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{{Short description|1939 Hindi poetry collection by Mahadevi Varma}}
{{AI-generated|date=April 2026|reason=fall 2025 edits and possibly back to version 1, note [[WP:AISIGNS]] - superficial analyses, vocab distro typical of LLM text etc}}
{{infobox book
| name = Yāmā
| title_orig = यामा
| translator =
| image = Yāmā_(poetry_collection)_cover.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Mahadevi Varma]]
| illustrator = Mahadevi Varma
| cover_artist =
| country = [[British India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| orig_lang_code = hi
| pub_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1939}}
| series =
| genre = [[Poem]]
| publisher = Kitabistan and Bharati Bhandar (former); Lokbharti Prakashan (current)
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]])
| pages = 236
| awards = [[Jnanpith Award|Jñānapīṭh Award]]
| isbn = 8180313069
| isbn_note = (2008 edition)
| congress =
| dewey =
| oclc =
| preceded_by =
| native_wikisource =
}}
{{Italic title}}
'''Yama''' ({{langx|hi|यामा|translit={{transliteration|hi|ISO|Yāmā}}}}) is a Hindi [[poetry]] collection composed by [[Mahadevi Varma]]. It compiles poems from her four earlier collections and was first published in 1939. The collection also contains several [[paintings]], and [[line art]]s created by the poet herself.

Influenced by [[Bhakti movement|devotional]] and [[Mysticism|mystical]] traditions, the collection is characterized by [[Introspection|introspective depth]], [[emotion|emotional nuance]], and a [[Contemplation|contemplative]], philosophical style. For this work, Varma was presented with India's highest [[Literary award|literary honor]]—the [[Jnanpith Award|Jñānapīṭh Award]] for 1982—at a ceremony held in 1983. Selected poems from the collection have been set to [[Indian classical music|classical]] and [[Semi-classical music|contemporary]] music and translated into [[English language|English]] and several [[Languages of India|Indian languages]].

==Content==
The title ''Yāmā'' is derived from the feminine plural of ''yām'', a term referring to the four divisions of either the [[daytime]] or the [[night]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Śrī Bhajana-rahasya: The Deep Secrets of Bhajana |year=2003 |publisher=Spectrum Printing Press Pvt. Ltd. |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-1-63316-170-2 |lccn=2018908477 |page=431}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Turner |first=Ralph Lilley |date=1969–1985 |title=A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=y%C4%81%CC%81ma&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact|location=London |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> The choice of title is symbolic, reflecting the poetic phases across the poet's four previous works — Nīhār (''Mist,'' 1930), Raśmi (''A Ray of Light,'' 1932), Nīrajā (''Blossomed Lotus,'' 1933), and Sāndhyagīt (''Twilight Song,'' 1936).<ref>{{cite web |title=''Mahadevi Varma: Indian writer and activist'' |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahadevi-Varma |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Nīhār se lekar Sāndhyagīt tak kā sajīva varṇan – Yāmā Kāvyasaṅgrah''|website=Aryavi|author=Aryavi|url=https://www.aryavi.com/yama-by-mahadevi-verma |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref> In the [[preface]] to the book, the poet states:
{{blockquote
|Yāmā contains the shadow play of the four phases (yām) of my inner world. Whether these belong to the daytime or the night—this is not impossible for me to determine, but it is certainly difficult. If they are of the day, they did not tire my heart with toil to the point of yearning for rest; and if they are of the night, they did not allow me to lose my faith in the darkness. Therefore, to me, their value is equal—and shall always remain so. (English translation)<ref>{{cite book
| title = Yāmā
| year = 1939
| publisher = Kitabistan
| author = [[Mahadevi Varma]]
| location = [[Allahabad]]
| page = i
| contribution = Preface
}}
</ref>{{efn|यामा में मेरे अन्तर्जगत् के चार यामों का छायाचित्र है। ये याम दिन के हैं या रात के यह कहना मेरे लिए असम्भव नहीं तो कठिन अवश्य है। यदि ये दिन के हैं तो इन्होंने मेरे हृदय को श्रम से क्लान्त बना कर विश्राम के लिए आकुल नहीं बनाया और यदि रात के हैं तो इन्होंने अन्धकार में मेरे विश्वास को खोने नहीं दिया अतएव मेरे निकट इनका मूल्य समान है और समान ही रहेगा।}}
}}
The collection comprises 185 [[lyric poetry|lyric poems]] in total, drawing 47 from Nīhār, 35 from Raśmi, 58 from Nīrajā, and 45 from Sāndhyagīt.<ref>{{cite conference
| last = Rao
| first = Mythili P.
| title = From Poetess to Mystic – Mahadevi Verma
| book-title = The Asian Conference on Literature & Librarianship 2011: Official Conference Proceedings
| page = 63
| publisher = [[The International Academic Forum|IAFOR]]
| location = Osaka, Japan
| year = 2011
| issn = 2186-2281
}}</ref> Some early editions of Yāmā also included [[tipped-in page]]s featuring [[Book illustration|illustrations]] created by the poet herself, reflecting the stylistic influence of the [[Bengal School of Art]].<ref>{{cite news |title=''Poet's visual expression''|last1=Das |first1=Soumitra |last2=Dey |first2=Sreyoshi |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Showli |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |publisher=[[ABP Group]] |date=5 May 2013 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/poet-s-visual-expression/cid/1287164 |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dinkar |first=Niharika |title=Empires of Light: Vision, Visibility and Power in Colonial India|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |page=5 |date=19 September 2019 |isbn=9781526139641 |doi=10.7765/9781526139641}}</ref> Additionally, the imprints by Kitabistan featured an introductory poem that combined a [[Wash (visual arts)|wash-style]] painting with Varma's handwritten text; this poem was omitted in later editions and other compilations of her work.<ref>{{cite book
| title = Mahadevi
| author = Doodhnath Singh
| author-link = Doodhnath Singh
| publisher = Rajkamal Prakashan
| location = New Delhi
| year = 2009
| page = 117
| isbn = 978-81-267-1753-8
}}</ref> The current edition by Lokbharti Prakashan contains only a reduced selection of 63 poems from the complete volume and excludes all artwork.<ref>{{cite book
| title = Yāmā
| author = Mahadevi Varma
| author-link = Mahadevi Varma
| publisher = Lokbharti Prakashan
| location = Prayagraj
| year = 2008
| isbn = 978-81-8031-306-6
}}</ref>

==Themes==
The collection reflects the central themes of [[Chhayavad]], the literary movement to which Varma is attributed to. It explores motifs such as separation, yearning, [[Existentialism|existential melancholy]], [[Absolute (philosophy)|divine beloved]], [[Nature writing|bond with nature]], and the pursuit of [[Divine embodiment|spiritual transcendence]].<ref>{{cite web |title=''Rebel with a pause'' |last=Mukherjee |first=P. |date=26 March 2012 |website=Kindle Magazine |url=https://kindlemag.in/rebel-with-a-pause-the-rugged-landscape-of-mahadevi-verma/ |access-date=9 August 2025 |publisher=Kindle}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=''Rebel with a cause'' |last=Kumar |first=Kuldeep |date=6 April 2018 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/rebel-with-a-cause/article23446939.ece |access-date=9 August 2025 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The collection traces the evolving stages of the poet's emotional journey and poetic expression, moving from a state of [[Wonder (emotion)|wonder]], [[confusion]], and turmoil to one of [[contemplation]], [[Self-reflection|reflection]], and ultimately, a serene acceptance of [[pleasure]] and [[Sorrow (emotion)|sorrow]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Schomer |first=Karine |date=1983 |title=Mahadevi Verma and the Chhayavad Age of Modern Hindi Poetry |url=https://archive.org/details/mahadevivarmachh0000scho|publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-04255-1 |pages=284–287|url-access=registration |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mishra |first=Rajendra |title=Mahādevī kā Racanā-Saṃsār |publisher=Takshila Prakashan |year=2007 |isbn=9788179651346 |pages=158–170}}</ref>

==Analysis==
{{Quote box
|align=left
|quoted=true
|bgcolor=#d2e7fc
|salign=right
|quote =<poem>'''Devanagari'''
प्रिय मैं सीमा की गोदपली,
पर हूँ असीम से खेली भी!

'''Transliteration'''
Priya main sīmā kī godpalī,
par hū̃ asīm se kheli bhī!

'''Translation'''
Dear one, I was cradled in the lap of limitation,
But I have also played with the limitless.</poem>
|source=from ''Nīrajā''<ref>{{cite web |title=Playing with the Limitless: Mahadevi Verma's Poetry |url=https://daakvaak.com/postcards/playing-with-the-limitless-mahadevi-vermas-poetry |date=19 October 2024 |website=Daak Vaak }}</ref>}}
Literary critic, [[Ramchandra Shukla|Acharya Ramchandra Shukla]], noted that the sorrow of separation from an unseen beloved evokes a rich spectrum of emotions. He admired the lyrical brilliance of the poetry, highlighting Varma's unmatched ability to craft songs that combined refined language, profound emotional resonance, and a distinctive expressive power. While acknowledging her poetic achievements, Shukla also reflected on whether the deeply personal and seemingly otherworldly emotions in her work arose from lived experience or were the product of poetic imagination.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hindi Sahitya Ka Itihas |last=Shukla |first=Ramchandra |publisher=[[Nagari Pracharini Sabha]] |year=1942 |pages=719–720 |language=hi}}</ref>

[[Nand Dulare Bajpai]] observes that Varma's poetry draws significantly from the [[Bhakti movement|devotional]] and [[Mysticism|mystical]] traditions, particularly the saguṇa-sākāra mode—worship of the absolute with form. He characterizes her style as [[introspection|introspective]] and emotionally refined. Her poetic strength lies in her ability to express [[spirituality|spiritual]] sorrow subtly, though he also notes that her use of abstract [[imagery]] can, at times, lead to [[Hermeticism (poetry)|obscurity]]. Drawing comparisons to poets such as [[Meera]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]], Bajpai highlights Varma's restraint, [[Philosophy and literature|philosophical]] tone, and meditative quality as distinctive features of her work.<ref>{{cite book
| title = Mahadevi Varma: Kāvya, Kalā, Jīvan aur Darśan
| editor = Shachirani Gurtu
| chapter = ''Yāmā kā darśanik ādhār''
| author = Nand Dulāre Bājpai
| author-link = Nand Dulare Bajpai
| publisher = Atmaram and Sons
| location = New Delhi
| year = 1951
| pages = 205–224
| url = https://ia801406.us.archive.org/34/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.545162/2015.545162.Mhadevi-.pdf
| access-date = 1 August 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last=Gupt| first=Jagadish|author-link=Jagdish Gupt| title=Mahadevi Varma| series=[[Makers of Indian Literature|Bhāratīya Sāhitya ke Nirmātā]]| publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]| year=2024| language=Hindi| pages=33–54| isbn=978-81-7201-474-2}}</ref>

[[David Rubin (writer)|David Rubin]], an American author and translator, observed Varma as the most elusive among the Chhayavadi poets{{efn|The other prominent poets of Chhayavad are [[Jaishankar Prasad]], [[Suryakant Tripathi|Suryakant Tripathi ''Nirala'']] and [[Sumitranandan Pant]].}} and also the most challenging to translate, since the meaning in her work is inseparably bound to its subtle and allusive musicality. In her poetry, music itself becomes a vehicle of meaning, distinguishing her use of themes and images from that of the early Bhakti poets. Her writings, therefore, require from readers not only considerable patience but also an almost ecstatic immersion.<ref name="Rubin">{{cite book |title=The Return of Sarasvati: Four Hindi Poets |translator=David Rubin|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998|pages=131–132|isbn=9780195643695}}</ref>

==Reception==
[[File:Mahadevi Varma receiving the Gyanpeeth Award.jpg|thumb|Varma receiving the Jñānapīṭh Award|275px]]
The [[Bharatiya Jnanpith|Bhāratīya Jñānapīṭh]] on the occasion of [[Guru Purnima]] observed on July 24, 1983, announced Mahadevi Varma as the recipient of the 18th (1982) [[Jnanpith Award|Jñānapīṭh Award]].{{efn|The Jñānapīṭh Award is attributed to a particular year, but it is announced—and often presented—the following year.}} Shortly after the announcement, in an interview broadcast on [[All India Radio|Akashvani (AIR)]] with [[Agyeya]], she expressed:
{{blockquote
|That which is offered belongs to [[Sarasvati]] and is dedicated only at her feet. To consider it one's own, or to attribute it to a person, is a kind of mistake. We can only be intermediaries. This is an offering at the feet of Sarasvati, and it is also the offering of those who have appreciated the work. (English translation)<ref>{{cite web |title=''1982 - Ek Mulakat II Mahadevi Verma''|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWv5YFl-xYE&t=104s|website=youtube.com|publisher=[[All India Radio]]|date= 26 March 2021| access-date= 3 Aug 2025|time=1:44|language=hi |format=video}}</ref>{{efn|जो अर्पित किया जाता है वह तो सरस्वती का है और सरस्वती के चरणों में ही निवेदित है। उसे अपना समझ लेना, व्यक्ति का समझ लेना एक तरह की भूल होती है। हम केवल मध्यस्थ हो सकते हैं। सरस्वती के चरणों में यह निवेदन है और जिन्हें कृति अच्छी लगी होगी उनका भी निवेदन है।}}}}

That year, the criterion for awarding moved away from honoring a single work. Although Yāmā is a single volume, it was recognized more as a representative collection reflecting Mahadevi Varma's literary contribution than as one standalone creation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jnanpith Award |website=Bharatiya Jnanpith |url=https://www.jnanpith.net/award.html?id=3&title=jnanpith |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref>{{efn|Statement from the official website "The rule has been slightly revised since the 18th Award. The entire contributions of an author for Indian Literature are taken into account for the award."}}

The award was presented on November 28, 1983, by the then British Prime Minister, [[Margaret Thatcher]], who recited translated excerpts from Varma's poem ''Us Pār'' during the ceremony.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document%2F105480? | title=''Speech at presentation of Jnanpith Literary Award'' | publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation |date=28 November 1983 | access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref> The ceremony was also attended by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], who was serving as India's [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] at the time and was also the Chairman of the Jñānapīṭh Selection Board.<ref>{{cite news |last=Muray |first=Leo |date=29 November 1983 |title=''Andropov makes contact'' |newspaper=[[Liverpool Daily Post]]|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005474/19831129/012/0012 |location=England |access-date=8 August 2025 |url-access=subscription}}
</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gangwar |first=M.D. |title=''Sāhitya kā abhāv, bārbartā kā paryāy''|magazine=[[Dinaman|Dinmān]] |editor=Kanhaiyalal Nandan |date=1982 |pages=11–15}}</ref> Varma donated the entire prize money of ₹1,50,000 to a fund she had established for the welfare of indigent writers and their families.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Singh |first=Tejeshwar |date=5 November 1983 |title=''Letter from New Delhi'' |magazine=[[The Bookseller]]|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005089/19831105/071/0021 |location=England |access-date=8 August 2025 |url-access=subscription}}
</ref><ref name="honour">{{cite news |last1=Thapliyal |first1=Shreya |title=''Poet, writer, educator, feminist — Mahadevi Varma continues to inspire'' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/poet-writer-educator-feminist-mahadevi-varma-continues-inspire-1502683373.html |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=11 September 2018 }}</ref>

==Legacy==
Several poems from Yāmā have been musically interpreted in both [[Semi-classical music|light]] and [[Indian Classical Music|classical]] forms.<ref>{{cite web |last=Menon |first=Sadanand |title=''The magic of musical transmission'' |website=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/ |date=14 June 2013 |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref> In the 1970s, a selection of some poems was set to music by [[Jaidev]] and rendered by [[Asha Bhosle]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Manohar |title=''Outstanding Music Director Jaidev: A Mine of Talent that Remained Underexploited'' |website=Times of India Blogs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/manufocus/outstanding-music-director-jaidev-a-mine-of-talent-that-remained-underexploited-10855/ |date=22 March 2020 |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref> The television channel [[DD Sahyadri]] aired a series titled Madhurima, one episode of which was devoted to a musical rendition of Varma's poetry.<ref>{{cite web
| title = ''Suranjali (Tribute to Jaidev)''
| url = https://www.qobuz.com/us-en/album/suranjali-asha-bhosle/l2cqc4c2ufxnc
| website = Qobuz
| publisher = Sony Music India – 550 Music
| date = 1 January 1993
| access-date = 15 September 2025
| others = Main artist: Asha Bhosle
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Asha unhappy with India release of Grammy album''|website=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/asha-unhappy-with-india-release-of-grammy-album/story-WoaxQdgmx2mulPhpkhDUNP.html |author=Hindustan Times |date=10 January 2006 |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref> [[Dhrupad]] vocalists [[Ramakant Gundecha|Ramakant]] and [[Umakant Gundecha]] have also composed and performed select poems from the collection.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Gundecha Brothers – ''Dhrupad Vocal Raga Bilaskhani Todi''
| url = https://www.discogs.com/release/12323639-Gundecha-Brothers-Dhrupad-Vocal-Raga-Bilaskhani-Todi
| website = Discogs
| publisher = Sundaram Records
| format = CD, Album
| year = 2006
| location = India
| others = SR-CD-5-2006
| access-date = 15 September 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Ramanavi Celebration – Gundecha Brothers, Dhrupad Singers'' |website=Yale Institute of Sacred Music |url=https://ism.yale.edu/events/ramanavi-celebration-gundecha-brothers-dhrupad-singers |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref> Additionally, contemporary poet [[Kumar Vishwas]] included songs from Yāmā in his musical album [[Tarpan (TV series)|Tarpan]], a derivative of his biographical series [[Mahakavi (TV series)|Mahakavi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/mahakavi-episode-5-incredible-story-of-modern-meera-mahadevi-varma-457501|title=''Mahakavi-Episode 5: Incredible story of 'modern Meera' Mahadevi Varma''|publisher=Abpnews.abplive.in|date=4 July 2016|accessdate=6 August 2025}}</ref> An overview of such musical settings is given in the following table.
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: center;" | Section
! style="text-align: center;" | Poem
! style="text-align: center;" | Album
! style="text-align: center;" | Composer(s)
! style="text-align: center;" | Singer(s)
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Nīhār
| ''Jo tum aa jate ek baar''
| Suranjali, [[Tarpan (TV series)|Tarpan]]
| [[Jaidev]], [[Kumar Vishwas]]
| [[Asha Bhosle]], Ankisha Srivastava
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | Raśmi
| ''Kaise unko paun aali''
| Suranjali, Trikon ka chautha kon
| Jaidev
| Asha Bhosle, [[Chhaya Ganguly]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="6" | Nīrajā
| ''Vasant Rajani''
| Tarpan
| Kumar Vishwas
| Kumar Vishwas
|-
| ''Kaun tum mere hriday mein''
| Madhurima
| [[Ravindra Jain]]
| [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]]
|-
| ''Been bhi hoon main''
| Tarpan
| Kumar Vishwas
| Ankisha Srivastava
|-
| ''Madhur madhur mere deepak jal''
| Suranjali
| Jaidev
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| ''Mukhar pik haule bol''
| Suranjali
| Jaidev
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| ''Tum so jao main gaun''
| Suranjali
| Jaidev
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="4" | Sāndhyagīt
| ''Priya! sandhygagan''
| Madhurima
| Ravindra Jain
| Hemlata
|-
| ''Shoonya mandir''
| Madhurima
| Ravindra Jain
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| ''Main neer bhari''
| Dhrupad album, Tarpan
| [[Gundecha Brothers]], Kumar Vishwas
| Gundecha Brothers, Ankisha Srivastava
|-
| ''Jaag tujhko door jana''
| Madhurima
| Ravindra Jain
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
|}

==Translations==
Selections from Yāmā were translated into English by L. S. Sinha and published in 1987 by [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Selected Poems |translator=L. S. Sinha |year=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zU1R0AEACAAJ |publisher=[[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]] |location=India |language=English}}</ref> Additional English translations by the American writer [[David Rubin (author)|David Rubin]] appeared in two notable anthologies: ''The Return of Sarasvati: Four Hindi Poets'' (1998) and ''Of Love and War: A Chhayavad Anthology'' (2005), both issued by [[Oxford University Press]].<ref name="Rubin" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Of Love and War: A Chhayavad Anthology |translator=David Rubin |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195675320}}</ref>

In addition to English translations, several poems from Yāmā have also been translated into Indian languages. A [[Bengali language|Bangla]] translation by [[Ujjal Singha]], titled ''Mahadevi Racanā-Saṃcayan'', was published in 2014 by the [[Sahitya Akademi]]. This collection includes selections from ''Yāmā'' as well as a few of her prose essays and memoirs.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mahādevī Racanā-Saṃcayan |translator=Ujjal Singha |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=2014 |isbn=9788126045198 |pages=276}}</ref> A [[Telugu language|Telugu]] compilation, ''Mahadevi Varma Gītalu'', rendered by [[:te:చాగంటి తులసి|Chaganti Tulasi]], was published in 2015 by Chaso Sphurti Publications.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mahadevi Verma Geetalu |translator=Chaganti Tulasi |year=2015 |publisher=Chaso Sphurti|pages=154|isbn=978-93-5235-935-6}}</ref> In [[Odia language|Odia]], a translation by Niharika Mallick, ''Mahādebī Barmāṅka Nirbācita Kabitā'', was released in 2022 by Anubad Sahitya Parisad.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mahādebī Barmāṅka Nirbācita Kabitā |translator=Niharika Mallick |year=2022 |publisher=Anubad Sahitya Parisad|pages=86|isbn=978-8194950691}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Symbolism (movement)|Symbolism]]
*[[Deepshikha]]
*[[Hindi literature]]
*[[List of Hindi poets]]
*[[Ram Ki Shakti Puja]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book| last=Varma| first=Mahadevi| title=Political Essays on Women, Culture, and Nation|year=2010| editor=Anita Anantharam| translator=Neera K. Sohoni|publisher=[[Cambria Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3CgKqpJmBcC|isbn=9781621968801}}

==External links==
* {{Google books|id=xeiIQMq3heMC}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1930s poetry books]]
[[Category:1939 poetry books]]
[[Category:Asian literature]]
[[Category:Hindi-language literature]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Jnanpith Award–winning works]]
[[Category:Indian poetry collections]]
[[Category:Poetry books by year]]
[[Category:South Asian literature]]
[[Category:Poetry collections]]

Yāmā (poetry collection) - Revision history

Heriberto60T at 16:02, 13 April 2026