William Linnæus Gardner - Revision history

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Moving from Category:People from New York (state) to Category:Military personnel from New York (state) using Cat-a-lot

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:56, 29 July 2023
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	'''William Linnæus Gardner''' (1770–1835), was an ~~[[Military officer\|~~officer]] in the Indian Army, known for raising [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)]] in 1809 and for his marriage to an Indian ~~Muslim Princess~~.		'''William Linnæus Gardner''' (1770–1835), was an officer in the British Indian Army, known for raising [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)]] in 1809 and for his marriage to an Muslim Indian princess.

	==Early life and family==		==Early life and family==
	William Linnaeus Gardner was born in 1770 to a prominent American ~~Loyalist~~ family in New York's Hudson Valley. He was the eldest son of Major Valentine Gardner (born 1739 in Ireland),<ref name="family"/> [[16th Foot]]. His father Major Valentine Gardner was the elder brother of [[Alan Gardner, 1st Baron Gardner]] and was with the 16th Foot, during its service in America from 1767 to 1782. Gardner's mother was his father's first wife, Aleda{{sfn\|Chichester\|1889}} (1747–1791), third daughter of Colonel [[Robert Livingston (1708–1790)\|Robert Livingston]] of [[Livingston Manor, New York]]<ref name="callendar">[http://www.robertsewell.ca/living7.html Livingston of Callendar: The Family of Robert Livingston]</ref><ref name="livingston">[http://www.abcgenealogy.com/family/livingston.html Genealogy of the Livingston Family by Timothy Alden, published in 1814]</ref> (where he was born).<ref name="Dalrymple">{{cite book		William Linnaeus Gardner was born in 1770 to a prominent [[Loyalist (American Revolution)\|loyalist]] family in New York's [[Hudson Valley]]. He was the eldest son of Major Valentine Gardner (born 1739 in Ireland),<ref name="family"/> [[16th Foot]]. His father Major Valentine Gardner was the elder brother of [[Alan Gardner, 1st Baron Gardner]] and was with the [[Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment\|16th Regiment of Foot]], during its service in America from 1767 to 1782. Gardner's mother was his father's first wife, Aleda{{sfn\|Chichester\|1889}} (1747–1791), third daughter of Colonel [[Robert Livingston (1708–1790)\|Robert Livingston]] of [[Livingston Manor, New York]]<ref name="callendar">[http://www.robertsewell.ca/living7.html Livingston of Callendar: The Family of Robert Livingston]</ref><ref name="livingston">[http://www.abcgenealogy.com/family/livingston.html Genealogy of the Livingston Family by Timothy Alden, published in 1814]</ref> (where he was born).<ref name="Dalrymple">{{cite book
	\|last=Dalrymple		\|last=Dalrymple
	\|first=William		\|first=William
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	* Information supplied by the India office		* Information supplied by the India office
	* The incidental notices of Gardner in Mill's Hist. of India, vols. vii. and viii., and in Hunter's Gazetteer of India are inaccurate. Much information respecting Gardner will be found in Mrs. Fanny Parkes's Pilgrimage in Search of the Picturesque (London, 1850, 2 vols.). Mrs. Parkes, the wife of a Bengal civilian of rank, was personally acquainted with Gardner, and her book contains an account of him reprinted from the Asiatic Journal, Oct. 1834, and a letter from Gardner correcting misstatements therein		* The incidental notices of Gardner in Mill's Hist. of India, vols. vii. and viii., and in Hunter's Gazetteer of India are inaccurate. Much information respecting Gardner will be found in Mrs. Fanny Parkes's Pilgrimage in Search of the Picturesque (London, 1850, 2 vols.). Mrs. Parkes, the wife of a Bengal civilian of rank, was personally acquainted with Gardner, and her book contains an account of him reprinted from the Asiatic Journal, Oct. 1834, and a letter from Gardner correcting misstatements therein

	~~{{Authority control}}~~

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Gardner, William Linnaeus}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Gardner, William Linnaeus}}
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	[[Category:Converts to Islam]]		[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
	[[Category:Livingston family]]		[[Category:Livingston family]]
	[[Category:~~People~~ from New York (state)]]		[[Category:Military personnel from New York (state)]]
	[[Category:Mughal Empire people]]		[[Category:Mughal Empire people]]

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← Older revision		Revision as of 17:49, 16 October 2022
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=October ~~2022~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2020}}
	{{Infobox person		{{Infobox person
	\|name=William Linnæus Gardner		\|name=William Linnæus Gardner
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	\|nationality=[[United Kingdom\|British]]-[[India]]n{{sfn\|Chichester\|1889}}		\|nationality=[[United Kingdom\|British]]-[[India]]n{{sfn\|Chichester\|1889}}
	\|occupation=[[Lieutenant colonel]]<ref name="royal">[http://www.royaltankregiment.com/en-GB/2ndlancers.aspx The Royal Tank Regiment Association: Background]</ref>		\|occupation=[[Lieutenant colonel]]<ref name="royal">[http://www.royaltankregiment.com/en-GB/2ndlancers.aspx The Royal Tank Regiment Association: Background]</ref>
	\| known_for=Raising [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)\|Gardner's Horse]], initially for police and revenue duties{{citation needed\|date=June ~~2022~~}}		\| known_for=Raising [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)\|Gardner's Horse]], initially for police and revenue duties{{citation needed\|date=June 2020}}
	\|party=		\|party=
	\|spouse=Begum Dehlmi, Nawab Mah Manzeil-ul-Nisa (Indian princess) (m. 1796–1835, his death)<ref name="essai">[http://gw1.geneanet.org/garric?lang=en;p=manzil+un+nisa;n=dehlavi Essai de Généalogie, par Alain Garroc: Manzil un-nisa Dehlavi Nawab Mah]</ref>		\|spouse=Begum Dehlmi, Nawab Mah Manzeil-ul-Nisa (Indian princess) (m. 1796–1835, his death)<ref name="essai">[http://gw1.geneanet.org/garric?lang=en;p=manzil+un+nisa;n=dehlavi Essai de Généalogie, par Alain Garroc: Manzil un-nisa Dehlavi Nawab Mah]</ref>
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	For some time (starting in 1798),<ref name="family"/> Gardner was in the service of [[Yashwantrao Holkar\|Jeswunt Rao Holkar]], the famous [[Maratha Empire\|Maratha]] ruler of [[Indore]]. Holkar sent him on a mission to the independent princes of [[Cambay]], where Gardner converted to Islam and married his only wife, an [[Islam in India\|Indian Muslim]] princess (born c. 1775),<ref name="essai"/> on whose ancestors the emperors of [[Delhi]], in days gone by, had conferred the highest hereditary honours.		For some time (starting in 1798),<ref name="family"/> Gardner was in the service of [[Yashwantrao Holkar\|Jeswunt Rao Holkar]], the famous [[Maratha Empire\|Maratha]] ruler of [[Indore]]. Holkar sent him on a mission to the independent princes of [[Cambay]], where Gardner converted to Islam and married his only wife, an [[Islam in India\|Indian Muslim]] princess (born c. 1775),<ref name="essai"/> on whose ancestors the emperors of [[Delhi]], in days gone by, had conferred the highest hereditary honours.

	Sources are conflicting on their date of marriage (with some citing marriage in 1788 when the Begum was 13 years old and others stating that they married in 1796).<ref name="family" /><ref name="essai" /> On seeing his future wife, [[Begum]] Mah Munzel ul-Nissa, for the first time, he stated: "... I saw, as I thought, the most beautiful black eyes in the world."<ref name="Dalrymple" /> She was the daughter of the [[Nawab]] of Cambay and the adopted daughter of [[Akbar Shah II]], the [[Mughal emperors\|Mughal Emperor]] of India.{{citation needed\|date=June ~~2022~~}} On living at his wife's estates at Khassgunge, he wrote in a letter to his cousin Edward: "At Khassgunge I anticipate very great happiness. I am fond of reading and I am fond of my garden and... have more relish in playing with [my] little brats than for the First Society in the World."<ref name="Dalrymple" /> Together they had three children: two sons named Alan Hyde Gardner (whose younger daughter married a Mughal prince named Mirza Anjum Shikoh Bahadur) and James Valentine Gardner (who married a Mughal princess named Begum Mulka Humanee), as well as a daughter.<ref name="family" />		Sources are conflicting on their date of marriage (with some citing marriage in 1788 when the Begum was 13 years old and others stating that they married in 1796).<ref name="family" /><ref name="essai" /> On seeing his future wife, [[Begum]] Mah Munzel ul-Nissa, for the first time, he stated: "... I saw, as I thought, the most beautiful black eyes in the world."<ref name="Dalrymple" /> She was the daughter of the [[Nawab]] of Cambay and the adopted daughter of [[Akbar Shah II]], the [[Mughal emperors\|Mughal Emperor]] of India.{{citation needed\|date=June 2020}} On living at his wife's estates at Khassgunge, he wrote in a letter to his cousin Edward: "At Khassgunge I anticipate very great happiness. I am fond of reading and I am fond of my garden and... have more relish in playing with [my] little brats than for the First Society in the World."<ref name="Dalrymple" /> Together they had three children: two sons named Alan Hyde Gardner (whose younger daughter married a Mughal prince named Mirza Anjum Shikoh Bahadur) and James Valentine Gardner (who married a Mughal princess named Begum Mulka Humanee), as well as a daughter.<ref name="family" />

	The memoirs of [[Fanny Parkes]], a contemporary of Gardner's who spent time with the family in February 1835, offers unique insight into the family's multicultural daily life. Parkes writes of the household's mix of Mughal and European traditions and practices. Parkes' book ''Wanderings of a Pilgrim in search of the Pictureseque During four and twenty years in the East with revelations of Life in the Zenana'' (1850) was rediscovered and edited by [[William Dalrymple (historian)\|William Dalrymple]] and published for contemporary audiences as ''Begums, Thugs & Englishmen, The Journals of Fanny Parkes'' (Penguin).		The memoirs of [[Fanny Parkes]], a contemporary of Gardner's who spent time with the family in February 1835, offers unique insight into the family's multicultural daily life. Parkes writes of the household's mix of Mughal and European traditions and practices. Parkes' book ''Wanderings of a Pilgrim in search of the Pictureseque During four and twenty years in the East with revelations of Life in the Zenana'' (1850) was rediscovered and edited by [[William Dalrymple (historian)\|William Dalrymple]] and published for contemporary audiences as ''Begums, Thugs & Englishmen, The Journals of Fanny Parkes'' (Penguin).
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	==Military life==		==Military life==
	In 1809 Gardner raised a body of horse to carry out police and revenue duties and originally it was styled Lieutenant Colonel Gardner's Horse. In 1817 when it became a corps of Irregular Horse, the police and revenue aspect being dropped, and was renamed Lieutenant Colonel Gardner's Corps of Irregular Horse. [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)\|Gardner's Horse]], which has had name changes over the years, is one of the most highly decorated regiments of the [[Indian Army]], first seeing service during the [[Nepal War]] (1814-1816).{{citation needed\|date=June ~~2022~~}}		In 1809 Gardner raised a body of horse to carry out police and revenue duties and originally it was styled Lieutenant Colonel Gardner's Horse. In 1817 when it became a corps of Irregular Horse, the police and revenue aspect being dropped, and was renamed Lieutenant Colonel Gardner's Corps of Irregular Horse. [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)\|Gardner's Horse]], which has had name changes over the years, is one of the most highly decorated regiments of the [[Indian Army]], first seeing service during the [[Nepal War]] (1814-1816).{{citation needed\|date=June 2020}}

	Gardner had served as a leader of irregular horse (captain) under Lake and in the same capacity (lieutenant-colonel), performed services under [[Sir David Ochterlony, 1st Baronet\|Sir David Ochterlony]] in [[Kaman, Rajasthan\|Kaman]] from 1814 to 1815. In the latter connection, Gardner (whose name, like that of his father, is spelt 'Gardiner' in many army lists), has been confounded by some writers with the first British resident in [[Nepal]], the Hon. Edward Gardiner, who was affiliated with the Bengal Civil Service (for reference see Debrett, Peerage, 1825, under 'Blessington,’ and Dodwell and {{sm\|Miles}}, Lists of Bengal Civil Servants). Gardner also rendered service under Ochterlony in the settlement of [[Rajputana]] from 1817–18. He was rewarded in 1822 with an unattached majority in the king's service [[Antedated contract\|antedated]] to 25 September 1803.{{sfn\|Chichester\|1889}}		Gardner had served as a leader of irregular horse (captain) under Lake and in the same capacity (lieutenant-colonel), performed services under [[Sir David Ochterlony, 1st Baronet\|Sir David Ochterlony]] in [[Kaman, Rajasthan\|Kaman]] from 1814 to 1815. In the latter connection, Gardner (whose name, like that of his father, is spelt 'Gardiner' in many army lists), has been confounded by some writers with the first British resident in [[Nepal]], the Hon. Edward Gardiner, who was affiliated with the Bengal Civil Service (for reference see Debrett, Peerage, 1825, under 'Blessington,’ and Dodwell and {{sm\|Miles}}, Lists of Bengal Civil Servants). Gardner also rendered service under Ochterlony in the settlement of [[Rajputana]] from 1817–18. He was rewarded in 1822 with an unattached majority in the king's service [[Antedated contract\|antedated]] to 25 September 1803.{{sfn\|Chichester\|1889}}

	The name of William Linnæus Gardner first appears in the [[East India Company]] army lists in January 1819, as a local lieutenant-colonel commanding a corps of [[irregular cavalry]], afterwards described as Gardner's Corps, as Gardner's Local Horse and as the 2nd Regiment of Local Horse.{{citation needed\|date=June ~~2022~~}} Gardner was stationed at Kasganj in 1819, at [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh\|Sagar]] in 1821, at [[Bareilly]] from 1821–23, at [[Rakhine State\|Arracan]] in 1825 and at Kasganj again from 1826–27. In January 1828, when the 2nd Local Horse was again at Bareilly, Gardner is described as on leave and his name does not again appear in either the British or Indian army lists.{{sfn\|Chichester\|1889}} No further record of him exists at the India Office.		The name of William Linnæus Gardner first appears in the [[East India Company]] army lists in January 1819, as a local lieutenant-colonel commanding a corps of [[irregular cavalry]], afterwards described as Gardner's Corps, as Gardner's Local Horse and as the 2nd Regiment of Local Horse.{{citation needed\|date=June 2020}} Gardner was stationed at Kasganj in 1819, at [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh\|Sagar]] in 1821, at [[Bareilly]] from 1821–23, at [[Rakhine State\|Arracan]] in 1825 and at Kasganj again from 1826–27. In January 1828, when the 2nd Local Horse was again at Bareilly, Gardner is described as on leave and his name does not again appear in either the British or Indian army lists.{{sfn\|Chichester\|1889}} No further record of him exists at the India Office.

	Gardner resided at [[Kasganj]], North West Provinces (modern day Uttar Pradesh, India), which was his private property (Hunter, Gazetteer of India, under 'Kásganj'). A skilled rider and swordsman in his prime, Gardner is described in his latter years as a "... tall, soldier-like old man, of very courteous and dignified manners and very kind to his ailing wife".{{sfn\|Chichester\|1889}}		Gardner resided at [[Kasganj]], North West Provinces (modern day Uttar Pradesh, India), which was his private property (Hunter, Gazetteer of India, under 'Kásganj'). A skilled rider and swordsman in his prime, Gardner is described in his latter years as a "... tall, soldier-like old man, of very courteous and dignified manners and very kind to his ailing wife".{{sfn\|Chichester\|1889}}

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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
|name=William Linnæus Gardner
|image=
|alt=
|caption=
|birth_name=
|birth_date=1770<ref name="family">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141221092041/http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I206372&tree=Welsh Family Search: Colonel William Linnæus Gardner]</ref>
|birth_place=
|death_date={{death year and age|1835|1770}}<ref name="family"/>
|death_place=
|death_cause=
|resting_place=
|nationality=[[United Kingdom|British]]-[[India]]n{{sfn|Chichester|1889}}
|occupation=[[Lieutenant colonel]]<ref name="royal">[http://www.royaltankregiment.com/en-GB/2ndlancers.aspx The Royal Tank Regiment Association: Background]</ref>
| known_for=Raising [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)|Gardner's Horse]], initially for police and revenue duties{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}
|party=
|spouse=Begum Dehlmi, Nawab Mah Manzeil-ul-Nisa (Indian princess) (m. 1796–1835, his death)<ref name="essai">[http://gw1.geneanet.org/garric?lang=en;p=manzil+un+nisa;n=dehlavi Essai de Généalogie, par Alain Garroc: Manzil un-nisa Dehlavi Nawab Mah]</ref>
|footnotes=
}}
'''William Linnæus Gardner''' (1770–1835), was an [[Military officer|officer]] in the Indian Army, known for raising [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)]] in 1809 and for his marriage to an Indian Muslim Princess.

==Early life and family==
William Linnaeus Gardner was born in 1770 to a prominent American Loyalist family in New York's Hudson Valley. He was the eldest son of Major Valentine Gardner (born 1739 in Ireland),<ref name="family"/> [[16th Foot]]. His father Major Valentine Gardner was the elder brother of [[Alan Gardner, 1st Baron Gardner]] and was with the 16th Foot, during its service in America from 1767 to 1782. Gardner's mother was his father's first wife, Aleda{{sfn|Chichester|1889}} (1747–1791), third daughter of Colonel [[Robert Livingston (1708–1790)|Robert Livingston]] of [[Livingston Manor, New York]]<ref name="callendar">[http://www.robertsewell.ca/living7.html Livingston of Callendar: The Family of Robert Livingston]</ref><ref name="livingston">[http://www.abcgenealogy.com/family/livingston.html Genealogy of the Livingston Family by Timothy Alden, published in 1814]</ref> (where he was born).<ref name="Dalrymple">{{cite book
|last=Dalrymple
|first=William
|title=White Mughals
|publisher=Penguin Books
|pages=94–95, 111
|year=2004
|isbn=978-0-14-200412-8}}</ref>

Gardner "... is mentioned as being cared for by his maternal grandfather at the... manor house for several years before it was judged prudent to send him to his father, with whom he ended up back in England – an involuntary intercontinental emigration in reverse".<ref name="Vachon">{{cite book
|last=Vachon, Boudreau, Cogne
|first=Auguste, Claire, Daniel
|title=Genealogica & Heraldica: Ottawa 1996
|publisher=University of Ottawa Press
|pages=73
|year=1998
|isbn=0-7766-0472-4}}</ref> Through his father, he had a younger half-brother, also named Valentine Gardner, whose mother his father later married.<ref name="family" /> He was brought up in [[France]] and when a boy, was gazetted as [[ensign (rank)|ensign]] in the old [[89th (The Princess Victoria's) Regiment of Foot|89th Foot]] on 7 March 1783 and placed on half-pay of the regiment on its disbandment some weeks later. He was brought on full-pay as ensign in the [[74th (Highland) Regiment of Foot|74th Highlanders]] in India on 6 March 1789, and promoted to a lieutenancy in the [[52nd Foot]] in India in October of the same year. The regimental muster-rolls, which are incomplete, show him on the strength of the depôt-company at home from 1791 to 1793. He became captain in the [[30th (Cambridgeshire) Regiment of Foot|30th Foot]] in 1794 and at once exchanged to half-pay of a disbanded independent company. Of the circumstances under which he retired various stories were told. All that is known is that he appeared afterwards as a military adventurer in the "chaotic field of central Indian discord".{{sfn|Chichester|1889}}

==Marriage and children==
For some time (starting in 1798),<ref name="family"/> Gardner was in the service of [[Yashwantrao Holkar|Jeswunt Rao Holkar]], the famous [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] ruler of [[Indore]]. Holkar sent him on a mission to the independent princes of [[Cambay]], where Gardner converted to Islam and married his only wife, an [[Islam in India|Indian Muslim]] princess (born c. 1775),<ref name="essai"/> on whose ancestors the emperors of [[Delhi]], in days gone by, had conferred the highest hereditary honours.

Sources are conflicting on their date of marriage (with some citing marriage in 1788 when the Begum was 13 years old and others stating that they married in 1796).<ref name="family" /><ref name="essai" /> On seeing his future wife, [[Begum]] Mah Munzel ul-Nissa, for the first time, he stated: "... I saw, as I thought, the most beautiful black eyes in the world."<ref name="Dalrymple" /> She was the daughter of the [[Nawab]] of Cambay and the adopted daughter of [[Akbar Shah II]], the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] of India.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} On living at his wife's estates at Khassgunge, he wrote in a letter to his cousin Edward: "At Khassgunge I anticipate very great happiness. I am fond of reading and I am fond of my garden and... have more relish in playing with [my] little brats than for the First Society in the World."<ref name="Dalrymple" /> Together they had three children: two sons named Alan Hyde Gardner (whose younger daughter married a Mughal prince named Mirza Anjum Shikoh Bahadur) and James Valentine Gardner (who married a Mughal princess named Begum Mulka Humanee), as well as a daughter.<ref name="family" />

The memoirs of [[Fanny Parkes]], a contemporary of Gardner's who spent time with the family in February 1835, offers unique insight into the family's multicultural daily life. Parkes writes of the household's mix of Mughal and European traditions and practices. Parkes' book ''Wanderings of a Pilgrim in search of the Pictureseque During four and twenty years in the East with revelations of Life in the Zenana'' (1850) was rediscovered and edited by [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] and published for contemporary audiences as ''Begums, Thugs & Englishmen, The Journals of Fanny Parkes'' (Penguin).

==Adventures==
Holkar afterwards sent Gardner to meet with [[Lord Lake]] and suspecting treachery, grossly insulted him on his return. Gardner replied by attempting to cut down the [[Maharaja]]. Failing, he escaped in the confusion and went through a succession of the wildest adventures.{{sfn|Chichester|1889}} At one time, when a prisoner of [[Amrit Rao]], he was strapped to a gun under the threat of death unless he promised to fight against the English. At another time, he jumped down a precipice fifty feet deep into a stream to escape his guards. Eventually, he made his way into Lake's camp in the guise of a grass-cutter (1804). His wife and her attendants were allowed to depart unharmed from Holkar's camp through her family's influence.{{sfn|Chichester|1889}}

==Military life==
In 1809 Gardner raised a body of horse to carry out police and revenue duties and originally it was styled Lieutenant Colonel Gardner's Horse. In 1817 when it became a corps of Irregular Horse, the police and revenue aspect being dropped, and was renamed Lieutenant Colonel Gardner's Corps of Irregular Horse. [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)|Gardner's Horse]], which has had name changes over the years, is one of the most highly decorated regiments of the [[Indian Army]], first seeing service during the [[Nepal War]] (1814-1816).{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Gardner had served as a leader of irregular horse (captain) under Lake and in the same capacity (lieutenant-colonel), performed services under [[Sir David Ochterlony, 1st Baronet|Sir David Ochterlony]] in [[Kaman, Rajasthan|Kaman]] from 1814 to 1815. In the latter connection, Gardner (whose name, like that of his father, is spelt 'Gardiner' in many army lists), has been confounded by some writers with the first British resident in [[Nepal]], the Hon. Edward Gardiner, who was affiliated with the Bengal Civil Service (for reference see Debrett, Peerage, 1825, under 'Blessington,’ and Dodwell and {{sm|Miles}}, Lists of Bengal Civil Servants). Gardner also rendered service under Ochterlony in the settlement of [[Rajputana]] from 1817–18. He was rewarded in 1822 with an unattached majority in the king's service [[Antedated contract|antedated]] to 25 September 1803.{{sfn|Chichester|1889}}

The name of William Linnæus Gardner first appears in the [[East India Company]] army lists in January 1819, as a local lieutenant-colonel commanding a corps of [[irregular cavalry]], afterwards described as Gardner's Corps, as Gardner's Local Horse and as the 2nd Regiment of Local Horse.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} Gardner was stationed at Kasganj in 1819, at [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] in 1821, at [[Bareilly]] from 1821–23, at [[Rakhine State|Arracan]] in 1825 and at Kasganj again from 1826–27. In January 1828, when the 2nd Local Horse was again at Bareilly, Gardner is described as on leave and his name does not again appear in either the British or Indian army lists.{{sfn|Chichester|1889}} No further record of him exists at the India Office.

Gardner resided at [[Kasganj]], North West Provinces (modern day Uttar Pradesh, India), which was his private property (Hunter, Gazetteer of India, under 'Kásganj'). A skilled rider and swordsman in his prime, Gardner is described in his latter years as a "... tall, soldier-like old man, of very courteous and dignified manners and very kind to his ailing wife".{{sfn|Chichester|1889}}

Gardner died at Kasganj on 29 July 1835, aged 65. His Begum died a month after him (Parkes, vol. i.).{{sfn|Chichester|1889}} His tomb, and that of his Begum and his son James, still stand in Kasganj today.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
;Attribution
{{DNB|wstitle=Gardner, William Linnæus|first=Henry Manners|last= Chichester| volume=20| pages=432–433 }}; Endnotes:
* Foster's Peerage, under 'Gardner'
* British and Indian army lists
* Information supplied by the India office
* The incidental notices of Gardner in Mill's Hist. of India, vols. vii. and viii., and in Hunter's Gazetteer of India are inaccurate. Much information respecting Gardner will be found in Mrs. Fanny Parkes's Pilgrimage in Search of the Picturesque (London, 1850, 2 vols.). Mrs. Parkes, the wife of a Bengal civilian of rank, was personally acquainted with Gardner, and her book contains an account of him reprinted from the Asiatic Journal, Oct. 1834, and a letter from Gardner correcting misstatements therein

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gardner, William Linnaeus}}
[[Category:1770 births]]
[[Category:1835 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian people of American descent]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Livingston family]]
[[Category:People from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Mughal Empire people]]