->Luwanglinux: /* Historical background */

2020-11-12T18:55:16Z

Historical background

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In [[Meetei people|Meetei]] society, the [[sagei]] or [[family name]] is known as '''''Yumnak''''' in [[Meitei language|Meetei Language]]. Pronounced "yoom-naak". Ethnic ''yumnaks'' are used in the [[Meetei Mayek (Unicode block)|Meetei]] [[Meitei people|/Meitei]] community including the [[Pangal|Meitei Pangal]] and [[Meitei Bamon]]. The [[Meitei people|Meitei]] community lie largely in the Northeast [[India]], mainly in [[Manipur]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manipuronline.tripod.com/feature/population.htm|title=Population of Meiteis in Manipur|website=manipuronline.tripod.com}}</ref> Next in [[Assam]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=6..220710.jul10|title=About 8 lakh Manipuris in Assam demand their share of development|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref> [[Tripura]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sorahal.blogspot.in/2008/06/manipuris-settled-in-tripura-compromise.html|title=Manipuris settled in Tripura|website=sorahal.blogspot.in}}</ref> and a few in [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Meghalaya]]. Some live in [[Bangladesh]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13513/BG|title=Manipuri, Meitei in Bangladesh|last=Project|first=Joshua|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923170109/http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13513/BG|archive-date=2014-09-23|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref> and [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13513/BM|title=Manipuri, Ponna in Myanmar (Burma)|last=Project|first=Joshua|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401100520/http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13513/BM|archive-date=2015-04-01|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref>

==Historical background==
In [[Meetei Mayek Extensions|Meetei]] society, all the ''yumnak'' belong to only one of the [[Salai Taret]] except the ''Yumnak'' of the ''Meitei Bamon''. There are seven major Salais or Yek Salais or [[Salai Taret]], namely :
# [[Mangang]]
# [[Luwang]]
# [[Khuman(Salai)|Khuman]]
# [[Angom]]
# [[Moilang|Moirang]]
# [[Kha Nganpa|Kha Nganba]]
# [[Salai Leishangthem|Sarang Leishangthem]] (Chenglei).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gM0xcl0j2uoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Meitheis+-+A+Study+of+the+Tribe+of+the+Brahmaputra+Valley+by+T.+C&ei=bbARS43eKpCclQT1vLmLDA&client=opera#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Meitheis - A Study of the Tribe of the Brahmaputra Valley by T. C. Hodson 2006.]</ref>
Yumnaks are the sub-clans of these seven major ''[[Yek|Salai]]'', formed by the collection of different Yumnaks. Yumnaks inhabited specific areas and formed collectives. Later, these family members migrated to different areas, dispersing their Yumnaks.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oDQ2HMmU8_MC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: 33-1763 CE By Saroj Nalini Parratt]</ref>

==Unique Naming System==
From ancient immemorial time, based on [[Meitei people|Meitei]] custom, naming system differs between males and females.

Commonly, in both the genders the person's ''Yumnak'' is used as a prefix to their name.<ref>[http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.Meeteis_Surname MEETEIS' SURNAME By: - Thokchom Angouyaima (Doren)]</ref> Keeping their respective names in the middle. The suffix name part is the one differing from males to females.

'''In females''', the suffix name part is made either by the gender identification or marital status identification like "Chanu". After getting married, the females changed their suffix part to "Leima", adding the term "Ningol" just after her paternal surname and by adding "Ongbi" after her husband's surname completes her full name.

Examples :

A female [[Meitei people|Meitei]] having the name ''Leishna'' with ''Khaidem'' as her paternal ''Yumnak'' will have her full name, before getting married, as per the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] custom as,
* Khaidem Leishna Chanu
After getting married, assuming, she married ''Narumbam Sanathoi Angomcha'', noting that ''Narumbam'' is her husband's surname, ''Sanathoi'' is her husband's name and Angom is her husband's [[Salai Taret|Salai]]/Clan name. Then, her full name as per the Meitei custom will be changed as,
* Khaidem Ningol Narumbam Ongbi Leishna Leima
NOTE : The females don't carry their Salai/Clan name because the Salai/Clan system is a [[patrilineality]] one.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.imphaltimes.com/it-articles/item/6551-marriage-it-s-rules-and-practices-in-meitei-society|title=MARRIAGE- It’s Rules and Practices in Meitei Society - Imphal Times|last=Times|first=Imphal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824035819/http://www.imphaltimes.com/it-articles/item/6551-marriage-it-s-rules-and-practices-in-meitei-society|archive-date=2016-08-24|url-status=dead|language=en-gb}}</ref>

'''In males''', the suffix is made either by the name of their respective ''Salai'' or gender identification like "Meitei/Meetei" for males. And sometimes by adding "cha" to their respective ''Salai'' or Clan name. "Cha" meaning "child".

Examples: A male [[Meitei people|Meitei]] having the name ''Ahenba'' with 'sougrakpam'' as ''Yumnak,'' and noting that 'sougrakpam'' surname belongs to ''Mangang'' clan, will have his full name as per the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] custom as,
*Sougrakpam Ahenba Mangang or
*Sougrankpam Ahenba Meitei or
*Sougrakpam Ahenba Meetei or
*Sougrakpam Ahenba Mangangcha

Through these Yumnaks, the [[genealogy]] of Meitei can be traced.

==See also==
*[[History of Manipur]]
*[[Kakching Khunou]]
*[[Meitei people]]
*[[Indian name]]

==References==
<references />

==Further reading==
*[http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=opinion_home&oid=25 KOUBA ANGANGNGA was neither PANGAL MAR nor PANGAL.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060429003943/http://mastec.nic.in/religionmanipur.htm Infotechnology]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110831004552/http://thesangaiexpress.manipur.us/2007/04/03/Others/Articles.htm OBC in Manipur — III, the Sangai Express, 29 August 2009.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110831004734/http://thesangaiexpress.manipur.us/2007/10/27/Others/Articles.htm Chieftainship among the Meiteis & Mizos - VII, the Sangai Express, 27 October 2009]
*[http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=kshow&kid=136&Idoc_Session=adf863a431da5eac4fc6190659c338ea What's in a name? By: Huidrom Kenajit]
*[http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=kshow&kid=701&Idoc_Session=17deef474e9f53ba3af10c108dba4741 Beyond the Margins, Book Preview By: Akendra Sana]
*[http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=kshow&kid=232& Use of Imported Titles Misleading Manipuri Culture? By: KO]
*[https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/070691967X Feminism in a traditional society: women of the Manipur Valley by Manjusri Chaki-Sircar, 1984.]
*[http://www.abebooks.co.uk/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=1281809861&searchurl=isbn%3D9788185094823 Valley society of Manipur: a cultural frontier of Indian civilization by Ranajit Kumar Saha, 1994.]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=XScmdGvMf7IC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Manipur by Hamlet Bareh, 2001.]
*[http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.Chieftainship_among_Meiteis_Mizos.Chieftainship_among_Meiteis_Mizos_7 Chieftainship among the Meiteis & Mizos by Dr. (Mrs.) Priyadarshni M Gangte]
*[http://khuman.services.officelive.com/Yumnakstory.aspx Yumnak Story]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2787995.pdf Note on the Manipuri "Yek" by Lieut-Colonel J. Shakespear, CIE., D.S.O.]
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1255647.pdf The Religion of Manipur by J. Shakespear, Folklore, Vol. 24, No. 4 December 1913, pp. 409–455, Taylor & Francis, Ltd.]

[[Category:Meitei language]]
[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Indian families]]

Yumnak - Revision history

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