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			{{Short description\|General of Alauddin Khalji ( was not a indian )}}
	{{for\|the Tughluq general who established [[Gujarat Sultanate]]\|Muzaffar Shah I}}		{{for\|the Tughluq general who established [[Gujarat Sultanate]]\|Muzaffar Shah I}}
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	'''Hizabruddin''', better known by his title '''Zafar Khan''', was a general of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]]. He held charge of [[Multan]], [[Samana, Punjab\|Samana]], and [[Sehwan Sharif\|Sivistan]] at various times during Alauddin's reign.		'''Mian Hizabruddin''', better known by his title '''Zafar Khan''', was a general of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]]. He held charge of [[Multan]], [[Samana, Punjab\|Samana]], and [[Sehwan Sharif\|Sivistan]] at various times during Alauddin's reign.

	Associated with Alauddin since the latter's days as a governor of [[Kara-Manikpur\|Kara]], Zafar Khan led a major division of Alauddin's army from Kara to Delhi after Alauddin assassinated his predecessor [[Jalaluddin Khalji\|Jalaluddin]] in 1296. Along with Alauddin's brother [[Ulugh Khan]], he led the army that [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Multan\|invaded Multan]] to eliminate the surviving members of Jalaluddin's family.		Associated with Alauddin since the latter's days as a governor of [[Kara-Manikpur\|Kara]], Zafar Khan led a major division of Alauddin's army from Kara to Delhi after Alauddin assassinated his predecessor [[Jalaluddin Khalji\|Jalaluddin]] in 1296. Along with Alauddin's brother [[Ulugh Khan]], he led the army that [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Multan\|invaded Multan]] to eliminate the surviving members of Jalaluddin's family.
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	== Early career ==		== Early career ==

	Little is known about the early life of Hizabruddin Zafar Khan. He was not a Turk and likely an ~~Indian~~ Muslim.<ref>{{cite book \|title= Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One \|author= Satish Chandra \|date= 2004 \|isbn= 9788124110645 \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&q=Medieval%20India%3A%20From%20Sultanat%20to%20the%20Mughals-Delhi%20Sultanat%20(1206-1526%20...&pg=PA269 }}</ref> The 15th century chronicler, [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi\|Yahya]], says that his original name was Yusuf, and also that he was a son of a sister of Alauddin. The 16th century chronicler [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]]) calls him Badruddin instead of Hizabruddin.{{sfn\|Kishori Saran Lal\|1950\|p=75}}		Little is known about the early life of Hizabruddin Zafar Khan. He was not a Turk and was likely an Punjabi Muslim.<ref>{{cite book \|title= Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One \|author= Satish Chandra \|date= 2004 \|isbn= 9788124110645 \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&q=Medieval%20India%3A%20From%20Sultanat%20to%20the%20Mughals-Delhi%20Sultanat%20(1206-1526%20...&pg=PA269 \|page= 267 }}</ref> The 15th century chronicler, [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi\|Yahya]], says that his original name was Yusuf, and also that he was a son of a sister of Alauddin. The 16th century chronicler [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]]) calls him Badruddin instead of Hizabruddin.{{sfn\|Kishori Saran Lal\|1950\|p=75}}

	Zafar Khan led Alauddin's forces even before Alauddin became the Sultan of Delhi. After Alauddin assassinated his predecessor [[Jalaluddin Khalji\|Jalaluddin]] at [[Kara-Manikpur\|Kara]], Zafar Khan led one of Alauddin's two contingents that marched to Delhi. The first contingent was headed by Alauddin and [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari\|Nusrat Khan]]; Zafar Khan headed the second contingent that arrived in Delhi via [[Kol Tehsil\|Koil]] (modern [[Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh\|Aligarh]]).{{sfn\|Banarsi Prasad Saksena\|1992\|p=327}}		Zafar Khan led Alauddin's forces even before Alauddin became the Sultan of Delhi. After Alauddin assassinated his predecessor [[Jalaluddin Khalji\|Jalaluddin]] at [[Kara-Manikpur\|Kara]], Zafar Khan led one of Alauddin's two contingents that marched to Delhi. The first contingent was headed by Alauddin and [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari\|Nusrat Khan]]; Zafar Khan headed the second contingent that arrived in Delhi via [[Kol Tehsil\|Koil]] (modern [[Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh\|Aligarh]]).{{sfn\|Banarsi Prasad Saksena\|1992\|p=327}}

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{{for|the Tughluq general who established [[Gujarat Sultanate]]|Muzaffar Shah I}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox military person
|name = Zafar Khan
|death_date = 1299
|death_place = Kili near [[Delhi]]
|allegiance = [[Delhi Sultanate]]
|branch = [[Khalji dynasty]], ''Ariz-i-Mumalik''
|serviceyears = 1296-1299
|battles = {{plainlist|
* [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Multan|Siege of Multan]] (1296)
* [[Battle of Jaran Manjur]] (1298)
* [[Mongol invasion of Sindh|Siege of Sivistan]] (1298)
* [[Battle of Kili]] (1299)
}}
}}
'''Hizabruddin''', better known by his title '''Zafar Khan''', was a general of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]]. He held charge of [[Multan]], [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]], and [[Sehwan Sharif|Sivistan]] at various times during Alauddin's reign.

Associated with Alauddin since the latter's days as a governor of [[Kara-Manikpur|Kara]], Zafar Khan led a major division of Alauddin's army from Kara to Delhi after Alauddin assassinated his predecessor [[Jalaluddin Khalji|Jalaluddin]] in 1296. Along with Alauddin's brother [[Ulugh Khan]], he led the army that [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Multan|invaded Multan]] to eliminate the surviving members of Jalaluddin's family.

Zafar Khan, along with Ulugh Khan, probably led the Delhi army that inflicted a crushing defeat on the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatai]] [[Mongols|Mongol]] invaders at [[Battle of Jaran Manjur|Jaran Manjur]] in 1298. Later that year, Alauddin dispatched Zafar Khan to [[Mongol invasion of Sindh|recapture Sivistan]], which had been occupied by Mongol invaders. Zafar Khan decisively defeated the invaders, and took their leader to Delhi as a prisoner. In 1299, he was killed in the [[Battle of Kili]] against the Mongol invaders led by [[Qutlugh Khwaja]]. Before being killed in action, he inflicted heavy casualties on the Mongols, which was an important factor in the subsequent Mongol retreat. However, his legacy was not recognized in the Sultanate's chronicles, as he had disobeyed Alauddin's orders in recklessly attacking the Mongols during the battle.

== Early career ==

Little is known about the early life of Hizabruddin Zafar Khan. He was not a Turk and likely an Indian Muslim.<ref>{{cite book |title= Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One |author= Satish Chandra |date= 2004 |isbn= 9788124110645 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&q=Medieval%20India%3A%20From%20Sultanat%20to%20the%20Mughals-Delhi%20Sultanat%20(1206-1526%20...&pg=PA269 }}</ref> The 15th century chronicler, [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi|Yahya]], says that his original name was Yusuf, and also that he was a son of a sister of Alauddin. The 16th century chronicler [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]]) calls him Badruddin instead of Hizabruddin.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=75}}

Zafar Khan led Alauddin's forces even before Alauddin became the Sultan of Delhi. After Alauddin assassinated his predecessor [[Jalaluddin Khalji|Jalaluddin]] at [[Kara-Manikpur|Kara]], Zafar Khan led one of Alauddin's two contingents that marched to Delhi. The first contingent was headed by Alauddin and [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]]; Zafar Khan headed the second contingent that arrived in Delhi via [[Kol Tehsil|Koil]] (modern [[Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh|Aligarh]]).{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=327}}

After taking control of the throne in Delhi, Alaudidn appointed Zafar Khan as ''Ariz-i-Mumalik'' (Minister of War).{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=75}}

== Siege of Multan ==

{{main|Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Multan}}

After establishing his power in Delhi, Alauddin decided to eliminate Jalaluddin's surviving family members, who were in [[Multan]]. In November 1296, he sent a 30,000-40,000-strong army led by his brother [[Ulugh Khan]] and Zafar Khan to conquer Multan.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=79}} The defending forces, facing a certain defeat, surrendered after a short siege.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=331}} Zafar Khan was later given charge of Multan.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=220}}

== Battle of Jaran Manjur ==

{{main|Mongol invasion of India, 1297-98}}

In the winter of 1297-98, [[Duwa]], the ruler of the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] [[Chagatai Khanate]], sent an expedition to the Delhi Sultanate. The army, led by his [[noyan]] Kadar, ransacked the [[Punjab region]], advancing up to [[Kasur]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=332}} According to [[Ziauddin Barani]], Alauddin dispatched [[Ulugh Khan]] and Zafar Khan to check the Mongol invasion. Alauddin's courtier [[Amir Khusrau]] omits Zafar Khan's name, but Barani is probably correct.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=332}} (Zafar Khan's name was omitted in the dynasty's official chronicles because Alauddin was unhappy with his reckless disobedience during the Battle of Kili).{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}}

The Delhi army decisively defeated Mongols with on 6 February 1298 at Jaran-Manjur, a place located on the banks of the [[Sutlej River]]. According to Khusrau, 20,000 Mongols were killed in the battle.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=332}}

== Siege of Sivistan ==

{{main|Mongol invasion of Sindh}}

Zafar Khan subsequently served as Alauddin's governor of [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]] in the Punjab region.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}} In 1298-99, a [[Mongols|Mongol]] army (possibly [[Neguderi]] fugitives) led by Saldi invaded the [[Sindh]] region, and occupied the fort of [[Sehwan Sharif|Sivistan]].{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=219-220}}{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=153}} At this time, a large part of Alauddin's army had [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|marched to Gujarat]] under [[Ulugh Khan]] and [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=89}} In their absence, Alauddin dispatched Zafar Khan to recapture Sivistan.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}} Despite a barrage of arrows from the Mongols and despite not making use of any [[siege engine]]s, Zafar Khan's army captured the fort using short ranged weapons like [[axe]]s, [[sword]]s, [[javelin]]s, and [[spear]]s.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1981|p=266}} Zafar Khan took Saldi and other Mongols to Delhi as prisoners.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}} He was given charge of Sivistan.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=220}}

The victory established Zafar Khan's reputation as a brilliant general. According to the chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]], Alauddin once thought of establishing a new religion just like [[Muhammad]] had established [[Islam]]. He compared his four brave and loyal generals ([[Alp Khan]], Nusrat Khan, Ulugh Khan, and Zafar Khan) to Muhammad's [[Rashidun]] companions [[Abu Bakr]], [[Umar]], [[Uthman]], and [[Ali]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=89}} Barani also states that Zafar Khan's success at Sivistan made both Alauddin and his brother Ulugh Khan jealous.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=155}} According to Barani, Alauddin thought of sending Zafar Khan away from Delhi, by ordering him to conquer and govern [[Bengal]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=96}} Barani also claims that Alauddin and Ulugh Khan made plans to blind or poison Zafar Khan.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=155}} Historian [[Banarsi Prasad Saksena]] doubts the truthfulness of Barani's allegations.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}}

== Death at the Battle of Kili ==

{{main|Battle of Kili}}

In 1299, a [[Mongols|Mongol]] army from [[Chagatai Khanate]], led by prince [[Qutlugh Khwaja]], invaded India. As the governor of [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]], Zafar Khan challenged them to a battle as they passed through Punjab, but Qutlugh Khwaja refused the offer, declaring that "kings only fight kings". He asked Zafar to fight under the banner of his master Alauddin at Delhi.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=338}}

The Mongols encamped at Kili near Delhi, and Alauddin personally led a force against the invaders. Zafar Khan was given charge of the Delhi army's right wing, which was supported by [[Hindu]] warriors. He was one of the five lead commanders of the Delhi army; the other four being Alauddin, [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]], Akat Khan, and [[Ulugh Khan]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=338-339}}

Alauddin's strategy was to delay the battle, as he was expecting reinforcements to arrive from his provincial armies, and hoped that scarcity of provisions would ultimately force the Mongols to retreat. He asked his generals not to make a move without his orders, but Zafar Khan disregarded these instructions, and attacked one of the Mongol contingents.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=340}} The Mongols feigned retreat, tricking Zafar Khan and his cavalry into following them to an isolated location. After covering approximately 55 kilometers, Zafar Khan realized that his infantry had been left behind, and he had only 1,000 horsemen left with him. Another Mongol contingent blocked his return to the Delhi camp.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=340}}

Finding themselves in a tough situation, Zafar Khan and his companions determined that a return to the Delhi camp was not possible, and even if it happened, Alauddin would punish them for disobedience and cowardice. Therefore, they decided to die fighting.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=341}}{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=160}} According to [[Ziauddin Barani]]'s ''Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi'', Qutlugh Khwaja offered Zafar Khan an opportunity to surrender, promising to give him a bigger position at the Chagatai court than he held at the Delhi court. But Zafar Khan refused this offer.{{sfn|A R Fuller|1869|p=200}}

According to the 14th century chronicler [[Isami (historian)|Isami]], Zafar Khan and his companions managed to kill 5,000 Mongols, while losing only 800. After this, Zafar Khan put up a last stand with his 200 surviving soldiers. After his horse was cut down, he fought on foot,{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=161}} and engaged in a [[hand-to-hand combat]] with the Mongol commander Hijlak.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=159}} He was killed by an arrow that bypassed his armour and pierced his heart.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=341}}

The Mongols ultimately decided to retreat after two days, without any further action on the battlefield.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=341}} Barani states that the Mongols retreated because of the terror that Zafar Khan's attack had caused among them. According to him, whenever their horses refused to drink water, the Mongols would ask them if they had seen Zafar Khan.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=162}} The actual reason for the Mongol retreat seems to be that Qutlugh Khwaja was seriously wounded in action.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=221-222}}

== Legacy ==

Although Zafar Khan was [[killed in action]], Alauddin resented the fact that he had disobeyed the royal orders.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}} Nobody in the Delhi court praised Zafar Khan's gallantry; on the contrary, Alauddin denounced his recklessness and disobedience.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=163}}

Zafar Khan's name was omitted in the subsequent royal chronicles written during Alauddin's reign. For example, [[Amir Khusrau]]'s ''Khazainul Futuh'' makes no mention of him.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}} While describing the military victories accomplished during Alauddin's reign, Khusrau completely omits the [[Mongol invasion of Sindh|Siege of Sivistan]] which established Zafar Khan's reputation as a general. However, the battle is mentioned by the later chroniclers such as [[Ziauddin Barani]], [[Isami]] and [[Firishta]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=153}}

In 1301, when Alauddin was at [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore|Ranthambore]], a group of Zafar Khan's followers helped his officer Malik Hamiduddin suppress [[Rebellions against Alauddin Khalji#Rebellion of Haji Maula|Haji Maula's rebellion]] in Delhi.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=110}} After Alauddin's death, his son [[Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah]] bestowed Zafar Khan's title on [[Zafar Khan Malik Dinar|Malik Dinar]], who had earlier served as the Sultanate's master of the elephants (''Shihna-yi pil'').{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=175}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite journal |author=A R Fuller |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=XXXVIII |issue=IV |title=Translations from the Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGcyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA200 |year=1869 }}
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book |author=Mohammad Habib |author-link=Mohammad Habib |title=Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ1uAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=People's Publishing House |oclc=32230117 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.458719/page/n166  Mentions of Zafar Khan] in Delhi chronicles, as recorded in ''The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians'' (Volume 3) By Sir Henry Miers Elliot

{{Alauddin Khalji}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zafar Khan}}
[[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]
[[Category:1299 deaths]]
[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Khalji dynasty]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]

Zafar Khan (Indian general) - Revision history

->Alchacha at 18:08, 8 January 2022

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