Willoughby Cotton - Revision history

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	{{Short description\|British Army general}}		{{Short description\|British Army general}}
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	{{EngvarB\|date=January ~~2022~~}}		{{EngvarB\|date=January 2020}}
	{{Infobox military person		{{Infobox military person
	\|name = Sir Willoughby Cotton		\|name = Sir Willoughby Cotton
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	Cotton was deployed to the Iberian Peninsula in April 1809, where he served as Adjutant-General to the [[Light Division]] under [[Brigadier General\|Brigadier-General]] [[Robert Craufurd]]. Cotton was present throughout the retreat to the [[lines of Torres Vedras]] and subsequent advance, seeing action at the [[Battle of the Côa\|Battle of Côa]]. On 12 June 1811 he attained the rank of [[Lieutenant Colonel (United Kingdom)\|Lieutenant-Colonel]] in the Third Guards and then returned to England in August. Cotton returned to the Peninsula in April 1813 and was involved in the Capture of Burgos on 10–12 June,<ref name=Challis/> which is different from the unsuccessful [[Siege of Burgos]] in 1812. He was then present at the decisive battles of [[Battle of Vittoria\|Vittoria]] on 21 June 1813 and [[Battle of Nive\|Nive]] on 9–13 December. Cotton then served in France, commanding the [[Light Division]] during the [[Battle of Orthez\|Passage of Adour]] on 23 February 1814. He was involved in the [[Battle of Bayonne\|Siege of Bayonne]] and commanded the piquets of the Second Brigade of Guards on the night of the [[Battle of Bayonne\|French Sortie]], 14 April 1814.<ref name="Philippart, J., 364-365"/> It was during the French sortie that, according to the writings of fellow Guards officer [[Rees Howell Gronow\|Captain Gronow]], Cotton was taken prisoner.<ref name=Gronow/> He "escaped by giving up his watch and all the money” on him, receiving a beating for “the smallness of the sum." Cotton returned to England with the First Battalion of the Third Guards in April 1814, but returned to France in June 1815 due to the loss of Second Battalion Officers at the [[Battle of Waterloo]].<ref name="Philippart, J., 364-365"/>		Cotton was deployed to the Iberian Peninsula in April 1809, where he served as Adjutant-General to the [[Light Division]] under [[Brigadier General\|Brigadier-General]] [[Robert Craufurd]]. Cotton was present throughout the retreat to the [[lines of Torres Vedras]] and subsequent advance, seeing action at the [[Battle of the Côa\|Battle of Côa]]. On 12 June 1811 he attained the rank of [[Lieutenant Colonel (United Kingdom)\|Lieutenant-Colonel]] in the Third Guards and then returned to England in August. Cotton returned to the Peninsula in April 1813 and was involved in the Capture of Burgos on 10–12 June,<ref name=Challis/> which is different from the unsuccessful [[Siege of Burgos]] in 1812. He was then present at the decisive battles of [[Battle of Vittoria\|Vittoria]] on 21 June 1813 and [[Battle of Nive\|Nive]] on 9–13 December. Cotton then served in France, commanding the [[Light Division]] during the [[Battle of Orthez\|Passage of Adour]] on 23 February 1814. He was involved in the [[Battle of Bayonne\|Siege of Bayonne]] and commanded the piquets of the Second Brigade of Guards on the night of the [[Battle of Bayonne\|French Sortie]], 14 April 1814.<ref name="Philippart, J., 364-365"/> It was during the French sortie that, according to the writings of fellow Guards officer [[Rees Howell Gronow\|Captain Gronow]], Cotton was taken prisoner.<ref name=Gronow/> He "escaped by giving up his watch and all the money” on him, receiving a beating for “the smallness of the sum." Cotton returned to England with the First Battalion of the Third Guards in April 1814, but returned to France in June 1815 due to the loss of Second Battalion Officers at the [[Battle of Waterloo]].<ref name="Philippart, J., 364-365"/>

	During his career, Cotton played major roles in the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] in 1824 to 1826, the [[Baptist War\|1831–32 slave revolt in Jamaica]] and the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] from 1839 to 1842. He became the [[List of Governors of Plymouth\|Lieutenant-Governor of Plymouth]] and General Officer Commanding [[Western District (British Army)\|Western District]] in 1835<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.combermere-restoration.co.uk/1500s-to-present-day/\|title=The (Almost) Complete Cotton Family Tree\|publisher=Combermere Abbey\|access-date=4 December ~~2022~~}}</ref> and was [[Commander-in-chief]] of the [[Bombay Army]] from April 1847 until he retired in December 1850<ref name=IndiaOffice/> and was invested as a [[Order of the Bath\|Knight Grand Cross, Order of the Bath]].<ref name="burke"/> He was also groom of the bedchamber to the Duke of Gloucester.<ref name=Lodge/>		During his career, Cotton played major roles in the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] in 1824 to 1826, the [[Baptist War\|1831–32 slave revolt in Jamaica]] and the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] from 1839 to 1842. He became the [[List of Governors of Plymouth\|Lieutenant-Governor of Plymouth]] and General Officer Commanding [[Western District (British Army)\|Western District]] in 1835<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.combermere-restoration.co.uk/1500s-to-present-day/\|title=The (Almost) Complete Cotton Family Tree\|publisher=Combermere Abbey\|access-date=4 December 2015}}</ref> and was [[Commander-in-chief]] of the [[Bombay Army]] from April 1847 until he retired in December 1850<ref name=IndiaOffice/> and was invested as a [[Order of the Bath\|Knight Grand Cross, Order of the Bath]].<ref name="burke"/> He was also groom of the bedchamber to the Duke of Gloucester.<ref name=Lodge/>

	==References==		==References==

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{{Short description|British Army general}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
|name = Sir Willoughby Cotton
|image = Willoughby Cotton.JPG
|caption = Sir Willoughby Cotton, by [[James Atkinson (Persian scholar)|James Atkinson]]
|birth_date = 1783
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1860|5|4|1783|5|4}}
|allegiance = {{UK}}
|branch = [[British Army]]
|serviceyears = 1798–1854
|rank = [[Lieutenant General (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]]
|commands =The forces in Jamaica (1829–1834) [[Western District (British Army)|Western District]] (1835–1840) [[Bombay Army]] (1847–1850)
|battles= [[Peninsular War]], [[Hundred Days|Waterloo Campaign]], [[First Anglo–Burmese War]], [[Baptist War|Great Jamaican Slave Revolt]], [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]
|awards = [[Royal Guelphic Order|Knight Commander, Hanover Order]] [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] [[Military General Service Medal]] with 3 Clasps (Burgos, Vittoria, Nive) [[Army of India Medal]] with AVA clasp [[Ghuznee Medal]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]] [[Order of the Dooranee Empire]] }}

[[Lieutenant General]] '''Sir Willoughby Cotton''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCB|KCH}} (1783 – 4 May 1860) was a British soldier.

==Family==
Willoughby Cotton was born in 1783, to Vice-Admiral Rowland Cotton and Elizabeth Aston. They also had a daughter, Sydney Arabella Cotton. Rowland Cotton was from a well-established Chester family, was the second son of [[Sir Lynch Cotton, 4th Baronet]], while Elizabeth was the eldest daughter of Sir Willoughby Aston, 5th Baronet Aston, of Aston, Chester.<ref name="burke">{{cite book |title= [[Burke's Peerage|Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood]]|publisher=Burke's Peerage & Gentry |editor= Mosley, Charles |editor-link=Charles Mosley (genealogist) |edition=107 |year= 2003 |page= 871 |ref=Burke |isbn=0-9711966-2-1}}</ref>

Cotton married Lady Augusta Maria Coventry on 16 May 1806 in Marylebone, London. They had three children together, Augusta Mary Cotton, Willoughby Cotton and Maj.-Gen. Corbet Cotton.<ref name="burke"/>

==School years==
Willoughby Cotton entered [[Rugby School]] at the age of 12 in 1795.<ref name=Temple/> Cotton, aged 14, was a ringleader in the "[[1797 Rugby School Rebellion|Great Rebellion]]" of November 1797.<ref name=Rose/> Aggrieved by the attitude of the Head Master, Dr. Henry Ingles (1794–1806), following the breaking of a window, students blew his classroom door off with gunpowder and followed this by burning desks and books<ref>{{cite book|first=A.J.|last=Smithers|title=Honorable Conquests: An account of the enduring work of the Royal Engineers throughout the Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPHNAwAAQBAJ|year=1998|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-1532-2|page=45}}</ref> upon the close, before retreating to the Island (a Bronze Age burial mound surrounded by a moat). Ingles called in the local militia, whereupon the [[Riot Act]] was read and the Island taken. Soldiers stole round to the rear, and wading across the moat, drawn sword in hand, took the whole party prisoner. Cotton was among the students to be expelled as a result of this confrontation.

==Military career==
Cotton entered the Third Guards (renamed the [[Scots Guards]] in 1831) as an [[Ensign (rank)|Ensign]] in the First Battalion, on 31 October 1798. He quickly gained his Lieutenancy, on 25 November 1799 and took part in [[William Cathcart, 1st Earl Cathcart|Lord Cathcart]]'s [[Hanover Expedition]] in 1805. The 1st Battalion and Cotton were also involved in the 1807 [[Copenhagen Expedition]], again commanded by Lord Cathcart. Cotton was appointed [[Adjutant-General]] to the reserve under the Command of [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] (soon to become the Duke of Wellington) and was involved in the [[Battle of Køge]] on 29 August 1807.<ref name=Hart/>

Cotton was deployed to the Iberian Peninsula in April 1809, where he served as Adjutant-General to the [[Light Division]] under [[Brigadier General|Brigadier-General]] [[Robert Craufurd]]. Cotton was present throughout the retreat to the [[lines of Torres Vedras]] and subsequent advance, seeing action at the [[Battle of the Côa|Battle of Côa]]. On 12 June 1811 he attained the rank of [[Lieutenant Colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-Colonel]] in the Third Guards and then returned to England in August. Cotton returned to the Peninsula in April 1813 and was involved in the Capture of Burgos on 10–12 June,<ref name=Challis/> which is different from the unsuccessful [[Siege of Burgos]] in 1812. He was then present at the decisive battles of [[Battle of Vittoria|Vittoria]] on 21 June 1813 and [[Battle of Nive|Nive]] on 9–13 December. Cotton then served in France, commanding the [[Light Division]] during the [[Battle of Orthez|Passage of Adour]] on 23 February 1814. He was involved in the [[Battle of Bayonne|Siege of Bayonne]] and commanded the piquets of the Second Brigade of Guards on the night of the [[Battle of Bayonne|French Sortie]], 14 April 1814.<ref name="Philippart, J., 364-365"/> It was during the French sortie that, according to the writings of fellow Guards officer [[Rees Howell Gronow|Captain Gronow]], Cotton was taken prisoner.<ref name=Gronow/> He "escaped by giving up his watch and all the money” on him, receiving a beating for “the smallness of the sum." Cotton returned to England with the First Battalion of the Third Guards in April 1814, but returned to France in June 1815 due to the loss of Second Battalion Officers at the [[Battle of Waterloo]].<ref name="Philippart, J., 364-365"/>

During his career, Cotton played major roles in the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] in 1824 to 1826, the [[Baptist War|1831–32 slave revolt in Jamaica]] and the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] from 1839 to 1842. He became the [[List of Governors of Plymouth|Lieutenant-Governor of Plymouth]] and General Officer Commanding [[Western District (British Army)|Western District]] in 1835<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.combermere-restoration.co.uk/1500s-to-present-day/|title=The (Almost) Complete Cotton Family Tree|publisher=Combermere Abbey|access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> and was [[Commander-in-chief]] of the [[Bombay Army]] from April 1847 until he retired in December 1850<ref name=IndiaOffice/> and was invested as a [[Order of the Bath|Knight Grand Cross, Order of the Bath]].<ref name="burke"/> He was also groom of the bedchamber to the Duke of Gloucester.<ref name=Lodge/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Challis>Challis, L. S. ''[http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/GreatBritain/Challis/Images151-200/173.pdf Peninsula Roll Call]'' Unpublished. [[Royal United Services Institute]], 1949.</ref>

<ref name=Gronow>[[Rees Howell Gronow|Gronow, R. H.]] ''[https://archive.org/details/reminiscencesca01grongoog Reminiscences of Captain Gronow]''. London: Smith, Elder & co., 1862, p. 16.</ref>

<ref name=Hart>Hart, H. G. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yegNAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover The new army list and militia list]'' London: John Murray, 1855, p. 83.</ref>

<ref name=IndiaOffice>The [[India Office]] ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=toc The India list and India Office list for 1905]''. London: Harrison and sons, 1905, p. 117.</ref>

<ref name=Lodge>Lodge, E. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=n4kUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117 The peerage of the British Empire]''. (2nd Ed) London: Saunders and Otley, 1833, p. 117</ref>

<ref name="Philippart, J., 364-365">Philippart, J. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6wfkfcTRIgwC&printsec=frontcover The royal military calendar or army service and commission book]'' Vol. 4 (3rd Ed) London: A. J. Valpy, 1820, pp. 364–365.</ref>

<ref name=Rose>Rouse, W. H. D. ''[http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081625000 A History of Rugby School]''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1898, pp. 182–185.</ref>

<ref name=Temple>[[Frederick Temple|Temple, F.]] ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=57MHAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover Rugby School Register: from 1675 to 1867 inclusive]''. London: Whittaker and Co., 1867, p. 47.</ref>

}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Cameron (1773–1844)|Sir John Cameron]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Western District (British Army)|GOC Western District]]|years=1835–1840}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Robert Ellice]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Sir Thomas McMahon, 2nd Baronet|Sir Thomas McMahon]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Bombay Army|C-in-C, Bombay Army]]|years=1847–1850}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Grey (British Army officer)|Sir John Grey]]}}
|-
{{s-bef| before = Sir [[Richard Armstrong (British Army officer)|Richard Armstrong]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = Colonel of the [[32nd (Cornwall) Regiment of Foot]]
| years = 1854–1860 }}
{{s-aft| after = Sir [[John Eardley Wilmot Inglis]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{Anglo-Afghan War}}{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cotton, Willoughby}}
[[Category:1783 births]]
[[Category:1860 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:Commanders-in-chief of Bombay]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army generals]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the First Anglo-Burmese War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the First Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:People educated at Rugby School]]