->Sutyarashi: /* Rise to power */

2021-12-30T16:26:22Z

Rise to power

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:56, 30 December 2021
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	\| predecessor = Ali Shah		\| predecessor = [[Shah Mir dynasty#Ali Shah\|Ali Shah]]
	\| successor = Haider Shah		\| successor = [[Shah Mir dynasty#Haider Shah\|Haider Shah]]
	\| full name = {{plainlist\|		\| full name = {{plainlist\|
	* Ghiyas-ud-Din Zain-ul-Abidin		* Ghiyas-ud-Din Zain-ul-Abidin
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	Shahi Khan, a son of [[Sultan Sikander]] the ruler of Kashmir, was charged with the rule of the kingdom of Kashmir when his elder brother, Ali Shah, left the kingdom on a pilgrimage to [[Mecca]]. It was at this time that Ali Shah gave Shahi Khan the title of Zain-ul-Abidin. Although a religious man, Ali Shah was weak-willed and his desire to attain Mecca buckled under descriptions of the arduous journey ahead. He abandoned his pilgrimage when he arrived at the court of his father-in-law, the king of [[Jammu]], and raised an army consisting of soldiers from Jammu and [[Rajauri]] in order to regain his throne. The ancient texts vary regarding why it was that Zain-ul-Abidin relinquished his recently acquired status without a fight but there is no disagreement that this is in fact what happened.<ref name=Hasanp70>{{cite book \|first=Mohibbul \|last=Hasan \|title=Kashmir Under the Sultans \|location=Delhi \|publisher=Aakar Books \|edition=Reprinted \|year=2005 \|orig-year=1959 \|page=70 \|isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC \|access-date=2011-08-03}}</ref>		Shahi Khan, a son of [[Sultan Sikander]] the ruler of Kashmir, was charged with the rule of the kingdom of Kashmir when his elder brother, Ali Shah, left the kingdom on a pilgrimage to [[Mecca]]. It was at this time that Ali Shah gave Shahi Khan the title of Zain-ul-Abidin. Although a religious man, Ali Shah was weak-willed and his desire to attain Mecca buckled under descriptions of the arduous journey ahead. He abandoned his pilgrimage when he arrived at the court of his father-in-law, the king of [[Jammu]], and raised an army consisting of soldiers from Jammu and [[Rajauri]] in order to regain his throne. The ancient texts vary regarding why it was that Zain-ul-Abidin relinquished his recently acquired status without a fight but there is no disagreement that this is in fact what happened.<ref name=Hasanp70>{{cite book \|first=Mohibbul \|last=Hasan \|title=Kashmir Under the Sultans \|location=Delhi \|publisher=Aakar Books \|edition=Reprinted \|year=2005 \|orig-year=1959 \|page=70 \|isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC \|access-date=2011-08-03}}</ref>

	Retiring to [[Sialkot]], Zain-ul-Abidin sought the support of its chief, [[Jasrath Khokhar]]. Ali Shah became angered when this support was forthcoming and he rashly set out with his army to challenge Khokar. The forces met at [[Thanna]] and Khokhar defeated the challenger, who had ignored the advice of his father-in-law to hold back until the Jammu army could join him. Zain-ul-Abidin was then able to return to the capital city of [[Srinagar]], where he was welcomed by his subjects. The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.<ref name=Hasanp70/>		Retiring to [[Sialkot]], Zain-ul-Abidin sought the support of its chief, [[Jasrath Khokhar]]. Ali Shah became angered when this support was forthcoming and he rashly set out with his army to challenge Khokar. The forces met at [[Thanamandi\|Thanna]] and Khokhar defeated the challenger, who had ignored the advice of his father-in-law to hold back until the Jammu army could join him. Zain-ul-Abidin was then able to return to the capital city of [[Srinagar]], where he was welcomed by his subjects. The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.<ref name=Hasanp70/>

	==Reign==		==Reign==
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	[[Category:Sultans of Kashmir]]		[[Category:Sultans of Kashmir]]
			[[Category:1395 births]]
			[[Category:1470 deaths]]
			[[Category:15th-century deaths]]
			[[Category:15th-century Muslims]]

imported>Daniyalmirza: Undid revision 1029886043 by 106.195.120.160 (talk)

2021-06-23T19:03:46Z

Undid revision 1029886043 by 106.195.120.160 (talk)

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{{Short description|Eighth sultan of the Shah Mir dynasty in Kashmir}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Expert needed|1=Jammu and Kashmir|reason=lack of references and widespread vagueness in article|date=January 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| type = Monarch
| name = Zain-ul-Abidin
| title ={{plainlist|
* [[Sultan|Sultan of]] [[Kashmir]]
* [[Padishah|Badshah]]
}}
| image = Silver coin of Kashmir Sultanate.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Silver coins minted in Kashmir under Abadin's rule
| succession =8th [[Sultan]] of the [[Shah Mir dynasty|Shah Mir Sultanate]]
| reign = {{plainlist|
* 1418–1419
* 1420–1470
}}
| coronation = {{plainlist|
* 20 February 1418
* 7 July 1420
}}

| predecessor = Ali Shah
| successor = Haider Shah
| full name = {{plainlist|
* Ghiyas-ud-Din Zain-ul-Abidin
* {{lang-fa|{{Nastaliq|غیاث الدین زین العابدین}}|label=none}}
}}
| spouse =
| issue = Haider Shah{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
| issue-link =
| issue-pipe =
| house = [[Shah Mir dynasty]]
| father = [[Sikandar Shah Miri]]
| mother =
| birth_date = 25 November 1395
| birth_place = [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Shah Mir dynasty|Shah Mir Sultanate]]
| death_date = 5 April 1470
| death_place = [[Srinagar]] {{small|(present-day [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir, India]])}}
| burial_date = 12 April 1470
| burial_place = Srinagar
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
|}}
'''Ghiyas-ud-Din Zain-ul-Abidin''' ({{lang-fa|{{Nastaliq|غیاث الدین زین العابدین}}}}; 25 November 1395 – 5 April 1470<ref>Walter Slaje, Three Bhaṭṭas, Two Sulṭāns, and the Kashmirian Atharvaveda. In: The Atharvaveda and its Paippalādaśākhā. Historical and Philological Papers on a Vedic Tradition. Ed. by ARLO GRIFFITHS and ANNETTE SCHMIEDCHEN. [Geisteskultur Indiens. Texte und Studien.11. = Studia Indologica Univer-sitatis Halensis.] Aachen 2007: 329–353.</ref>) was the eighth ''[[sultan]]'' of [[Kashmir]]. He was known by his subjects as ''[[Padishah|Bod Shah]]'' ({{Literal translation|Great King}}).<ref>{{cite book |first=Mohibbul |last=Hasan |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |location=Delhi |publisher=Aakar Books |edition=Reprinted |year=2005 |orig-year=1959 |page=78 |isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC |access-date=2011-08-03}}</ref>

The first 35 years of his reign are described by [[Jonaraja]] in the ''Rajatarangini Dvitiya'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkpTy-_jEoYC&q=Jonaraja+in+the+Rajatarangini+Dvitiya&pg=PA37|title=Historiography: A History of Historical Writing|date=2005|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-155-3|language=en}}</ref> while the subsequent years are described by his pupil, [[Shrivara|Srivara]], in the ''Rajatarangini Tritiya''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkpTy-_jEoYC&q=after+Jonaraja+death&pg=PA37|title=Historiography: A History of Historical Writing|date=2005|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-155-3|language=en|page=37}}</ref>

==Rise to power==
Shahi Khan, a son of [[Sultan Sikander]] the ruler of Kashmir, was charged with the rule of the kingdom of Kashmir when his elder brother, Ali Shah, left the kingdom on a pilgrimage to [[Mecca]]. It was at this time that Ali Shah gave Shahi Khan the title of Zain-ul-Abidin. Although a religious man, Ali Shah was weak-willed and his desire to attain Mecca buckled under descriptions of the arduous journey ahead. He abandoned his pilgrimage when he arrived at the court of his father-in-law, the king of [[Jammu]], and raised an army consisting of soldiers from Jammu and [[Rajauri]] in order to regain his throne. The ancient texts vary regarding why it was that Zain-ul-Abidin relinquished his recently acquired status without a fight but there is no disagreement that this is in fact what happened.<ref name=Hasanp70>{{cite book |first=Mohibbul |last=Hasan |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |location=Delhi |publisher=Aakar Books |edition=Reprinted |year=2005 |orig-year=1959 |page=70 |isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC |access-date=2011-08-03}}</ref>

Retiring to [[Sialkot]], Zain-ul-Abidin sought the support of its chief, [[Jasrath Khokhar]]. Ali Shah became angered when this support was forthcoming and he rashly set out with his army to challenge Khokar. The forces met at [[Thanna]] and Khokhar defeated the challenger, who had ignored the advice of his father-in-law to hold back until the Jammu army could join him. Zain-ul-Abidin was then able to return to the capital city of [[Srinagar]], where he was welcomed by his subjects. The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.<ref name=Hasanp70/>

==Reign==
[[File:Budshah Tomb.jpg|right|thumb|Bud Shah Tomb]]
Although fundamentally a peaceful man, Zain-ul-Abidin was protective of his territory. He raised and led an army to stabilise the fractious areas of [[Ladakh]] and [[Baltistan]] which had originally been conquered by his grandfather, [[Shihabu'd-Din]], and then had become independent on his death until Sikander reasserted control. With the arrival of Ali Shah on the throne, the territories had once again begun to assert their independence and Zain-ul-Abidin recognised that they had an economic and strategic significance which entailed that they could not be allowed to secede. Similarly, he regained control of [[Ohind]], the chief of which had been overcome by Sikander but had then announced independence during the period of rule by Ali Shah.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC|title=Kashmir Under the Sultans|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|publisher=Aakar Books|year=2005|isbn=978-81-87879-49-7|edition=Reprinted|location=Delhi|pages=78–79|orig-year=1959|access-date=2011-08-03}}</ref>

He was on friendly terms with regard to the rulers of territories over which he inherited no historic control. The ancient records indicate that he gave and received presents to, and also exchanged embassies with, those who governed over Egypt, [[Gwalior]], [[Mecca]], [[Bengal]], [[Sindh]], [[Gujarat]] and elsewhere. Many of the gifts demonstrated the cultured nature of Zain-ul-Abidin; they included works about music, manuscripts and people who were scholars, the latter being sent to him when he commented that an original gift of precious stones was of less interest to him than a gift of a learned nature would have been.<ref>{{cite book |first=Mohibbul |last=Hasan |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |location=Delhi |publisher=Aakar Books |edition=Reprinted |year=2005 |orig-year=1959 |page=80 |isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC |access-date=2011-08-03}}</ref>

During the last days of his reign, his three sons, Adam Khan, Haji Khan and Bahram Khan rebelled against him but he took energetic measures to crush them. He was succeeded by his son Haji Khan, who took the title of Haidar Khan.<ref>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). ''The Delhi Sultanate'', Mumbai:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p.383</ref>

==Administrative policies==
Zain-ul-Abidin enforced the system of responsibility of the village communities for local crimes. He regulated the price of the commodities. He stabilized the currency which had been debased during the reign of his predecessors. He was responsible for a large number of public works.<ref name="Mahajan, V.D. 1991, p.277">Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, p.277</ref> He founded several new cities, built many bridges and dug many irrigation canals. He also prevented the local governors from exacting illegal taxes and gave the peasants much needed tax relief.<ref name="Majumdar, R.C. 2006 p.382">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). ''The Delhi Sultanate'', Mumbai:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p.382</ref>

==Religious policies==
Zain-ul-Abidin earned a name for himself for his policy of religious toleration and public welfare activities. He abolished ''[[Jaziya]]'' on the [[Hindus|Hindu]] subjects of Kashmir. Although he was a Muslim ruler, he banned the slaughter of cows. He extended liberal patronage to [[Sanskrit]] language and literature.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&q=rana+sangram+singh+lodhi&pg=PA86 | title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India| isbn=9788120710153| last1=Mehta| first1=Jl}}</ref> He knew Persian, Sanskrit, and Tibetan. The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and [[Kalhana|Kalhana's]] ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' were translated into Persian by his order. He called back the Hindus who fled Kashmir during his father's reign.<ref name="Mahajan, V.D. 1991, p.277" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC|title=Kashmir Under the Sultans|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|publisher=Aakar Books|year=2005|isbn=978-81-87879-49-7|edition=Reprinted|location=Delhi|pages=87, 91–92|orig-year=1959|access-date=2011-07-08}}</ref> He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the [[Dharmashastra]]s. He stopped the killing of cows by means of poison and passed some regulations about eating beef. He re-introduced the grant of stipends to the learned Brahmans.<ref name="Majumdar, R.C. 2006 p.382" />

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Wikiquote}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sultans of Kashmir]]

Zain-ul-Abidin - Revision history

->Sutyarashi: /* Rise to power */

imported>Daniyalmirza: Undid revision 1029886043 by 106.195.120.160 (talk)