi and Writer
| family = [[Makhdoom]]
| title = Qadi of Chombal
| notable_works = [[Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen]]
| predecessor = Sheikh Muhammad Al Gazzali
}}
{{Islam}}

'''Sheikh Ahmad Zainuddin Makhdoom bin Sheikh Muhammad Al Gazzali''' ([[Arabic]]: شيخ احمد زين الدين بن شيخ محمد غزالي المليباري; Ahmad Zayn al-Din ibn Muhammad al-Ghazāli al-Malibári), grandson of [[Zainuddin Makhdoom I|Sheikh Zainuddin Makhdoom I]], was the writer, orator, historian,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/islam-perspective/makhdum-ii-%E2%80%93-great-islamic-scholar-lost-history|title=Makhdum II – a great Islamic scholar lost in history|publisher=Arabnews|date=7 December 2012|last=Akbar|first=Ali|access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref> jurisprudent and spiritual leader and widely known as Zainuddin Makhdoom Second<ref>{{cite book |author=Sebastian R. Prange |title=Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast |year=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=110–113 |quote=He is often referred to locally as 'Makhdum II'. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OM5TDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |isbn= 9781108424387 }}</ref> or Zaniudeen Makhdoom Al Sageer (زين الدين المخدوم الصغير) whose family originated from [[Yemen]]. He inherited the legacy of his grandfather and was installed as the Chief [[Qadi]] (judge) in the locality of [[Ponnani]], [[Kerala]], India, as well as appointed as the Chief [[Müderris]] (head teacher) in the historic Ponnani Dars at [[Ponnani Juma Masjid|Ponnani Jum'ah Masjid]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160719/calicut-university-seminar-on-naval-strategy.html|title=Calicut University seminar on naval strategy|date=2019-07-16|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref> that built by Zainuddin Makhdoom I.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/photo-gallery/ponnani-juma-masjid/1728|title=Ponnani Juma Masjid|website=Kerala Tourism|language=en|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itisaras.org/projectdhaara/2018/07/14/cultural-dialogue-tracing-yemeni-ancestry-through-a-pazheri-identity/|title=Cultural dialogue: Tracing Yemeni Ancestry through a Pazheri Identity|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born to the Makdoom family in the early months of Hijra 938 (c. 1531 CE) at Chombal, near [[Mahé, Puducherry|Mahe]], and received religious instruction under the supervision of his grandfather. He completed his primary education under his father Muhammed Gazzali and his uncle Abdul Azeez Bin Sheikh Makhdoom Al Avval ( عبد العزيز بن شيخ مخدوم الآول) and left for [[Makah]] for further study. He performed the [[Haj]] and settled there for ten years imbibing Islamic knowledge from exponents of Islamic law and other branches of knowledge. He received the guidance of famous scholars such as [[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami|Al Hafiz Shihabuddeen bin Al Hajr Al Haithemi]] (الحافظ شهاب الدين بن الحجر الهيتمي), [[Grand Mufti]] of [[Haramain]] (chief jurisprudent of Makah and [[Madina]]) and commentator in [[Hadeeth]] and [[Fiqh]], Izzuddeen bin Abdul Azeez al Zamzami (عز الدين بن عبد العزيز الزمزمي), Shiekh Abdul Rahman bin Ziyad (شيخ عبد الرحمن بن زياد) and Sayyid Abdul Rahman Al Safwi (سيد عبد الرحمن الصفوي).
He gained the [[Tassawwuf]] (Sufi spiritual knowledge) from Kutub Zaban Zain Ul Arifeen Muhammed Bin Sheikh Ul Arif Abu Hasan Al Bakri (قطب الزمان زين العارفين محمد بن شيخ العارف ابو حسن البكري) and was honored with eleven [[Khirqa|Khirkath]] (خرقة), symbol of grade in [[Tareeqath]]. Within a short period he was hailed as the Sheikh of [[Qadiriyya|Qadriya]] Tareeqath.

==In the field of service==
After the decade-long stay in [[Mecca|Makkah]], he returned to [[Kerala]] and took charge as chief Mufti in the grand Masjid of [[Ponnani]], a position he occupied for thirty-six years. A historian recorded that his mentor [[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami|Ibn Hajar Hithami]] had come to Ponnani and stayed there for a short period. It is said that the famous lamp made of stone, presented by Ibn Hajar Hithami, is still kept in Ponnani Dars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.arabnews.com/islam-perspective/makhdum-ii-%E2%80%93-great-islamic-scholar-lost-history|title=Makhdum II – a great Islamic scholar lost in history|last=Dr. Ali Akbar|date=2012-11-30|work=Arab News|access-date=2018-09-01|publisher=Arab News|location=Riyadh|language=en}}</ref>

===As the freedom fighter===
He did not limit himself to work as a cleric, but made many significant intervention in the political arena, keeping warm relations with the major political figures in that period. He lived during the regime of [[Akbar]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] and had a good relationship with Sultan [[Ali Adil Shah I]], Sultan of [[Bijapur]], as well as the [[Zamorin of Calicut]]. He was a strident advocate of freedom struggles against the imperialist power of Portugal, and motivated the youth to take part in the special army of Zamorin to defend against them. In his masterpiece ''Tufathul Mujahideen Fi Akhbar ul Burthugalin'', he narrated the brutality of the Portuguese on the [[Malabar region|Malabar]] soil with special reference to their anti-Muslim stance. He used to instil in Muslim youth the necessity of [[holy war]] and the inevitability of military action against the Portuguese. In the aforementioned text, he motivated them by exuding the endless promises of the Almighty for those who waged war against them, and boosted their morale by leading their mind to the sweet memories of the [[golden age of Islam]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nljAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Makhdoom+II%22|title=Arabic in South India: Papers in Honour of Prof. S. E. A. Nadvi|last1=Nadvi|first1=Syed Ehtisham Ahmed Nadvi|last2=Kutty|first2=E. K. Ahmed|date=2003|publisher=Department of Arabic, University of Calicut|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2014jan18/roots_mappila_revolt.html|title=Roots of the Mappila Revolt – TwoCircles.net|last=TwoCircles.net|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref>

==Books by Makhdoom II==
He was known for his unique command in writing in variety of subjects which includes jurisprudence, history, spirituality as well as other subjects which were distinct from other writers. The following table gives an overview of his works.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No !! Names in English !! Original Name!!Meaning of Titles!!Core Subject
|-
| 1||[[Tuhafat Ul Mujahideen|Tuhfatul Mujahedeen]] Fi Bali Akhbar Ul Burthugaleen<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/thuhfathul-mujahideen-united-people-of-malabar/article7475952.ece|title=Thuhfathul Mujahideen united people of Malabar|author=Staff Reporter|date=2015-07-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-17|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/176651|title=Sheikh zainudheen Makhdoom 2nd and thuhfatul Mujahideen الشيخ زين الدين المخدوم الثاني وكتاب تحفة المجاهدين|last=Kurup|first=K. K. N.|date=2015|website=find.uoc.ac.in|language=ml|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/176412/UserComments|title=Thuhfatul mujahideen ( English, Malayalam& Hindi )|last=Makhdoom-II|first=Zainudhin|date=2014|website=find.uoc.ac.in|language=ml|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tohfut-ul-mujahideen: an historical work in the Arabic language|last1=Malībārī|first1=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz|last2=Rowlandson|first2=Michael John|date=1833|publisher=Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland|location=London|language=en|oclc=6830733}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10218757|title=MDZ-Reader {{!}} Band {{!}} Tohfut-ul-mujahideen, an historical work in the Arabic language / Malībarī, Zain-ad-Dīn Ibn-ʿAbd-al-ʿAzīz al- {{!}} Tohfut-ul-mujahideen, an historical work in the Arabic language / Malībarī, Zain-ad-Dīn Ibn-ʿAbd-al-ʿAzīz al-|website=reader.digitale-sammlungen.de|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://opac.ssus.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=58094 |title=Tuhfat ul Mujahideen: tribute to warriors |author=Sheikh Zainuddin Al- Makhdoom-II |editor1=Abdul Kader N A M |editor2=Ismail E |editor3=Imran Azami |date=2014|publisher=National Mission for manuscript|isbn=978-93-80829-02-9|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tuḥfat-al-mujāhidīn: a historical epic of the sixteenth century|last1=Malībārī|first1=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz|last2=Nainar|first2=S. Muhammad Husayn|date=2006|publisher=Islamic Book Trust ; Other Books|isbn=978-983-9154-80-1|location=Kuala Lumpur; Calicut|language=en|oclc=181084620}}</ref>|| تحفة المجاهدين في بعض اخبارالبرتغالين
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calil.jp/book/9380829310|title=「Tuhfat ul mujahideen = Tribute to warriors」を図書館から検索。|website=カーリル|language=ja|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB26318888|title=Tuhfat ul mujahideen = Tribute to warriors|last1=Malībārī|first1=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz|last2=Kurup|first2=K. K. N.|last3=Ismail|first3=E.|last4=Abdul Kader|first4=N. A. M.|last5=Azami|first5=Imran|last6=Raṇṭattāṇi|first6=Husain|last7=Sunītā Bāya|first7=Ela|date=2014|publisher=National Mission for Manuscripts : co-published by Asila Offset Printers|language=ja}}</ref>
|Presentation for warriors on some news related to the Portuguese<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/VZGRJZ246509027/EAPB?sid=galemarc|title=Tohfut ul-mujahideen|last1=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز|last2=Rowlandson|first2=Michael John|last3=Oriental Translation Fund|date=1833|oclc=978443154}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://webcatplus.nii.ac.jp/webcatplus/details/book/ncid/BB26318888.html|title=Tuhfat ul mujahideen - Webcat Plus|website=webcatplus.nii.ac.jp|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref>|| History of Muslims in Kerala with special reference to the brutalities of the Portuguese invasion<ref>{{Cite book|title=تحفة المجاهدين في بعض أخبار البرتغاليين|last1=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز|last2=طيبي، أمين توفيق|date=1987|publisher=Kullīyat al-Daʻwah al-Islāmīyah|location=Ṭarābulus [Libya|language=ar|oclc=23177298}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tuhfat ul mujahideen = Tribute to warriors = Tuhafatula mujāhidīna = Tuhphattul mujāhidīn = Tuḥfat al-mujāhidīn|last1=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز،|last2=Kurup|first2=K. K. N|last3=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز|last4=Malībārī|first4=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz|last5=Malībarī|first5=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz|last6=Malībārī|first6=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz|date=2014|isbn=978-93-80829-31-9|oclc=1014364599}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB12325047|title=اردو ترجمہ تحفة المجاہدین فی بعض اخبار البرتکالیین [یعنی البرتگالیین]|last1=Malībārī|first1=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz|last2=Qādrī|first2=Sayyid Shamsullāh|last3=K̲h̲ān|first3=Muḥamad Ḥabīburraḥmān|date=1942|publisher=شروانی پرنٹنگ پریس|language=ja}}</ref>
|-
|2
|
|
|Historia dos Portugueses no Malabar<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historiadosport00lisbgoog/page/n4/mode/2up |title=Historia dos Portugueses no Malabar |author=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز |editor-last=Lopes |editor-first=David |place=Portugal |series=Quarto centenario do descobrimento da India |publisher=Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa |date=1898 |oclc=978650321}}</ref>
|
|-
| 3||[[Fat'h Ul Mueen|Fathul Mueen]] Sherh Kurrathul Ain<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/NPMTKF571476791/EAPB?sid=galemarc|title=فتح المعين بشرح قرة العين.|last1=مليباري|first1=زين الدين بن عبد العزيز|last2=معبري المليباري، زين الدين بن علي|last3=علي بن أحمد بن سعيد با صبرين|date=1871|language=ar|oclc=987456379}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/FRCKXJ396258583/EAPB?sid=galemarc|title=فتح المعين.|last1=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز|last2=شطا، أبو بكر بن محمد،|date=1883|language=ar|oclc=950747175}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=فتح المعين بشرح قرة العين بمهمات الدين|last1=مليباري، زين الدين ابن عبد العزيز|last2=جابي، بسام عبد الوهاب|date=2004|publisher=الجفان والجابي ؛ دار ابن حزم،|location=Limassol; بيروت|language=ar|oclc=57219377}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=كتاب فتح المعين بشرح قرة العين.|last=مليباري|first=زين الدين بن عبد العزيز|date=1983|publisher=عامر الاسلام|location=ترورنگاڈي, كيرله|language=ar|oclc=24709093}}</ref>|| فتح المعين شرح قرة العين ||Fathul Mueen the annotation on Kurrathul Ain|| Exemplary text on Jurisprudence based on the [[Shafi school]] of thought; annotation on his own text Kurratul Ain
|-
| 4|| Kurrathul Ain Bi Muhimmati Ddeen<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/FTARUL300065113/EAPB?sid=galemarc|title=قرة العين.|last1=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز|last2=نووي بنتن،|date=1881|language=ar|oclc=987452200}}</ref>|| قرة العين بمهمات الدين || Special attention on the major religious issues||Precise text on jurisprudence based on the Shafi school of thought
|-
|5||Irshadul Ibad Ila Sabeelil Rashad<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0psVAAAAYAAJ|title=Irshād al-ʻibād ilá subul al-rashād|last=Malībārī|first=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz|date=1879|publisher=al-Maṭbaʻah al-Wahbīyah|location=Cairo|language=ar|oclc=780175595}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001934402|title=Irshād al-ṭālib ilá ahamm al-maṭālib|last=Ibn Saḥmān|first=al-Shaykh Sulaymān|date=1921–1922|publisher=Maṭbaʻat al-Manār|location=Miṣr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=إرشاد العباد الى سبيل الرشاد|last=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز|date=1939|publisher=دار ال عرفة للطباعة والنشر،|location=بيروت|language=ar|oclc=51759430}}</ref>||ارشاد العباد الى سبيل الرشاد
<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA72719123|title=ارشاد العباد الى سبيل الرشاد ؛ وبهامشه مختصر جليل يتضمن أحاديث وأثارا ومواعظ تتعلق بالموت وما بعد|last=Malībārī|first=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz|date=1939|publisher=شركة مكتبة ومطبعة مصطفى البابي الحلبي وأولاده بمصر|edition=الطبعة الأخيرة|language=ja}}</ref>
| Guidance for the slave to rectitude ||Spiritual text explaining the way to the Almighty
|-
|6||Ihkham Ahkam Nikah||احكام احكام النكاح ||Consolidation on the laws related to marriage ||Precise explanation of the laws relating to marriage
|-
|7||Sharhu Swadr Fi Ahval ul Mautha ||شرح الصدور في احوال الموتى||Widening of the chest in the context of the dead || Spiritual text explaining the context of the afterworld; it was an annotation of the work done by [[Sooyoothi]] (السيوطي)
|-
|8||Ajvbathul Ajeebah An Asilathul Gareebah || الاجوبة العجيبة عن الاسئلة الغريبة || Wonderful answers for rare questions ||Collection of decrees issued on various issues
|-
|9||Fatawa Al Hindiyyat ||الفتاوى الهندية|| Indian decree ||Decree issued on the special context of southern Indian state of Kerala
|-
|10||Al Jawahir Fi Uqoobati Ahlil Kabair<ref>{{Cite book|title=الجواهر في عقوبة اهل الكبائر|last=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز|date=1978|publisher=Maktabat al-Qāhirah|location=al-Qāhirah|language=ar|oclc=10515830}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=al-Jawāhir fī ʻuqūbat ahl al-kabāʼir|last=Malībārī|first=Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz|date=1984|publisher=Dār al-Ruqīy|location=Lebanon|language=ar|oclc=61623595}}</ref>||الجواهر في عقوبة اهل الكبائر ||Gems on the consequence of the culprits || Spiritual text explaining the consequences for criminals
|-
|11||Al Manhajul Vadih ||المنهج الواضح||The obvious pattern|| Text explaining laws relating to marriage
|-
|12
|Al-Isti'dād Lil-Mawt Wa-su'āl al-Qabr<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://site.ebrary.com/id/10747640|title=الاستعداد للموت وسؤال القبر|last1=مليباري، زين الدين بن عبد العزيز بن زين الدين المعبري،|last2=،مركز التراث|last3=Al Manhal FZLLC|date=2013|language=ar|oclc=882494364}}</ref>
|الاستعداد للموت وسؤال القبر
|
|
|-
|}

==Demise ==
He died of natural causes in 1583 and was laid to rest in Mahe Kunjhippalli. His khabar lies under a tree in his native Champal.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/31572505|title=Islamic Monetary System: In the view of Zainuddin Makhdoom|last=Athippatta|first=Fayaz K}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Makhdoom 02, Zainuddin}}
[[Category:1531 births]]
[[Category:1583 deaths]]
[[Category:Sunni fiqh scholars]]
[[Category:Shafi'i fiqh scholars]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]

Zainuddin Makhdoom II - Revision history

MavisHelena6948: rework details additionally and corrected details based on references

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article