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{{Short description|Bill proposing to reserve a minimum of 33% seats for women in Parliament (2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{distinguish|Women's Reservation Bill (2010)}}
{{Infobox legislation
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| imagesize = 150
| long_title = The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023
| territorial_extent = *All Lok Sabha constituencies
*All State Legislative Assembly constituencies
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_enacted = 20 September 2023
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_enacted2 = 21 September 2023
| date_of_expiry = 15 years after enactment
| bill_history_url = https://sansad.in/getFile/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/PassedLoksabha/124_2023_ls_Eng9212023103148AM.pdf?source=legislation
| bill = Women's Reservation Bill
| introduced_by = [[Minister of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]], [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
| date_introduced = 19 September 2023
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| passed = 20 September 2023
| passed_for = 454
| passed_against = 2
| passed_abstention = 0
| bill2 =
| date_introduced2 = 20 September 2023
| passed2 = 21 September 2023
| passed2_for = 214
| passed2_against = 0
| passed2_abstention = 0
| summary = To reserve, as nearly as maybe, 33 percent of seats for women in Loksabha and state assemblies.
| keywords = Women reservation, 33 percent reservation
| status = pending assent
}}
{{Constitution of India}}

'''Women's Reservation Bill 2023''', officially the '''The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023''', also called the ''Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam'' Bill, is a bill introduced in the Parliament of India.<ref name="SJdh">{{cite news |last1=Joy |first1=Shemin |title=Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam: Top takeaways from the Women's Reservation Bill |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/nari-shakti-vandan-adhiniyam-top-takeaways-from-the-womens-reservation-bill-2692636 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> This Women's Reservation Bill was introduced in [[Lok Sabha]] on 19 September 2023 during the [[Special session of the Parliament of India|special session of Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/womens-reservation-bill-imperfect-but-important-8949050/|title=Women’s reservation Bill – imperfect but important}}</ref> This legislation seeks to allocate 33 percent of the seats in the directly elected [[Lok Sabha]] and [[State legislative assemblies of India|state legislative assemblies]] for women.<ref>{{cite news |title='God has given me the opportunity', says PM Modi as women quota bill tabled in LS |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/womens-reservation-bill-to-be-tabled-in-lok-sabha-at-3-pm-today-101695109480855.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

The bill is the possible culmination of a legislative debate that had been ongoing for 27 years, including the lapsed [[Women's Reservation Bill (2010)]], due to the lack of consensus among political parties. The bill was the first that was considered in the new parliament building.<ref>{{cite news |title=Parliament special session: Govt introduces women's reservation bill in LS |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/govt-lists-women-s-reservation-bill-for-introduction-in-lok-sabha-123091900443_1.html |access-date=19 September 2023 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> On 20 September 2023, Lok Sabha passed the bill with 454 votes in favour and two against.<ref name="IN_votes_third_seats_for_women">{{cite Q|Q122735230|url-status=live}}</ref> The Rajya Sabha passed the bill unanimously with 214 votes in favour and none against, on 21 September 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/women-reservation-bill-in-20-states-uts-less-than-10-mlas-are-female-data/article67338512.ece|title=Women Reservation Bill: In 20 States & UTs less than 10% MLAs are female}}</ref> This has made it clear that the reservation will come into force soon after the first delimitation (frozen till 2026).

==History==
On 9 December 1946, the inaugural session of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] was convened at the Constitution Hall, presently the Central Hall of the [[Old Parliament House]]. Notably, [[Sarojini Naidu]] was the only woman in the entire gathering, sitting in the first row of attendees facing the presidential dais. The matter of quota for women was previously deliberated upon in the years 1996, 1997, and 1998; however, it was unable to be pursued further due to the dissolution of Lok Sabhas or the absence of consensus among political parties. In recent decades, there has been growing apprehension regarding the underrepresentation of women in legislative bodies, despite their constituting more than half of the global population. This democratic deficiency poses a significant hindrance to the attainment of rapid economic development. Consequently, it becomes increasingly imperative to accord utmost importance to this issue, aiming to fortify a political decision-making process that is participatory, responsive, inclusive, equitable, and accountable. The implementation of the Women Reservation Bill, also known as the Constitution 108th Amendment Bill of 2008, is imperative for the contemporary Indian society. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Kalpana |title=Women-led development and the Women’s Reservation Bill |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-insight/governance/womenled-development-and-the-women-s-reservation-bill-101695272982499.html |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

This legislation has encountered six unsuccessful attempts to get cleared since its initial introduction in 1996. Former Chief Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] in 2010 had suggested the Women Reservation Bill should not be enacted due to its potential implication of encouraging male parliamentarians to engage in wolf-whistling towards their female colleagues.<ref name="aj20sep23">{{cite news |title=India’s lower house votes to reserve a third of seats for women |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/20/indias-lower-house-votes-to-reserve-a-third-of-seats-for-women |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Statistics==
The 2023 composition of the Lok Sabha reveals underrepresentation of women Members of Parliament (MPs), constituting less than 15 percent of its members. Similarly, this gender disparity is stronger in state assemblies including [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]], [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]], [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]], [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]], [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]], [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]], [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]], [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]], [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]], [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]], [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]], [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]], [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]] and [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]], where the representation of women falls below 10 percent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Women's Reservation Bill: Pending for almost three decades for want of unanimity |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/womens-reservation-bill-pending-for-almost-three-decades-for-want-of-unanimity-2690179 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The presence of female MPs in the Lok Sabha has exhibited a gradual enhancement, progressing from a mere 5% in the [[1st Lok Sabha]] to an increase of 14% in the current [[17th Lok Sabha]]. A total of 716 female candidates participated in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]], from which 78 women [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of Parliament]] have been successfully elected to serve in the 17th Lok Sabha. This is about a quarter higher than for the previous election in 2014, where 62 women MPs were elected.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of the newly elected 17th Lok Sabha |url=https://prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/vital-stats/profile-of-the-newly-elected-17th-lok-sabha |website=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=20 September 2023}}</ref>

The bill introduced by the [[Minister of Law and Justice (India)|Union Minister of Law and Justice]] [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]] on the day-one of business in the newly built ''[[Sansad Bhavan]]'' aims to increase the number of Women Parliamentarians to 181.<ref>{{cite news |title=NDA officially tables women’s reservation bill in Parliament |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/sep/19/nda-officially-tables-womens-reservation-bill-in-parliament-2616272.html |access-date=19 September 2023 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The 2023 [[Lok Sabha]] comprises a total of 542 members, of which 78 are female members. Similarly, the present [[Rajya Sabha]] consists of 224 members, with 24 being female members. A total of 102 women parliamentarians are serving as of 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Women in Parliament - Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs |url=https://www.mpa.gov.in/sites/default/files/Women%20in%20Parliament_0.pdf |access-date=20 September 2023}}</ref>

On 20 September 2023, [[Home Minister (India)|Union Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]] informed during the discussion on the Women's Reservation Bill that census and the delimitation exercise will take place after the Lok Sabha elections in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/amit-shah-census-delimitation-exercise-women-reservation-bill-lok-sabha-parliament-2438277-2023-09-20|title=Census, delimitation exercise after election: Amit Shah on women’s quota bill}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/census-a-must-for-womens-reservation-bill-to-become-reality/article67322993.ece|title=Census a must for women’s reservation Bill to become reality}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/womens-reservation-bill-will-be-implemented-only-after-2029-amit-shah/article67327038.ece|title=Women’s reservation Bill will be implemented only after 2029: Amit Shah}}</ref>

==Provisions==
The proposed legislation defines the 33% women reservation to continue for 15 years. Additionally, it mandates that a quota for individuals belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] be established within the reserved seats designated for women in Parliament and Legislative assembly.<ref name="wion5TA">{{cite news |title=India: 5 key takeaways from Women's Reservation Bill aka 'Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam' |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/india-5-key-takeaways-from-womens-reservation-bill-aka-nari-shakti-vandan-adhiniyam-637652 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=WION |language=en-us}}</ref>

==Implementation==
The reservation was defined to be implemented once a new census is published and the delimitation exercise is completed. Union Home Minister Amit Shah said in the House that a census will be carried out to implement the women's reservation bill, right after the elections. He also said that the next government will carry out the delimitation soon after the 2024 Lok Sabha polls, brushing aside the apprehensions of a delay in the bill's implementation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census, delimitation exercise after election: Amit Shah on women’s quota bill |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/amit-shah-census-delimitation-exercise-women-reservation-bill-lok-sabha-parliament-2438277-2023-09-20 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>. The process of delimitation entails the revision of constituency boundaries pertaining to Lok Sabha and State Assemblies, with the aim of accurately reflecting increase in population distribution. To be fully ratified, the bill needs ratification from a minimum of 50% of the states. The constitutional reasoning for requiring ratification by the states is its potential impact of the bill on the rights of states.<ref name="wion5TA" />

==Parliamentary Debates==

===Lok Sabha===
On the day 2 of Special Session, the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in his inaugural speech at New ''Sansad Bhavan'' emphasized the importance of women-led development. Shedding light on the extensive debates and considerations within the Parliament regarding the reservation of women, he disclosed that the initial bill addressing this matter was first presented as the 81st Constitutional Amendment Bill in 1996 during Janata Dal-led United Front government tenure of [[H. D. Deve Gowda]].<ref name="PMaddress">{{cite web |title=PM addresses Lok Sabha in New Parliament Building |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-addresses-lok-sabha-in-new-parliament-building/ |website=pmindia.gov.in |access-date=22 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=T A |first1=Johnson |title=Long before his govt’s Bill failed in LS, Deve Gowda took measures to boost women representation in state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/deve-gowda-took-measures-to-boost-women-representation-in-state-8947161/ |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> PM further revealed that it had been introduced multiple times during the tenure of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], yet regrettably failed to amass the necessary numerical support to transform the aspirations of women into tangible reality. In light of the increasing involvement of women across various sectors, the PM underscored the significance of incorporating more women into the realm of policy-making, thereby amplifying their contributions to the nation building. On this momentous occasion, he asked the members to facilitate greater access to opportunities for women in the parliamentary democracy. Referring to this One Hundred and Twenty-Eighth Amendment in Indian Constitution, he unveiled '''Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam''' as a measure to enhance the robustness of India's democratic system by increasing the involvement of women in policy-making.<ref name="PMaddress" />

Law Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal explicitly articulated the primary objective of the this Women's Reservation Bill as the empowerment of women. Furthermore, he urged the fellow parliamentarians to refrain from politicizing the issue at hand. [[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Sonia Gandhi]] asked for prompt execution with immediate effect. She claimed the Women's Reservation Bill was [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s "dream". [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s [[Nishikant Dubey]] highlighted the sustained efforts of [[Geeta Mukherjee]] and [[Sushma Swaraj]] on this matter in the past. [[Tamil Nadu]]'s [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] leader [[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]] remarked against identifying this Bill with Bharatiya Janata Party and questioned the consensus building measures. [[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]] of [[Trinamool Congress]] in [[West Bengal]] inquired on delimitation process. Congress's [[Rahul Gandhi]] demanded immediate implementation and stated he would have "liked to see OBC reservation in this Bill". [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] [[Amit Shah]] expressed hope to pass the Bill unopposed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha unanimously passes historic Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam 2023 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/lok-sabha-unanimously-passes-nari-shakti-vandan-adhiniyam-2023-123092001110_1.html |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> He said that while certain political parties may view women empowerment as a strategic political objective, the Modi administration perceives it as a matter of acknowledgement and validation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation, Shri Amit Shah participates in the discussion on Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam in the Lok Sabha today |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1959212 |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=pib.gov.in}}</ref> [[All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] opposed the Bill. [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] and [[Imtiyaz Jaleel]] voted against the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam due to non-availability of quota for representation of Muslim women and OBC candidates.<ref>{{cite news |title='We voted against so that…': Asaduddin Owaisi on women’s quota bill |url=https://www.siasat.com/we-voted-against-so-that-asaduddin-owaisi-on-womens-quota-bill-2701595/ |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=The Siasat Daily}}</ref>

Leader of Opposition and Lok Sabha Member of Parliament [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] claimed the Women's Reservation Bill was first proposed by Sonia Gandhi. He said it was the UPA which demanded the bill to be initiated and passed immediately. Sonia Gandhi responded with "apna hai" (it's ours) remark.<ref>{{cite news |last1=News Desk |first1=India |title=Women’s Reservation Bill is ‘ours’, says Sonia Gandhi |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/womens-reservation-bill-is-ours-says-sonia-gandhi/3247947/ |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=Financialexpress |date=19 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===Rajya Sabha===
The Finance Minister, [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] spelled out on the implementation of the bill. She explained that a delimitation exercise will be conducted once the initial census has been completed and the relevant population figures have been obtained. Following this exercise, the reservation will be granted. [[Kapil Sibal]] sought assurance from government on implementation by 2029. [[Vandana Chavan]] from [[Nationalist Congress Party]] raised concern on delayed implementation and wanted it to be effective by 2024 General Elections.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajya Sabha passes Women's Reservation Bill after 11-hour debate |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/rajya-sabha-passes-womens-reservation-bill-after-11-hour-debate-11695315854092.html |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=mint |date=21 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Trinamool Congress]] MP [[Derek O'Brien (politician)|Derek O'Brien]] also demanded early implementation of Women's Reservation Bill while highlighted the absence of women chief ministers in BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] ruled states.<ref>{{cite news |title=Not 1 Woman Chief Minister In 16 NDA States: Derek O'Brien On Women's Quota |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/not-1-woman-chief-minister-in-16-nda-states-derek-obrien-on-womens-quota-4410744 |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> [[Priyanka Chaturvedi]] from [[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] also questioned the delayed implementation. [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] MP [[Elamaram Kareem]] called this legislation as "election gimmick" of the BJP. [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] of [[Indian National Congress]] criticized the waiting till delimitation is completed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Implement women’s bill at the earliest: Kharge |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/implement-women-s-bill-at-the-earliestkharge-101695322861919.html |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s [[J P Nadda]] and [[Sushil Modi]] responded to the Opposition demand of OBC quota in the reservation. [[Saroj Pandey]] from BJP expressed her regret that the Opposition is scrutinizing the timing and purpose of the bill's introduction.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joy |first1=Shemin |title=J P Nadda dismisses Opposition's claims on women's quota bill |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/j-p-nadda-dismisses-oppositions-claims-on-womens-quota-bill-2696055 |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The bill was passed unanimously on 21 September 2023 in the Upper House after a 11-hour debate, a day after it was passed in the Lower House. No Member of Parliament abstained during the voting conducted by the [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] which saw 100% votes in favour. Prime Minister Modi was present in the Rajya Sabha during the vote.<ref>{{cite news |title=Women’s reservation Bill gets Parliament seal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/womens-bill-gets-parliament-seal-33-per-cent-quota-for-women-in-lok-sabha-state-assemblies-set-to-become-law-8950720/ |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Reactions==
Parliamentarians of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] proposed an unsuccessful amendment to the bill with the aim of facilitating the implementation of women's reservation in the year 2024. [[M. Thambidurai]] of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] in an expression of contentment conveyed his satisfaction on passage of this women's reservation bill. He further emphasized his personal connection to this development, as he had previously introduced this bill during his tenure as the law minister in the Union government led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee. While [[Dola Sen]] of TMC and Dr. [[Sukanta Majumdar]] of BJP in West Bengal welcomed the legislation, [[Bihar]] CM [[Nitish Kumar]] questioned the delayed implementation. [[Swami Prasad Maurya]] from [[Samajwadi Party]] termed the bill as 'flawed' because there was no reservation for OBC women. Chief Minister of [[Haryana]], [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] expressed that the opposition is remorseful for their inability to introduce the women's reservation bill, whereas Prime Minister Narendra Modi has successfully accomplished this task in the form of ''Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam''. [[Rajasthan]] CM [[Ashok Gehlot]] praised his party Chairperson and reiterated that this bill has been a long-standing aspiration of former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi which is finally set to be realized after a two decades effort by Sonia Gandhi.<ref name="n18">{{cite news |last1=Live |first1=Updates |title=Special Parliament Session: Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha Adjourned Sine Die - News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/india/parliament-live-updates-special-session-womens-reservation-bill-quota-rajya-sabha-pm-modi-lok-sabha-livenews-8585596.html |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=news18.com |date=21 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Shama Mohamed]], the Congress spokesperson, attributed the passing of bill to the victory of her party as she claimed it was Congress which gave India its first woman PM, first woman President and first woman Speaker in Parliament.<ref name="aj23">{{cite news |title=Indian gov’t presents bill to reserve a third of parliament seats for women |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/19/indian-govt-presents-bill-to-reserve-a-third-of-parliament-seats-for-women |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Calling the legislation as a 'trickery', [[Yogendra Yadav]] asserted that implementation of women's reservation in Indian politics is not expected to occur until the year 2039.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Yogendra |title=Why India won't see women's reservation in effect until 2039—it's about trickery |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/why-india-wont-see-womens-reservation-in-effect-until-2039-its-about-trickery/1771836/ |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=ThePrint}}</ref>

[[Smriti Irani]] remarked the opposition has been laid bare and the Congress is intentionally misleading the nation. [[Kiren Rijiju]] said it requires that political leaders refrain from engaging in criticism of the women's reservation bill, and instead, extend their unwavering support towards its implementation. Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressed his appreciation for the contributions made by all members and political parties towards the advancement of women and the promotion of ''nari shakti''. He extended his gratitude to every leader present in the House for their comprehensive deliberation on the women's reservation bill.<ref name="n18" />

===Criticism===
Critics of this legislation argue that the reservation of seats exclusively for women would primarily favor educated and urban women, consequently neglecting the underprivileged rural women belonging to marginalized castes. Conversely, proponents of this bill assert that the opposition from leaders of these political parties stems from patriarchal tendencies, as they apprehend a potential loss of power to women if a significant portion of seats is allocated to them.<ref name="aj23" />

Political parties; [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], [[Samajwadi Party]], and [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] have criticised the bill as it does not have provision for reserved seats for OBC and Minorities women, which seeks to ensure equal representation for OBC and Minorities women. As the absence of quota for OBC and minorities would make it more difficult for the marginalised women to raise their voices in the Parliament.<ref>https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/why-obc-quota-in-womens-bill-is-a-problem-546212</ref><ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/obc-winds-change-bill-set-to-sail-through-rajya-sabha-8949117/</ref><ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/national/no-quota-for-obc-minorities-will-women-reservation-bill-let-the-subaltern-speak--news-319355</ref>

==See also==
* [[Women's political participation in India]]
* [[Women's Reservation Bill (2010)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Parliament of India}}
{{Law}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Parliament of India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:National legislatures|India]]
[[Category:Government of India]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:2023 in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]

Women's Reservation Bill 2023 - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Creating a new article