Wildlife of Kerala - Revision history

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	{{Wikiquote}}		{{Wikiquote}}
	:''This article relates to [[flora]] and [[fauna]] of the state of [[Kerala]], [[south India]].''		:''This article relates to [[flora]] and [[fauna]] of the state of [[Kerala]], [[south India]].''
	[[File:~~Indian Tiger Wayanad~~.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|~~right\|A tiger from Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary~~]]		[[File:Kerala forest divisions.pdf\|thumb\|Kerala forest divions]]
	[[File:Bird at Chirakkal Chira-2.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Cattle egret at the Chirakkal Chira, Chirakkal, Kannur]]		[[File:Bird at Chirakkal Chira-2.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Cattle egret at the Chirakkal Chira, Chirakkal, Kannur]]
	[[File:Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus Kadalundi.jpg\|thumbnail\|A migratory bird at [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]]]]		[[File:Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus Kadalundi.jpg\|thumbnail\|A migratory bird at [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]]]]
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	Most of [[Kerala]], whose native habitat consists of wet evergreen [[rainforest]]s at lower elevations and [[Highland (geography)\|highland]] [[deciduous]] and semi-[[evergreen]] forests in the east, is subject to a humid tropical climate. However, significant variations in terrain and elevation have resulted in a land whose [[biodiversity]] registers as among the world’s most significant. But the district [[Alappuzha]] situated in [[Kerala]] is the only district of Kerala which have no forests.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Alappuzha {{!}} District Alappuzha, Government of Kerala {{!}} India\|url=https://alappuzha.nic.in/about-district/\|access-date=2021-06-08\|language=en-US}}</ref>		Most of [[Kerala]], whose native habitat consists of wet evergreen [[rainforest]]s at lower elevations and [[Highland (geography)\|highland]] [[deciduous]] and semi-[[evergreen]] forests in the east, is subject to a humid tropical climate. However, significant variations in terrain and elevation have resulted in a land whose [[biodiversity]] registers as among the world’s most significant. But the district [[Alappuzha]] situated in [[Kerala]] is the only district of Kerala which have no forests.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Alappuzha {{!}} District Alappuzha, Government of Kerala {{!}} India\|url=https://alappuzha.nic.in/about-district/\|access-date=2021-06-08\|language=en-US}}</ref>

	==Evergreen forests==		==Evergreen forests==
	Most of Kerala's significantly biodiverse tracts of wilderness lie in the evergreen forests of its easternmost districts;<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_11">{{Harv\|Sreedharan\|2004\|p=11}}.</ref> coastal Kerala (along with portions of the east) mostly lies under cultivation and is home to comparatively little wildlife. Despite this, Kerala contains 9,400 km<sup>2</sup> of natural forests. Out of the approximately 7,500 km<sup>2</sup> of non-[[Plantation#Forestry\|plantation]] forest cover, there are wild regions of tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests (lower and middle elevations — 3,470 km<sup>2</sup>), tropical moist and dry deciduous forests (mid-elevations — 4,100 km<sup>2</sup> and 100 km<sup>2</sup>, respectively), and montane subtropical and [[temperate]] (''shola'') forests (highest elevations — 100 km<sup>2</sup>). Such forests together cover 24% of Kerala's landmass.<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_12">{{Harv\|Sreedharan\|2004\|p=12}}.</ref> Kerala also hosts four of the world’s [[Ramsar Convention]]-listed [[wetland]]s: [[Ashtamudi Lake]], [[Sasthamkotta Lake\|Lake Sasthamkotta]], [[Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands]], and the [[Vembanad Lake\|Vembanad-Kol wetlands]] are noted as being [[List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance\|wetlands of international importance]].{{sfn\|Chandran\|2018\|p=342}} There are also numerous protected conservation areas, including 1455.4 km<sup>2</sup> of the vast [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] and 1828 km<sup>2</sup> of the [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]].{{sfn\|Chandran\|2018\|p=347}}		Most of Kerala's significantly biodiverse tracts of wilderness lie in the evergreen forests of its easternmost districts;<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_11">{{Harv\|Sreedharan\|2004\|p=11}}.</ref> coastal Kerala (along with portions of the east) mostly lies under cultivation and is home to comparatively little wildlife. Despite this, Kerala contains 9,400 km<sup>2</sup> of natural forests. Out of the approximately 7,500 km<sup>2</sup> of non-[[Plantation#Forestry\|plantation]] forest cover, there are wild regions of tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests (lower and middle elevations — 3,470 km<sup>2</sup>), tropical moist and dry deciduous forests (mid-elevations — 4,100 km<sup>2</sup> and 100 km<sup>2</sup>, respectively), and montane subtropical and [[temperate]] (''shola'') forests (highest elevations — 100 km<sup>2</sup>). Such forests together cover 24% of Kerala's landmass.<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_12">{{Harv\|Sreedharan\|2004\|p=12}}.</ref> Kerala also hosts four of the world’s [[Ramsar Convention]]-listed [[wetland]]s: [[Ashtamudi Lake]], [[Sasthamkotta Lake\|Lake Sasthamkotta]], [[Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands]], and the [[Vembanad Lake\|Vembanad-Kol wetlands]] are noted as being [[List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance\|wetlands of international importance]].{{sfn\|Chandran\|2018\|p=342}} There are also numerous protected conservation areas, including 1455.4 km<sup>2</sup> of the vast [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] and 1828 km<sup>2</sup> of the [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]].{{sfn\|Chandran\|2018\|p=347}}
	'''Parambikullam forest''' of <ref>Pallakad</ref> district is the only forest in '''Kerala''' that ~~have~~ main ~~entrence~~ is through '''Tamil Nadu'''.		'''Parambikullam forest''' of <ref>Pallakad</ref> district is the only forest in '''Kerala''' that has a main entrance that is through '''Tamil Nadu'''.
	[[File:Strangler fig kerala.jpg\|right\|thumb\|Figs (''[[Ficus]]'' species) like this [[strangler fig]] are an important floral element and support many frugivores]]		[[File:Strangler fig kerala.jpg\|right\|thumb\|Figs (''[[Ficus]]'' species) like this [[strangler fig]] are an important floral element and support many frugivores]]

	==Flora of Kerala==		==Flora of Kerala==
			[[File:Kerala forest types.pdf\|thumb\|Vegetation types]]
	Eastern Kerala’s [[windward]] mountains shelter [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests\|tropical moist forests]] and [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests\|tropical dry forests]] which are generally characteristic of the wider Western Ghats: crowns of giant ''sonokeling'' ([[binomial nomenclature]]: ''[[Dalbergia latifolia]]'' — Indian [[rosewood]]), ''anjili'' (''Artocarpus hirsuta''), ''mullumurikku'' (''Erythrina''), ''Cassia'', and other trees dominate the canopies of large tracts of virgin forest. Overall, Kerala's forests are home to more than 1,000 species of trees. Smaller [[flora]] include [[bamboo]], wild [[black pepper]] (''Piper nigrum''), wild [[cardamom]], the [[calamus (palm)\|calamus]] [[rattan]] palm (''Calamus rotang'' — a type of giant [[grass]]), and aromatic [[Vetiver]] grass (''Vetiveria zizanioides'').<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_12"/> .......... The world's oldest teak plantation 'Conolly's Plot' is in [[Nilambur]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-world-s-oldest-teak-trees-dying-in-kerala-1255723\|title=World's oldest teak trees dying in Kerala\|date=13 May 2009\|website=DNA India}}</ref>		Eastern Kerala’s [[windward]] mountains shelter [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests\|tropical moist forests]] and [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests\|tropical dry forests]] which are generally characteristic of the wider Western Ghats: crowns of giant ''sonokeling'' ([[binomial nomenclature]]: ''[[Dalbergia latifolia]]'' — Indian [[rosewood]]), ''anjili'' (''Artocarpus hirsuta''), ''mullumurikku'' (''Erythrina''), ''Cassia'', and other trees dominate the canopies of large tracts of virgin forest. Overall, Kerala's forests are home to more than 1,000 species of trees. Smaller [[flora]] include [[bamboo]], wild [[black pepper]] (''Piper nigrum''), wild [[cardamom]], the [[calamus (palm)\|calamus]] [[rattan]] palm (''Calamus rotang'' — a type of giant [[grass]]), and aromatic [[Vetiver]] grass (''Vetiveria zizanioides'').<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_12"/> .......... The world's oldest teak plantation 'Conolly's Plot' is in [[Nilambur]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-world-s-oldest-teak-trees-dying-in-kerala-1255723\|title=World's oldest teak trees dying in Kerala\|date=13 May 2009\|website=DNA India}}</ref>

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	[[File:Nilgiri Tahr 1.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The [[Nilgiri tahr]], spotted in the [[Eravikulam National Park]] in [[Idukki]] District]]		[[File:Nilgiri Tahr 1.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The [[Nilgiri tahr]], spotted in the [[Eravikulam National Park]] in [[Idukki]] District]]
	[[File:Lightmatter lion-tailed macaque.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[Lion-tailed macaque]]]]		[[File:Lightmatter lion-tailed macaque.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[Lion-tailed macaque]]]]

	==List==		==List==
	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Wikiquote}}
:''This article relates to [[flora]] and [[fauna]] of the state of [[Kerala]], [[south India]].''
[[File:Indian Tiger Wayanad.jpg|thumb|right|A tiger from Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary]]
[[File:Bird at Chirakkal Chira-2.jpg|thumb|right|Cattle egret at the Chirakkal Chira, Chirakkal, Kannur]]
[[File:Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus Kadalundi.jpg|thumbnail|A migratory bird at [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]]]]
[[File:Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary IMG 6944.JPG|thumb|Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary]]

Most of [[Kerala]], whose native habitat consists of wet evergreen [[rainforest]]s at lower elevations and [[Highland (geography)|highland]] [[deciduous]] and semi-[[evergreen]] forests in the east, is subject to a humid tropical climate. However, significant variations in terrain and elevation have resulted in a land whose [[biodiversity]] registers as among the world’s most significant. But the district [[Alappuzha]] situated in [[Kerala]] is the only district of Kerala which have no forests.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alappuzha {{!}} District Alappuzha, Government of Kerala {{!}} India|url=https://alappuzha.nic.in/about-district/|access-date=2021-06-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Evergreen forests==
Most of Kerala's significantly biodiverse tracts of wilderness lie in the evergreen forests of its easternmost districts;<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_11">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|p=11}}.</ref> coastal Kerala (along with portions of the east) mostly lies under cultivation and is home to comparatively little wildlife. Despite this, Kerala contains 9,400 km2 of natural forests. Out of the approximately 7,500 km2 of non-[[Plantation#Forestry|plantation]] forest cover, there are wild regions of tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests (lower and middle elevations — 3,470 km2), tropical moist and dry deciduous forests (mid-elevations — 4,100 km2 and 100 km2, respectively), and montane subtropical and [[temperate]] (''shola'') forests (highest elevations — 100 km2). Such forests together cover 24% of Kerala's landmass.<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_12">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|p=12}}.</ref> Kerala also hosts four of the world’s [[Ramsar Convention]]-listed [[wetland]]s: [[Ashtamudi Lake]], [[Sasthamkotta Lake|Lake Sasthamkotta]], [[Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands]], and the [[Vembanad Lake|Vembanad-Kol wetlands]] are noted as being [[List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance|wetlands of international importance]].{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=342}} There are also numerous protected conservation areas, including 1455.4 km2 of the vast [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] and 1828 km2 of the [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]].{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
'''Parambikullam forest''' of <ref>Pallakad</ref> district is the only forest in '''Kerala''' that have main entrence is through '''Tamil Nadu'''.
[[File:Strangler fig kerala.jpg|right|thumb|Figs (''[[Ficus]]'' species) like this [[strangler fig]] are an important floral element and support many frugivores]]

==Flora of Kerala==
Eastern Kerala’s [[windward]] mountains shelter [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical moist forests]] and [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|tropical dry forests]] which are generally characteristic of the wider Western Ghats: crowns of giant ''sonokeling'' ([[binomial nomenclature]]: ''[[Dalbergia latifolia]]'' — Indian [[rosewood]]), ''anjili'' (''Artocarpus hirsuta''), ''mullumurikku'' (''Erythrina''), ''Cassia'', and other trees dominate the canopies of large tracts of virgin forest. Overall, Kerala's forests are home to more than 1,000 species of trees. Smaller [[flora]] include [[bamboo]], wild [[black pepper]] (''Piper nigrum''), wild [[cardamom]], the [[calamus (palm)|calamus]] [[rattan]] palm (''Calamus rotang'' — a type of giant [[grass]]), and aromatic [[Vetiver]] grass (''Vetiveria zizanioides'').<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_12"/> .......... The world's oldest teak plantation 'Conolly's Plot' is in [[Nilambur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-world-s-oldest-teak-trees-dying-in-kerala-1255723|title=World's oldest teak trees dying in Kerala|date=13 May 2009|website=DNA India}}</ref>

==Fauna of Kerala==
In turn, the forests play host to such major [[fauna]] as the [[Asian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus''), [[Bengal tiger]] (''Panthera tigris tigris''), [[leopard]] (''Panthera pardus''), [[nilgiri tahr]] (''Nilgiritragus hylocrius''), and [[grizzled giant squirrel]] (''Ratufa macroura'').<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_12"/> More remote preserves, including [[Silent Valley National Park]] in the Kundali Hills, harbour endangered species such as the [[Lion-tailed macaque]] (''Macaca silenus''), [[sloth bear|Indian sloth bear]] (''Melursus (Ursus) ursinus ursinus''), and [[gaur]] (the so-called "Indian bison" — ''Bos gaurus''). More common species include the [[Indian porcupine]] (''Hystrix indica''), [[chital]] (''Axis axis''), [[sambar deer|sambar]] (''Cervus unicolor''), [[gray langur]], [[flying squirrel]], [[jungle cat|swamp lynx]] (''Felis chaus kutas''), [[boar]] (''Sus scrofa''), a variety of [[Catarrhini|catarrhine]] [[Old World monkey]] species, the [[dhole]], and the [[Asian palm civet]] (''Paradoxurus hermaphroditus'').<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_174-175">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|pp=174–175}}.</ref>
[[File:KINGCOBRA.jpg|thumb|right|The [[king cobra]] (''Ophiophagus hannah'')]].

==Reptiles==
Many reptiles, such as [[tree snake]], green snake, [[king cobra]], [[Viperidae|viper]], [[Pythonidae|python]], and various turtles and crocodiles are to be found in Kerala — again, disproportionately in the east. Kerala has about [[List of birds of Kerala|453 species of birds]] such as the [[Sri Lanka frogmouth]] (''Batrachostomus moniliger''), [[leaf picking bird]], [[Oriental bay owl]], large frugivores like the [[great hornbill]] (''Buceros bicornis'') and [[Indian grey hornbill]], as well as the more widespread birds such as [[peafowl]], [[Indian cormorant]], [[jungle myna|jungle]] and [[Common hill myna|hill mynas]], the [[Oriental darter]], [[black-hooded oriole]], [[greater racket-tailed drongo|greater racket-tailed]] and [[black drongo|black]] [[drongo]]es, [[bulbul]] (''Pycnonotidae''), species of [[kingfisher]] and [[woodpecker]], [[jungle fowl]], [[Alexandrine parakeet]]s, and assorted ducks and migratory birds. Additionally, freshwater fish such as kadu ([[Heteropneustes fossilis|stinging catfish]])<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_163">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|p=163}}.</ref> and [[brackishwater]] species such as Choottachi ([[orange chromide]] — ''Etroplus maculatus''; valued as an [[aquarium]] specimen) also are native to Kerala's lakes and waterways.<ref name="Sreedharan_2004_164-165">{{Harv|Sreedharan|2004|pp=164–165}}.</ref>
[[File:Nilgiri Tahr 1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Nilgiri tahr]], spotted in the [[Eravikulam National Park]] in [[Idukki]] District]]
[[File:Lightmatter lion-tailed macaque.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lion-tailed macaque]]]]
==List==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! National park !! Area (km2) !! Year started
|-
| [[Eravikulam National Park]] || 97 || 1978{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Silent Valley National Park]] || 237. 52 || 1984{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Anamudi Shola National Park]] || 7.5 || 2003{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Mathikettan Shola National Park]] || 12.817 || 2003{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Pambadum Shola National Park]] || 1.318 || 2003{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Biosphere Reserve !! Area (km2) !! Year started
|-
| [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] || 1455.4 || 1986{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]] || 1828 || 2001{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Wildlife sanctuary !! Area (km2) !! Year started
|-
| [[Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 925 || 1950{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 128 || 1958{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 125 || 1958{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 344.44 || 1973{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 286 || 1973{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Idukki district|Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 70 || 1976{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 53 || 1983{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Chimmony Wildlife sanctuary]] || 85 || 1984{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 90.44 || 1984{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 171 || 1984{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 55 || 1984{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Kurinjimala Sanctuary]] || 32 || 2006{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 74.21 || 2009{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Kottiyoor|Kottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 30.38 || 2011{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary]] || 227.97 || 2020<ref name="Times of India">{{Cite news|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/kozhikode/karimpuzha-to-be-states-18th-wildlife-sanctuary/articleshow/76718468.cms|title=Karimpuzha to be Kerala’s 18th wildlife sanctuary|newspaper=Times of India|author=K R Rajeev|date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Bird sanctuary !! Area (km2) !! Year started
|-
| [[Thattekad Bird Sanctuary]] || 25 || 1983{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary]] || 0.0274 || 2004{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Chulanur|Chulanur Bird Sanctuary]] || 3.42 || 2007{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}
|-
| [[Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary]] || 0.0566 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Kumarakom|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=41|access-date=21 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716231211/http://www.keralatourism.org/destination/destination.php?id=41|archive-date=16 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Tiger reserve !! Area (km2) !! Year started
|-
| [[Periyar Tiger Reserve]] || 925 || 1978
|-
| [[Parambikulam Tiger Reserve]] || 648.50 || 1973
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Community Reserve !! Area (km2) !! Year started
|-
| [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]] || 1.5 || 2007{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=347}}<ref name="KBS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2011/kadalundi-bird-sanctuary/122|title=The Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary|access-date=2021-05-02|website=keralatourism.org}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of odonata of Kerala]]
*[[List of butterflies of Kerala]]
*[[List of amphibians of Kerala]]
*[[List of reptiles of Kerala]]
*[[List of birds of Kerala]]
*[[List of mammals of Kerala]]

== Notes ==
* [[Idukki]] is the district having more forest land in Kerala while [[Alappuzha]] has no forest land.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam Edition)|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP}}
{{refend}}
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Sreedharan
| given1 = TP
| year = 2004
| title = Biological Diversity of Kerala: A survey of Kalliasseri panchayat, Kannur district
| journal = Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development (Centre for Development Studies)
| url = http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/62.pdf
| access-date = 13 January 2006
}}.

{{Kerala topics}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}
{{Kerala}}

[[Category:Wildlife of India|Kerala]]
[[Category:Environment of Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourism in Kerala]]