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{{Short description|Persona invented for Operation Mincemeat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
[[File:Major Martin.jpg|thumb|Identity card of Major William Martin, Royal Marines]]
Major '''William Martin''' was a persona invented by British Military Intelligence for [[Operation Mincemeat]], the Second World War [[Disinformation|deception plan]] that lured German forces to [[Greece]] prior to the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]]. Also known as "'''the man who never was'''", Martin's personal details were created to lend credence to the scheme, which involved a body, dressed as a British officer and carrying secret documents, to wash up on shores of neutral Spain, apparently the victim of an air crash. It was intended that these documents, containing information that suggested an Allied assault on Greece was planned, should fall into the hands of German intelligence.

The identity of the body employed as Major Martin was kept secret during and after the war, and was the source of some speculation. The body was identified in 1996 as that of '''Glyndwr Michael''', a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] homeless man, and recognised as such by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]].

==Operation Mincemeat==
[[File:Glyndwr Michael.jpg|thumb|Corpse of "William Martin", prepared for release into the water]]
{{main article|Operation Mincemeat}}
The aim of Operation Mincemeat was to allow documents pertaining to Allied operations in the Mediterranean to fall into the hands of German Military Intelligence, to mislead them regarding the target of the intended invasion of southern Europe. In order to convince the Germans of the veracity of the documents, it was decided they would be on the body of a Marine officer, which would also carry documents and personal items attesting to his identity.
Finding a usable [[cadaver]] had been difficult, as indiscreet inquiries would cause talk, and it was impossible to tell a dead man's next of kin what the body was wanted for. A suitable body was identified, and considerable effort was made to create Martin's persona: identity card and discs, personal letters, a photograph of a fiancée, St. Christopher medal, some bills and theatre tickets.<ref>Montagu pp. 75–78</ref>

On 30 April 1943, [[Norman Jewell|Lt. Norman Jewell]], captain of the submarine HMS ''[[HMS Seraph (P219)|Seraph]]'', read the [[39th Psalm]], and "Martin"'s body was gently pushed into the sea where the tide, aided by the push of the submarine's propellers, would bring it ashore off [[Huelva]] on the Spanish Atlantic coast.<ref>Montagu pp. 104–109</ref>

Attached to Martin's body was a briefcase containing secret documents that had been fabricated by the [[MI5|British Security Service]]. The purpose was to make German intelligence (which was known to have operatives in Huelva) think he had been a courier delivering documents to a British general. The documents were crafted to deceive the Germans into thinking that the British were preparing to invade [[Axis occupation of Greece|Greece]] and [[Sardinia]], rather than [[Sicily]].

Martin's body was picked up by a fisherman and, as planned, the documents he was carrying found their way into the hands of German Intelligence. The operation was judged a success, as the invasion of Sicily was accomplished more easily and quickly than its planners had expected.

==Identity==
===Ewen Montagu's account===
[[Ewen Montagu]], the officer in charge of Operation Mincemeat, was faced with the task of finding a body to give substance to the persona of William Martin. In this he was assisted by [[Bentley Purchase]], [[coroner]] of St Pancras District. Several different accounts of this have been given. In Montagu's book, [[The Man Who Never Was (book)|''The Man Who Never Was'']], written in 1953, he states that in 1942 there was no shortage of bodies, but none they felt they could take. He states that the body of a young man who had died of pneumonia was found, and that permission to use the body was given.<ref>Montagu, p. 30</ref> The body was released on the condition that the man's real identity would never be revealed.

However, historian Ben Macintyre states that the dead man's parents had died and no known relatives were found.<ref name=times>{{cite news| url= https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/operation-mincemeat-full-story-of-how-corpse-tricked-the-nazis-595sf9qgdm3| title=Operation Mincemeat: full story of how corpse tricked the Nazis |work=[[The Times]] |date=14 January 2010 |access-date = 22 July 2022|first=Ben |last=Macintyre}}</ref> Anna Pukas states that neither of Montagu's claims, that the man died from [[pneumonia]] and that the family had been contacted and permission obtained, were true.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.allbusiness.com/government/government-bodies-offices-government/13734274-1.html |title=The Real Man Who Never Was |first=Anna |last=Pukas |work=allbusiness.com |date=15 January 2010 |accessdate=23 February 2022}}</ref>

===Glyndwr Michael===
{{Infobox person
| name = Glyndwr Michael
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1909|01|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Aberbargoed]], [[Monmouthshire]], Wales
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1943|01|28|1909|01|04|df=y}}
| death_place = [[St Pancras Hospital]], London, England
| resting_place = Soledad cemetery, [[Huelva]], Spain
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Gardener
* labourer
}}
}}
Montagu stated that the body was released on the condition that the man's real identity would never be revealed. However, in 1996, Roger Morgan, an amateur historian from London, uncovered evidence in the [[Public Record Office]] that the identity of the corpse was a Welshman named Glyndwr Michael.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Morgan|first=Roger|date=November 1996|title=The Second World War's best kept secret revealed|journal=After the Battle|issue=94|pages=31–33}}</ref>

Michael was born in [[Aberbargoed]] in [[Monmouthshire (historic)|Monmouthshire]] in South [[Wales]]. Before leaving the town, he held part-time jobs as a gardener and labourer. His father Thomas, a coal miner, killed himself when Michael was 15, and his mother died when he was 31. Homeless, friendless, depressed, and with no money, Michael drifted to [[London]] where he lived on the streets.

Michael was found in an abandoned warehouse close to [[King's Cross, London|King's Cross]], seriously ill from ingesting [[rat poison]] that contained [[phosphorus]]. Two days later, he died at age 34 in [[St Pancras, London|St Pancras]] Hospital. His death may have been suicide, although he might have simply been hungry, as the poison he ingested was a paste smeared on bread crusts to attract rats.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Macintyre |first1=Ben |title=Operation Mincemeat: The True Spy Story that Changed the Course of World War II, Chapter 5 |year=2010 |url=https://archive.org/details/operationminceme0000maci |url-access=registration |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1408812587}}</ref>

After being ingested, [[phosphide]] reacts with [[hydrochloric acid]] in the [[stomach]], generating [[phosphine]], a highly toxic gas. Purchase explained, "This dose was not sufficient to kill him outright, and its only effect was to so impair the functioning of the [[liver]] that he died a little time afterwards". When Purchase obtained Michael's body, it was identified as being in suitable condition for a man who would appear to have floated ashore several days after having died at sea by [[hypothermia]] and [[drowning]].

===John Melville===
After the identification of Michael as Major Martin, doubts began to surface. It seemed odd that an operative as meticulous as Montagu would risk the success of the operation by using a body of a man neither physically fit (as might be expected of a Marine officer) nor having died in the manner suggested (drowned, or as a result of an air crash). Montagu formally states in his book that, in 1942, there was no shortage of bodies, but none they felt they could take.<ref>Montagu p. 29</ref> He also states that he feared they may have to steal a body ("do a [[Burke and Hare murders|Burke and Hare]]"), before the body of a young man who had died of pneumonia, and for whom permission to use the body was given, could be found.

From this Montagu dismissed the need for physical fitness ("he doesn't need to look like an officer – only a staff officer") and the difference in cause of death ("If a post mortem examination was made by someone who had formed the [[Confirmation bias|preconceived idea]] that the death was probably due to drowning there was little likelihood that the difference between this liquid, in lungs that had started to decompose, and sea water would be noticed").<ref>Montagu p. 31</ref>

However, in 2004 John and Noreen Steele suggested that Montagu resolved these objections by using the body of a serviceman, and pointed to the accidental loss of [[HMS Dasher (D37)|HMS ''Dasher'']] in the Clyde in March 1943, and the loss of 349 of her crew. They argued that such a person would be of military fitness (which Michael was not) and had died in a marine accident (as Michael had not); also that there would be little difficulty in obtaining identity papers and that the body would be considerably fresher than one that had been on ice for three months.<ref>John, Noreen Steele ''The Secrets of HMS Dasher'' {{Full citation needed|date=April 2022}}</ref>

The submarine designated for the mission was [[HMS Seraph (P219)|HMS ''Seraph'']], which departed from the Clyde on 19 May 1943. Before the mission set off from the Clyde, Montagu described having to drive from London with the body while a Scottish source for the body would have made this task easier.

The Steeles named the person whose body was used as John Melville; in recognition of this, in 2004 a memorial service was held on the present-day ''[[HMS Dasher (P280)|Dasher]]'', a patrol craft, at which John Melville's daughter was present.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/world/tribute-man-who-never-was-2479916 |title=Tribute for the man Who Never Was |date=13 October 2004 |journal=[[The Scotsman]]}}</ref> However the Royal Navy later said that there had been a mistake and that the crew had been given wrong information ahead of the service.<ref>{{Cite news |last=MacDonald |first=Stuart |date=17 January 2010 |title=MoD says Man Who Never Was wasn't who it thought |language=en |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mod-says-man-who-never-was-wasnt-who-it-thought-30llwdc6mj5 |access-date=1 May 2022 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref>

===Tom Martin===
Another investigation into the ''Dasher'' affair was published in 2003 by Colin Gribbons, drawing similar conclusions to the Steeles'. However, Gribbons identified the body used in Operation Mincemeat as that of yet another person, Tom Martin, a sailor who perished in the ''Dasher'' incident.<ref>Robert Jeffrey ''Scotland's Cruel Sea'' [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX8vBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT46&lpg=PT46&dq=%22the+man+who+never+was%22+John+Melville&source=bl&ots=hy6y8TfHEI&sig=ACfU3U0_FuGZd5uBX-tijW8zYa59uQ021Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjqzMz3mJvpAhVGY8AKHb6ZDHc4ChDoATADegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=%22the%20man%20who%20never%20was%22%20John%20Melville&f=false p.]</ref>

==Commemoration==
[[File:William Martin.jpg|thumb|alt=A large black marble memorial slab with flowers|Grave of "William Martin" (now identified as Glyndwr Michael) in [[Huelva]], Spain]]
The body was buried, with full military honours, as Major William Martin. His grave, No.1886, is in the San Marco section of the cemetery of Nuestra Señora, in [[Huelva]], Spain. The headstone reads:

<blockquote>William Martin, born 29 March 1907, died 24 April 1943, beloved son of John Glyndwr Martin and the late Antonia Martin of Cardiff, Wales, [[Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori|Dulce et Decorum est pro Patria Mori]], R.I.P.''<ref>The Latin phrase translates as "It is sweet and fitting to die for one's country."</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">[[Ben Macintyre]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=q6JAazB9nCwC&pg=PA266 Operation Mincemeat]; How a Dead Man and a Bizarre Plan Fooled the Nazis and Assured an Allied Victory, Harmony Books, Chapter 8</ref></blockquote>

In 1998, after the British Government identified the body as Glyndwr Michael, a new inscription was added to the gravestone:

<blockquote>Glyndwr Michael Served as Major William Martin, RM<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/search/certificate.aspx?casualty=4041661 |title=CWGC Certificate |work=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |year=2011 |accessdate=23 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615061830/http://www.cwgc.org/search/certificate.aspx?casualty=4041661 |archivedate=15 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00wllmb |title= Operation Mincemeat |work=[[BBC Two]] |year=2011 |accessdate=23 February 2022}}</ref></blockquote>

A plaque commemorating Glyndwr Michael has been added to the war memorial in [[Aberbargoed]]. It is headed {{lang|cy|Y Dyn Na Fu Erioed}} (translation – "The Man Who Never Was").

Glyndwr Michael has been commemorated on stage in [[Cardboard Citizens]]'s 2009 ''Mincemeat'' play<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Adrian|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/427744172|title=Mincemeat|date=2009|publisher=Oberon Books|others=Farhana Sheikh, Cardboard Citizens|isbn=978-1-84002-935-2|location=London|oclc=427744172}}</ref> and Spitlip's ''Operation Mincemeat'' musical,<ref>{{cite news|last=Curtis|first=Nick|date=19 January 2022|title=Operation Mincemeat review: a larky fringe hit with surprising depths|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/theatre/operation-mincemeat-musical-theatre-review-southwark-playhouse-b977504.html|access-date=29 January 2022|work = [[Evening Standard]]|location = London}}</ref> as well as on film in the 2021 production ''[[Operation Mincemeat (film)|Operation Mincemeat]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite book|last1=Montagu|first1=Ewen|title=The Man Who Never Was|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Great_Britain/_Topics/history/_Texts/MONMAN/home.html|year=1954|publisher=J. B. Lippincott Company|location=Philadelphia and New York}}
* {{Find a Grave|11237449|Glyndwr Michael}}
*[http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2086519/Huelva%20Roman%20Catholic%20Cemetery CWGC entry for "Nuestra Señora de la Soledad" Cemetery]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martin, William}}
[[Category:Operation Mincemeat]]
[[Category:British people of World War II]]
[[Category:Burials in Andalusia]]
[[Category:Nonexistent people]]
[[Category:Welsh people]]

William Martin (Royal Marines officer) - Revision history

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