Svetlqer at 05:41, 28 May 2024

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{{Infobox book
| name = Yadgar-i-Bahaduri
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| editor = Bahadur Singh
| orig_lang_code = fa
| translator =
| country = [[Mughal Empire]]
| language = [[Persian language|Persian]]
| subject = geography, history, science, art
| genre = non-fiction
| published = 1834
| publisher =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
}}
'''''Yadgar-i-Bahaduri''''' ({{lit|The Memorial of Bahadur}}) is an Indian [[Persian language]] [[encyclopaedia]] of history, geography, science and art. Edited by Bahadur Singh, it was completed in 1834 CE in [[Lucknow]].

== Authorship and date ==

Bahadur Singh was originally a resident of Gondiwal [[pargana]] in [[Shahjahanabad]] (otherwise known as [[Old Delhi]]). He was the son of Hazari Mal, who belonged to [[Bhatnagar]] clan of the [[Kayastha]] [[Caste system in India|caste]]. He mentions that he was forced to leave Shahjahanbad due to circumstances, and arrived in [[Lucknow]] in 1817, under "great distress". At that time, Lucknow was ruled by [[Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar Shah|Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar]]. At Lucknow, Bahadur Singh read several [[Hindustani language|Hindi]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] language works on history. He was inspired to write a connected history based on all these works. He finished the work on the first day of [[Ramadan|Ramazan]] in 1249 [[Hijri year|A.H.]] (12 January 1834 CE).<ref>{{cite book |editor=Arvind Krishna Mehrotra |title=The Last Bungalow: Writings on Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DRuAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-310118-5 |page=48 }}</ref>

Bahadur Singh states that he has only copied content from other books, and organized it into an encyclopedia. But according to [[Charles Pierre Henri Rieu|Charles Rieu]] he evidently added original content, especially on the later history of [[Awadh]] and [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]].<ref name="CR_1879">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/gri_33125008986370#page/n51/mode/2up/search/Lachhmi |title=Catalogue of the Persian manuscripts in the British museum |volume=3 |author=Charles Rieu |author-link=Charles Pierre Henri Rieu |publisher=British Museum |location=London |year=1879 |pages=897–899 }}</ref> The detailed account of the [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawabs of Awadh]], their families and their ministers is unique to this encyclopedia among other contemporary works.<ref name="HME_1877"/>

For some reason, Bahadur Singh strongly resented [[Kashmiri people]]. In his book, Singh describes rape and murder of [[Kashmiri Hindu]]s by Muslims over the centuries. He states that under [[Aurangzeb]]'s rule, the total weight of [[upanayana|sacred threads]] collected from Hindus forcibly converted to Islam was 10 ''[[seer (unit)|seer]]''s. He further states that many of these later converted back to Hinduism. Singh's account does not aim to present Muslims as savages, rather to present Kashmiris as a group more degraded than [[mleccha]]s because of their illegitimacy. He urges other people to not only avoid Kashmiris, but destroy them. According to [[Christopher Bayly]], as a lowly clerk, he was envious of the success of his Kashmiri rivals. [[Henry Miers Elliot]] suggests that he might have lost a job to a Kashmiri.<ref name="HME_1877">{{cite book |author=Henry Miers Elliot |editor=John Dowson |title=The History of India, as told by its own historians: The Muhammadan Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNQ6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA417 |year=1877 |publisher=Trübner and Company |pages=417–425}}</ref><ref name="BaylyBayly1996">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Alan Bayly |author2=C. A. Bayly |title=Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bqEzPPp8xIC&pg=PA27 |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66360-1 |page=28 }}</ref>

== Contents ==

The encyclopedia is divided into 4 books (''Sanihah''), which are further sub-divided into chapters (''dastan'').<ref name="CR_1879"/><ref name="HME_1877"/>

=== Book I ===

Information on [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophets]] from [[Adam]] to [[Muhammad]].

=== Book II ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# The early [[Caliph|Khalifas]]
# [[The Twelve Imams]]
# The [[Umayyad Caliphate|Ummayads]]
# The [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]]
# The [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ilis]] of [[Egypt]] and [[Quhistan|Kuhistan]], and [[Qarmatians]]
# The [[Sayyid dynasty|royal Sayyids]]
# The [[Sharif of Mecca|Sharifs of Mecca]] and Medina
}}

=== Book III ===

# Philosophers of the world
#* Greece and Europe (including [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] and [[Copernicus]])
#* Persia and India
#* Others (early Muslims and modern physicians)
# [[List of Sahabah|Companions of Muhammad]]
# Their successors ([[Tabi‘un]] and Tubba')
# [[Sheikh|Shaikh]]s of four types
## [[Sunni]]s
## [[Shia]]s
## Sufis of Iran (mainly copied from ''Nafahat-ul-Uns'')
## Hindu theosophists, devotees and their [[Hindu denominations|sects]]
# [[Ulama]]
# Poets and miscellaneous{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
#* Arab poets
#* Persian poets
#* [[Persian calligraphy|Different kinds of handwriting]]
#* [[Rekhta]] poets of India
#* Rules of versification (metre, rhyme, and poetical figures)
#* [[Physiognomy]]
#* [[Dream interpretation|Interpretation of dreams]]
#* [[Pranayama|Breath regulation]] as practised by Hindus
#* Astrology and astrologers
#* Music of Hindustan
#* Agriculture ("the best of all the arts")
#* Architecture / Masonry
#* [[Ironmongery]]
#* Carpentry
#* Commerce
#* Painting
#* [[Talisman]]s
#* Magic
#* Handicrafts of various descriptions, including cookery
#* Wise sayings, witticisms and anecdotes}}
# Celebrated Muslims not included in earlier sections

=== Book IV ===

This book begins with an introduction (''mukaddimah'') of the [[Old World]] and the [[New World]].

* The seven [[clime]]s
* Countries and cities of the world:
** Muslim world
** Europe
** India, including separate accounts of the Mughal [[subah (country subdivision)|subahs]] (provinces){{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*** [[Agra]]
*** [[Awadh]]
*** [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daultabad]]
*** [[Khandesh]]
*** [[Berar Subah|Berar]]
*** [[Malwa Subah|Malwa]]
*** [[Ajmer]]
*** [[Gujarat]]
*** [[Thatta]]
*** [[Multan]]
*** [[Kabul]]
*** [[Kandahar]]
*** [[Kashmir]]
*** [[Allahabad]]
*** [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
*** [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]}}
* Islands of the world (including [[England]])
* [[Americas]]

The introduction is followed by 8 chapters (''fasl''s):

# Kings of Iran{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
#* Early kings
#* Kings of [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom|Sistan]]
#* [[Saffarid dynasty|Saffaris]]
#* Kings of Tabistan
#* [[Tahirid dynasty|Tahiris]]
#* Dailamis
#* [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavis]]
#* [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuq]]s of Iran and [[Kerman Province|Kirman]]
#* [[Atabeg|Atabaks]] of Azarbaijan, Pars, and Luristan
#* [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghuris]]
#* [[Qara Khitai]]s of Kirman
#* [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanis]]
#* [[Kurt dynasty|Kurts]]
#* [[Sarbadars]]
#* [[Injuids|Injus]]
#* [[Muzaffarids (Iran)|Muzaffaris]]
#* [[Timur]] and his successors
#* Rulers of [[Shirvanshah|Shirvan]] and [[Dagestan]]
#* Zulkadr
#* [[Kara Koyunlu]]s and [[Ag Qoyunlu]]s
#* [[Safavid dynasty|Safavis]]
#* [[Ghilzai]]s
#* [[Afshar people|Afshars]] ([[Nader Shah]] to [[Karim Khan]])
#* [[Durrani dynasty|Abdalis]] (till [[Shahzada Kamran Durrani|Kamran Shah]])
#* [[Zand dynasty|Zands]] and [[Qajar dynasty|Kajars]] (till [[Fath-Ali Shah Qajar|Fath-Ali Shah]])}}
# Kings of the Arabs{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
#* [[Adites]]
#* Kings of [[List of kings of Babylon|Babylon]] and [[List of Assyrian kings|Assyria]]
#* [[Himyarite Kingdom|Himyaris]] and [[Ghassanids|Ghassanis]]
#* [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinians]]
#* [[Qarmatians|Karmatites]]
#* [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubis]] of Yemen
#* [[Hamdanid dynasty|Hamdanis]]}}
# Greek and Romans {{sic}}
#* [[Sultanate of Rum|Seljuks of Rum]]
#* [[Ottoman dynasty|Osmanlis]]
# Rulers of Egypt and Sham (Syria)
#* [[Pharaoh]]s and [[Kings of Israel and Judah family tree|kings of Israel]]
#* [[Ikhshidid dynasty|Ikhshidis]]
#* [[List of Seljuk rulers in Syria (1076–1117)|Seljuks]] and [[Atabeg|Atabaks]] of Syria
#* [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubis]] and [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]]
# [[Maghreb]]
#* Seventeen dynasties, from the [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Umayyads]] of Spain to the Sharifs of Pez
# Sultans of Turkistan{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
#* Early kings
#* [[Chingiz Khan]]
#* Descendants of [[Jochi|Juji]]
#* Descendants of [[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]]
#* [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanis]], and [[Chobanids|Chupanis]]
#* Tughatimuris
#* [[Samanid Empire|Samanis]]
#* [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Khans]] of Turkistan, [[Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan|Bughra Khan]] and others
#* [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazmian]]s
#* [[Timur]] and his successors
#* [[Uzbek people|Uzbeks]] in [[Turan]], [[Khwarezm]], and [[Badakhshan]]}}
# Kings of Europe
#* Creeds, manners, and institutions of the Europeans
#* including the [[Company rule in India|British in India]], their army, administration of justice, revenue, learning
# Rulers of Hindustan: its different provinces and inhabitants{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
#* [[Hindu caste system|Hindu castes]], [[Hindu law|laws]], ceremonies, manners, and mythology ([[dashavatara|avatars]])
#* Early [[Raja]]s
#* [[Rajputs]]
#* [[Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquest]]
#* [[Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)|Slaves of the Ghuris]]
#* [[Khalji dynasty|Khaljis]]
#* [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlukshahis]]
#* [[Sayyid dynasty|Khizirkhanis]]
#* [[Lodi dynasty|Lodis]]
#* [[Sur Empire|Surs]]
#* [[Timurid dynasty|Timurids]], from Babar to the accession of Akbar II
#* [[Malwa Subah|Malwa]]
#* [[Deccan]]
#* [[Khandesh]]
#* Samaris of Malivar ([[Malabar region|Malabar]])
#* [[Ormus|Hurmuz]]
#* [[Mysore State|Mysore]]
#* [[Vijayanagar Empire|Bijanagar]]
#* [[Maratha empire|Marathas]]
#* [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams of Hyderabad]]
#* [[Gujarat]]
#* [[Ajmer State|Ajmer]], [[Rajput]]s, and [[Bharatpur State|Jats]]
#* [[Thatta]]
#* [[Lahore]]
#* [[Kashmir]]
#* [[Tibet]]
#* [[Kabul]]
#* [[Bengal]]
#* [[Benares]]
#* [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]]
#* Early rulers of [[Awadh]], including [[Rama]]
#* [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawabs of Awadh]] from [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Ali Khan]] to the time of composition
#* Rules of conduct and useful advice to kings and [[vizier|vazirs]]}}

== Translations ==

[[Munshi Sadasukh Lal]] partially translated ''Yadgar-i-Bahaduri'' into English. This translation appears in [[Henry Miers Elliot]]'s ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians|History of India]]''.<ref name="CR_1879"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1834 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Persian encyclopedias]]
[[Category:19th-century encyclopedias]]

Yadgar-i-Bahaduri - Revision history

Svetlqer at 05:41, 28 May 2024