Bot: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

2022-12-20T08:01:11Z

robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:31, 20 December 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|British Field Marshal (1865–1951)}}		{{Short description\|British Field Marshal (1865–1951)}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2021}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2021}}
	{{Use British English\|date=August ~~2022~~}}		{{Use British English\|date=August 2011}}
	{{Infobox military person		{{Infobox military person
	\|name= The Lord Birdwood		\|name= The Lord Birdwood
Line 37:		Line 37:

	==Early life==		==Early life==
	William Riddell Birdwood was born on 13 September 1865 in [[Khadki\|Kirkee, India]].<ref name="ODNB">{{Cite ODNB\|id=31898\|title=Birdwood, William Riddell\|last=James\|first=Robert Rhodes\|author-link=Robert Rhodes James\|orig-year=2004\|year=~~2022~~}}</ref> His father, [[Herbert Mills Birdwood]], born in Bombay and educated in the UK, had returned to India in 1859 after passing the [[Indian Civil Service]] examination.<ref name="ODNB2">{{Cite ODNB\|id=31897\|title=Birdwood, Herbert Mills\|last=Brown\|first=F. H.\|last2=Stearn\|first2=Roger T.\|orig-year=2004\|year=~~2022~~}}</ref> In 1861, Herbert Birdwood married Edith Marion Sidonie, the eldest daughter of Surgeon-Major Elijah George Halhed Impey of the Bombay Horse Artillery and postmaster-general of the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref name="ODNB2"/> They had five sons and a daughter; William was their second son. At the time of William's birth, his father held positions in the Bombay legislative council, and went on to become a Bombay high court judge.<ref name="ODNB2"/> William Birdwood was educated at [[Clifton College]].<ref>"Clifton College Register" Muirhead, J.A.O. p70: Bristol; J.W Arrowsmith for Old Cliftonian Society; April 1948 [[Bristol]]</ref><ref name=adb>{{cite dictionary\|chapter-url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/birdwood-william-riddell-baron-birdwood-5240 \|title=William Birdwood \|chapter=Birdwood, William Riddell (Baron Birdwood) (1865–1951) \|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University \|dictionary= Australian Dictionary of Biography\|access-date=27 May ~~2022~~}}</ref>		William Riddell Birdwood was born on 13 September 1865 in [[Khadki\|Kirkee, India]].<ref name="ODNB">{{Cite ODNB\|id=31898\|title=Birdwood, William Riddell\|last=James\|first=Robert Rhodes\|author-link=Robert Rhodes James\|orig-year=2004\|year=2009}}</ref> His father, [[Herbert Mills Birdwood]], born in Bombay and educated in the UK, had returned to India in 1859 after passing the [[Indian Civil Service]] examination.<ref name="ODNB2">{{Cite ODNB\|id=31897\|title=Birdwood, Herbert Mills\|last=Brown\|first=F. H.\|last2=Stearn\|first2=Roger T.\|orig-year=2004\|year=2012}}</ref> In 1861, Herbert Birdwood married Edith Marion Sidonie, the eldest daughter of Surgeon-Major Elijah George Halhed Impey of the Bombay Horse Artillery and postmaster-general of the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref name="ODNB2"/> They had five sons and a daughter; William was their second son. At the time of William's birth, his father held positions in the Bombay legislative council, and went on to become a Bombay high court judge.<ref name="ODNB2"/> William Birdwood was educated at [[Clifton College]].<ref>"Clifton College Register" Muirhead, J.A.O. p70: Bristol; J.W Arrowsmith for Old Cliftonian Society; April 1948 [[Bristol]]</ref><ref name=adb>{{cite dictionary\|chapter-url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/birdwood-william-riddell-baron-birdwood-5240 \|title=William Birdwood \|chapter=Birdwood, William Riddell (Baron Birdwood) (1865–1951) \|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University \|dictionary= Australian Dictionary of Biography\|access-date=27 May 2013}}</ref>

	==Military career==		==Military career==
Line 67:		Line 67:

	==After the war==		==After the war==
	Birdwood was made a [[Baronet]], of [[Anzac Cove\|Anzac]] and of [[Totnes]], in the County of [[Devon]], on 29 December 1919.<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=31708\|page=15988\|date=30 December 1919\|nolink=y}}</ref> He toured Australia to great acclaim in 1920 and then became general officer commanding the [[Northern Command (India)\|Northern Army]] in India later that year.<ref name=heath45>Heathcote, p. 45</ref> He was promoted to [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)\|field marshal]] (with the [[Field marshal (Australia)\|corresponding honorary rank]] in the [[Australian Army\|Australian Military Forces]]) on 20 March 1925<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=33031\|page=1954 \|date=20 March 1925\|nolink=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|title=Australian Military Forces\|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/232533905\|newspaper=[[Commonwealth of Australia Gazette]]\|date=14 January 1926\|access-date=14 March ~~2022~~}}</ref> and, having been appointed a Member of the Executive Council of the [[Governor-General of India]] in July 1925,<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=33069\|page=4957 \|date=24 July 1925\|nolink=y}}</ref> he went on to be [[Commander-in-Chief, India]], in August 1925.<ref name=heath45/>		Birdwood was made a [[Baronet]], of [[Anzac Cove\|Anzac]] and of [[Totnes]], in the County of [[Devon]], on 29 December 1919.<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=31708\|page=15988\|date=30 December 1919\|nolink=y}}</ref> He toured Australia to great acclaim in 1920 and then became general officer commanding the [[Northern Command (India)\|Northern Army]] in India later that year.<ref name=heath45>Heathcote, p. 45</ref> He was promoted to [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)\|field marshal]] (with the [[Field marshal (Australia)\|corresponding honorary rank]] in the [[Australian Army\|Australian Military Forces]]) on 20 March 1925<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=33031\|page=1954 \|date=20 March 1925\|nolink=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|title=Australian Military Forces\|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/232533905\|newspaper=[[Commonwealth of Australia Gazette]]\|date=14 January 1926\|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref> and, having been appointed a Member of the Executive Council of the [[Governor-General of India]] in July 1925,<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=33069\|page=4957 \|date=24 July 1925\|nolink=y}}</ref> he went on to be [[Commander-in-Chief, India]], in August 1925.<ref name=heath45/>

	After leaving the service in 1930, Birdwood made a bid to become [[Governor-General of Australia]]. He had the backing of the [[George V of the United Kingdom\|King]] and the British government. However, the Australian Prime Minister [[James Scullin]] insisted that his Australian nominee [[Isaac Isaacs\|Sir Isaac Isaacs]] be appointed.<ref name=adb/> Instead, Birdwood was appointed Master of [[Peterhouse, Cambridge]] on 20 April 1931<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66643#s11 \|title=The colleges and halls – Peterhouse\|publisher= British History Online\|access-date=27 May ~~2022~~}}</ref> and [[List of Captains of Deal Castle\|Captain of Deal Castle]] in 1934.<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=34140\|page=1631\|date=8 March 1935\|nolink=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.eastkent.freeuk.com/deal/castle/captains.htm\|title=Captains of Deal Castle\|publisher=East Kent freeuk\|access-date= 10 January ~~2022~~}}</ref> In 1935 he wrote for the Western Australian distance education magazine ''[[Our Rural Magazine]]'' claiming that he had two granddaughters making good use of distance courses for educational purposes.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32812573\|title=Our rural magazine\|date=18 October 1934\|publisher=The West Australian (Perth, WA : 1879–1954)\|page= 14\|access-date=27 May ~~2022~~}}</ref> In May 1936, he returned to Gallipoli aboard [[RMS Lancastria\|RMS ''Lancastria'']] and visited [[war memorial]]s on the peninsula.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/40719760/3690153 \|date=27 May 1936\|title=Gallipoli Pilgrimage\|publisher= The West Australian\|access-date=15 November ~~2022~~}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.rslwa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Vol16-No6-Jun-1936.pdf\|title=Personalities\|date=15 June 1936\|publisher=The Listening Post\|page=12\|access-date=15 November ~~2022~~}}</ref> He retired from academic work in 1938.<ref name=heath45/>		After leaving the service in 1930, Birdwood made a bid to become [[Governor-General of Australia]]. He had the backing of the [[George V of the United Kingdom\|King]] and the British government. However, the Australian Prime Minister [[James Scullin]] insisted that his Australian nominee [[Isaac Isaacs\|Sir Isaac Isaacs]] be appointed.<ref name=adb/> Instead, Birdwood was appointed Master of [[Peterhouse, Cambridge]] on 20 April 1931<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66643#s11 \|title=The colleges and halls – Peterhouse\|publisher= British History Online\|access-date=27 May 2013}}</ref> and [[List of Captains of Deal Castle\|Captain of Deal Castle]] in 1934.<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=34140\|page=1631\|date=8 March 1935\|nolink=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.eastkent.freeuk.com/deal/castle/captains.htm\|title=Captains of Deal Castle\|publisher=East Kent freeuk\|access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref> In 1935 he wrote for the Western Australian distance education magazine ''[[Our Rural Magazine]]'' claiming that he had two granddaughters making good use of distance courses for educational purposes.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32812573\|title=Our rural magazine\|date=18 October 1934\|publisher=The West Australian (Perth, WA : 1879–1954)\|page= 14\|access-date=27 May 2013}}</ref> In May 1936, he returned to Gallipoli aboard [[RMS Lancastria\|RMS ''Lancastria'']] and visited [[war memorial]]s on the peninsula.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/40719760/3690153 \|date=27 May 1936\|title=Gallipoli Pilgrimage\|publisher= The West Australian\|access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.rslwa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Vol16-No6-Jun-1936.pdf\|title=Personalities\|date=15 June 1936\|publisher=The Listening Post\|page=12\|access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref> He retired from academic work in 1938.<ref name=heath45/>

	In retirement Birdwood was [[Colonel (United Kingdom)\|Colonel]] of the [[12th Royal Lancers]] (1920–1951),<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=31889 \|supp=y\|page=5218\|date=4 May 1920\|nolink=y}}</ref> the [[6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles\|6th Gurkha Rifles]] (1926–1951),<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=33141\|page=1834\|date=12 March 1926\|nolink=y}}</ref> and the [[1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers\|75th (Home Counties) (Cinque Ports) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery]] (1939–1951).<ref>''Army List'', May 1939.</ref> In January 1936 he attended the funeral of [[George V\|King George V]]<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=34279 \|supp=y\|page=2770\|date=29 April 1936\|nolink=y}}</ref> and in May 1937 he was present for the [[coronation of King George VI]].<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=34453 \|supp=y\|page=7081\|date=10 November 1937\|nolink=y}}</ref> He was raised to the peerage in recognition of his wartime service as '''[[Baron Birdwood]]''', of Anzac and of [[Totnes]] in the [[Devon\|County of Devon]], on 25 January 1938.<ref>{{London Gazette \|issue=34477 \|date=28 January 1938 \|page=578 \|nolink=y}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=34469 \|supp=y\|page=1\|date=1 January 1938\|nolink=y}}</ref>		In retirement Birdwood was [[Colonel (United Kingdom)\|Colonel]] of the [[12th Royal Lancers]] (1920–1951),<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=31889 \|supp=y\|page=5218\|date=4 May 1920\|nolink=y}}</ref> the [[6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles\|6th Gurkha Rifles]] (1926–1951),<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=33141\|page=1834\|date=12 March 1926\|nolink=y}}</ref> and the [[1st Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers\|75th (Home Counties) (Cinque Ports) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery]] (1939–1951).<ref>''Army List'', May 1939.</ref> In January 1936 he attended the funeral of [[George V\|King George V]]<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=34279 \|supp=y\|page=2770\|date=29 April 1936\|nolink=y}}</ref> and in May 1937 he was present for the [[coronation of King George VI]].<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=34453 \|supp=y\|page=7081\|date=10 November 1937\|nolink=y}}</ref> He was raised to the peerage in recognition of his wartime service as '''[[Baron Birdwood]]''', of Anzac and of [[Totnes]] in the [[Devon\|County of Devon]], on 25 January 1938.<ref>{{London Gazette \|issue=34477 \|date=28 January 1938 \|page=578 \|nolink=y}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=34469 \|supp=y\|page=1\|date=1 January 1938\|nolink=y}}</ref>
Line 96:		Line 96:

	==Family==		==Family==
	In 1893 Birdwood married Janetta Bromhead, daughter of [[Bromhead baronets\|Sir Benjamin Bromhead]]; they had a son and two daughters.<ref name=heath43/> His wife died in 1947.<ref name="ODNB"/> The son, [[Christopher Birdwood, 2nd Baron Birdwood\|Christopher Birdwood]] (1899–1962), succeeded him as 2nd Baron Birdwood. The elder daughter was Constance 'Nancy' Birdwood,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/blog/2011/02/14/for-valentines-day/\|title=For Valentine's Day – The airman who married the general's daughter\|last=Schmidt\|first=Nicholas\|publisher=Australian War Memorial\|date=14 February 2011\|access-date=4 January ~~2022~~}}</ref> and the younger daughter was Judith Birdwood. Other members of the Birdwood family include Labour minister and peer [[Christopher Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson\|Christopher Birdwood Thomson]] (1875–1930), Anglo-Indian naturalist [[George Christopher Molesworth Birdwood\|Sir George Birdwood]] (1832–1917), and [[Jane Birdwood, Baroness Birdwood\|Jane Birdwood]] (1913–2000), the second wife of William Birdwood's son.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1345459/The-Dowager-Lady-Birdwood.html\|title=The Dowager Lady Birdwood\|newspaper=The Telegraph\|date=29 June 2000\|access-date=4 January ~~2022~~}}</ref>		In 1893 Birdwood married Janetta Bromhead, daughter of [[Bromhead baronets\|Sir Benjamin Bromhead]]; they had a son and two daughters.<ref name=heath43/> His wife died in 1947.<ref name="ODNB"/> The son, [[Christopher Birdwood, 2nd Baron Birdwood\|Christopher Birdwood]] (1899–1962), succeeded him as 2nd Baron Birdwood. The elder daughter was Constance 'Nancy' Birdwood,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/blog/2011/02/14/for-valentines-day/\|title=For Valentine's Day – The airman who married the general's daughter\|last=Schmidt\|first=Nicholas\|publisher=Australian War Memorial\|date=14 February 2011\|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> and the younger daughter was Judith Birdwood. Other members of the Birdwood family include Labour minister and peer [[Christopher Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson\|Christopher Birdwood Thomson]] (1875–1930), Anglo-Indian naturalist [[George Christopher Molesworth Birdwood\|Sir George Birdwood]] (1832–1917), and [[Jane Birdwood, Baroness Birdwood\|Jane Birdwood]] (1913–2000), the second wife of William Birdwood's son.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1345459/The-Dowager-Lady-Birdwood.html\|title=The Dowager Lady Birdwood\|newspaper=The Telegraph\|date=29 June 2000\|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref>

	== Legacy ==		== Legacy ==
	The town of Blumberg, South Australia, [[List of Australian place names changed from German names\|changed its German name]] to [[Birdwood, South Australia\|Birdwood]] in 1918,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://manning.collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/pn/b/blumberg.htm\|title=Place Names of South Australia – B {{!}} Blumberg\|publisher=[[State Library of South Australia]]\|website=www.slsa.sa.gov.au\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002024238/https://manning.collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/pn/b/blumberg.htm\|archive-date=2 October ~~2022~~}}</ref> and the [[Soldier settlement (Australia)\|soldier settlement]] of [[Birdwoodton, Victoria]] was named after Birdwood in 1920.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.victorianplaces.com.au/birdwoodton-and-cabarita\|title=Birdwoodton and Cabarita\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028000045/https://www.victorianplaces.com.au/birdwoodton-and-cabarita\|archive-date=28 October 2020\|website=www.victorianplaces.com.au\|publisher=[[Monash University]] and the [[University of Queensland]]\|date=~~2022~~}}</ref> [[Mount Birdwood]] in [[Alberta]], [[Canada]] also bears his name. <ref>{{cite book\|title=Place-names of Alberta\|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015070267029;view=1up;seq=24\|year=1928\|publisher=Geographic Board of Canada \|location=Ottawa \|page=20}}</ref> Many streets and public spaces in Australia and New Zealand are named or commonly believed to be named after Birdwood, including Birdwood Park in [[Newcastle West, New South Wales\|Newcastle West]] in 1920<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|last=Wetherall\|first=Lachlan\|title=Birdwood Park {{!}} A bit of this, a bit of that\|url=https://lachlanwetherall.com/2017/06/birdwood-park/\|access-date=28 October 2020\|language=en-AU}}</ref> and a street in [[New Lambton, New South Wales\|New Lambton]] in 1919.<ref name=":0" />		The town of Blumberg, South Australia, [[List of Australian place names changed from German names\|changed its German name]] to [[Birdwood, South Australia\|Birdwood]] in 1918,<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://manning.collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/pn/b/blumberg.htm\|title=Place Names of South Australia – B {{!}} Blumberg\|publisher=[[State Library of South Australia]]\|website=www.slsa.sa.gov.au\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002024238/https://manning.collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/pn/b/blumberg.htm\|archive-date=2 October 2020}}</ref> and the [[Soldier settlement (Australia)\|soldier settlement]] of [[Birdwoodton, Victoria]] was named after Birdwood in 1920.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.victorianplaces.com.au/birdwoodton-and-cabarita\|title=Birdwoodton and Cabarita\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028000045/https://www.victorianplaces.com.au/birdwoodton-and-cabarita\|archive-date=28 October 2020\|website=www.victorianplaces.com.au\|publisher=[[Monash University]] and the [[University of Queensland]]\|date=2015}}</ref> [[Mount Birdwood]] in [[Alberta]], [[Canada]] also bears his name. <ref>{{cite book\|title=Place-names of Alberta\|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015070267029;view=1up;seq=24\|year=1928\|publisher=Geographic Board of Canada \|location=Ottawa \|page=20}}</ref> Many streets and public spaces in Australia and New Zealand are named or commonly believed to be named after Birdwood, including Birdwood Park in [[Newcastle West, New South Wales\|Newcastle West]] in 1920<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|last=Wetherall\|first=Lachlan\|title=Birdwood Park {{!}} A bit of this, a bit of that\|url=https://lachlanwetherall.com/2017/06/birdwood-park/\|access-date=28 October 2020\|language=en-AU}}</ref> and a street in [[New Lambton, New South Wales\|New Lambton]] in 1919.<ref name=":0" />

	==Coat of arms==		==Coat of arms==

Bot: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

2022-12-20T08:01:11Z

robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

Show changes

William Birdwood - Revision history

Bot: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

Bot: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.