LinetteFisher: Improved wording and formatting

2026-03-04T16:57:11Z

Improved wording and formatting

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2021-07-31T16:18:41Z

rv, undue weight given one theory

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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Yusuf Adil Shah
| title = Adil Shahi
| image =The House of Bijapur Album leaf, ca. 1680 Deccan, Bijapur. Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg
| caption = Painting created {{circa|1680}} in Bijapur. Yusuf Adil Shah, shown seated, is being handed the key of legitimacy by Shah [[Ismail I]] of [[Safavid Iran]], symbolizing the unwavering allegiance of the Adil Shahi family to the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] creed of Islam. All nine Adil Shahi sultans are depicted in the painting in a dynastic assembly probably inspired by [[Mughal painting]]s.
| reign = 1490–1510{{sfn|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011|p=174}}
| full name = Abul Muzaffar Yusuf Adil Shah Sawi
| successor = [[Ismail Adil Shah]]
| spouse = Bubuji Khanum
|issue = [[Ismail Adil Shah]]<br> Mariam Sultan<br>Khadija Sultan<br>Bibi Sati
| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Adil Shahi|Adil Shahi Empire]]
| father =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1510
| death_place = Gogi, [[Shahpur, Karnataka]]
| date of burial = 1510
| place of burial =
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]
}}
'''Yusuf Adil Shah''' (1450–1510{{sfn|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011|p=174}}), referred as Adil Khan or '''Hidalcão''' by the Portuguese, was the founder of the [[Adil Shahi]] dynasty that ruled the [[Bijapur Sultanate|Sultanate of Bijapur]] for nearly two centuries.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=119}}</ref> As the founder of the newly formed Bijapur dynasty (as the Adil Shahi dynasty is also known), Yusuf Adil Shah is credited with developing the town of [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] and elevating it to significant status.

==Legend of origin==
The founder of the dynasty, Yusuf Adil Shah, may have been a [[Georgians|Georgian]] slave<ref>{{cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |year=2002 |page=101}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |title=Courtly Encounters: Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia |year=2012 |page=101}}</ref> who was purchased by Mahmud Gawan from Iran. Other historians mentioned him of [[Persian people|Persian]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Meri|first1=Josef W.|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization, Volume 1 An Encyclopedia|date=January 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-96691-7|page=108|quote=In 1481, Yusuf 'Adil Khan, a Persian slave who claimed to descend from the Ottoman sultan Murad III, became the governor of Bijapur.}}</ref> or [[Turkmens|Turkmen]]<ref name="Egger">{{cite book|last1=Vernon O. Egger|title=A History of the Muslim World since 1260: The Making of a Global Community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dEYDQAAQBAJ&q=yusuf+adil+shah+turkmen&pg=PT266 |date=2016|isbn=9781315511078}}</ref><ref name="Bosworth">{{cite book|last1=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&q=turkmen+yusuf+adil+shahi&pg=PA55 |date=2007|page=55|isbn=978-9004153882}}</ref> origin.

Some historians state Yusuf was a son of the Ottoman Sultan [[Murad II]].<ref name="Matthee">{{cite book|last1=Nikki R. Keddie,Rudi Matthee|title=Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics|date=2011|publisher=University of Washington Press.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLlcCgAAQBAJ&q=yusuf+adil+shah+turkmen&pg=PA25 |page=25|isbn=9780295800240}}</ref><ref name="Farooqui">{{harvnb|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011|p=174}}</ref> Ferishta states that Yusuf was a fugitive son of the Ottoman Sultan [[Murad II]], a story which was related to him by Mirza Mohamed of Sava and Khwaja Nuzr, a member of the ruling [[Bahmani family|Bahmani]] dynasty. Ferishta also stated that this origin was related by Shah Jamaluddin Hussain himself.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=S. K. Sinha|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174781|title=Medieval History of the Deccan|date=1968|pages=1–2}}{{unreliable source?|date=May 2021}}</ref> Rafiuddin Shirazi, author of ''Tazkirat ul Mulk'', states Yusuf was the nephew of Governor Ahmed Baig of Sava.<ref name=":0"/> Another theory states he was a Turkman of the [[Ag Qoyunlu|Aq-Quyunlu]].<ref>Bolar, Varija R (2012). [http://www.sobiad.org/eJOURNALS/journal_IJSS/arhieves/2012_1/varija_bolar.pdf "Turks in Karnataka" (PDF)]. International Journal of Social Studies 4 (1): 423.</ref>

==Career==
Yusuf's bravery and personality raised him rapidly in the [[Bahmani]] sultan's favor, and resulted in his being appointed Governor of Bijapur.

In 1489, Yusuf took advantage of the decline of the Bahmani power to establish himself as an independent sultan at Bijapur. He waged war against the [[Vijayanagar empire]], as also against Bijapur's Muslim neighbours.

Adil Shah is personally responsible for building the imposing [[Citadel]] or Arkilla<ref name="http://reviewsofliterature.org/UploadArticle/27.pdf">{{cite book| last1=Ahammad| first1=Mustak| title=Military Architecture under the Adilshahis of Bijapur| page=2| year=2013}}</ref> and the palace named Faroukh Mahal. Yusuf was a man of culture and invited poets and [[artisans]] from Persia, [[Turkey]] and Rome to his court. He was also an accomplished musician and scholar with deep religious tolerance that was reflected in art and architecture from this time.

Adil Shah died in 1509-10 while engaged in an 'annual jihad', possibly a plundering expedition, against the Vijayanagara empire to the south. The practice was initiated by Sultan [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]] in 1501, in which all the Bahmani chieftains participated. However, in 1509, [[Krishnadevaraya]] ascended the throne of Vijayanagara. He countered the Bahmani expedition at a location called Dewani (unidenfied) and decisively defeated it. The Sultan was thrown off the horse and had to be carried away from the battlefield. Raya then pursued the retreating army of Bijapur. Adil Shah turned around to give him battle at [[Koilkonda]], in which he was killed.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India|1958|pp=268–269}}<ref>{{citation |first=Richard M. |last= Eaton |title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNNgdBWoYKoC |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-25484-7 |page=88}}: "The string began in 1509, when at Koilkonda, sixty miles southwest of Hyderabad, Krishna Raya defeated the last remnant of Bahmani power, Sultan Mahmud, along with Yusuf Adil Shah of Bijapur, who was killed in the engagement."</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Sarma |first=P. Sree Rama |title=A History of Vijayanagar Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhuAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Prabhakar Publications |page=79}}: "The Bahmani army headed by Mahmood Shah II marched out off Bidar. It was accompanied by Malik Ahmed Bahri, Nuri Khan, Khwaja-i-jahan, the Adil Khan, Qutb-ul-Mulk, Dastur-i-Mamalik, Mirza Latf-ul-tab and others. The progress of Bahmani troops was checked by Vijayanagara troops at Diwani, which place tremains unidentified."</ref>

His death occurred shortly after the loss of [[Goa]] to the Portuguese governor [[Afonso de Albuquerque]].{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} He was succeeded by his son [[Ismail Adil Shah]], who being a minor, was aided in his rule by a certain Kamal Khan.{{sfn|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011|p=175}}

Yusuf left behind a strong if small state, one which persisted through two relatively chaotic centuries in a region rife with political ferment. The Bijapur sultanate he founded was a formidable force for close to two centuries until it succumbed to Maratha power and finally resolved by [[Aurangzeb]] in 1686 in an ineffective bid to check Maratha power.<ref name="Farooqui" />

==Family==
Yusuf Adil Shah married Punji, the sister of a local landlord , later renamed Bubuji Khanum.<ref name="Farooqui" /> By this marriage he had a son and three daughters:<ref>Hari Narain Verma, Amrit Verma, ''Indian Women Through the Ages'' (1976), p. 29</ref><ref>Abraham Eraly, ''Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls'' (2007), chp. 11</ref>
*[[Ismail Adil Shah]], Sultan of [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]];
*Mariam Sultan, married [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]], Sultan of [[Ahmednagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]];
*Khadija Sultan, married [[Aladdin Imad Shah]], Sultan of [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]];
*Bibi Sati, married Ahmad Shah, son of [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]];

<ref>K.K Basu, ''Career of Yusuf Adil Shah of Bijapur, Indian Culture, Vol. III, Issue I'' (1937), p. 117</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Farooqui |first=Salma Ahmed |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA118 |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |ref={{sfnref|Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last=Nilakanta Sastri |first=K. A. |title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |orig-year=first published 1955 |year=1958 |edition=Second |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-19-560686-8 |url=https://archive.org/stream/K.A.NilakantaSastriBooks/K.%20A.%20Nilakanta%20Sastri/A-History-of-South-India#mode/2up |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India|1958}}}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bijawar |volume=3 |page=928 |short=x}}
* [http://www.indhistory.com/adil-shah-dynasty.html India History]
* Wakiyate Mamlakate Bijapur by Basheeruddin Dehelvi.
* Tareekhe Farishta by Kasim Farishta
* External Relation of Bijapur Adil Shahis.
* Devare, T. N. A short history of Persian literature; at the Bahmani, the Adilshahi, and the Qutbshahi courts. Poona: S. Devare, 1961.

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Adil Shahi Emperors|Adil Shahi Rulers of Bijapur]]|before=Founder of the Dynasty|after=[[Ismail Adil Shah]]|years=1489–1511}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Yusuf Adil}}
[[Category:1459 births]]
[[Category:1511 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Gulbarga district]]
[[Category:Adil Shahi dynasty]]
[[Category:1511 in India]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:Indian people of Georgian descent]]
[[Category:Ethnic Turkmen people]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Turkish descent]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]

Yusuf Adil Shah - Revision history

LinetteFisher: Improved wording and formatting

imported>Kansas Bear: rv, undue weight given one theory