ImportMaster: robot: Creating new article from Special:WantedPages

2022-04-28T07:33:04Z

robot: Creating new article from Special:WantedPages

New page

{{short description|Wildlife of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Wildlife of India}}

[[India]] is home to a large variety of wildlife. It is a [[biodiversity hotspot]] with its various ecosystems ranging from the [[Himalayas]] in the north to the evergreen rain forests in the south, the sands of the west to the marshy mangroves of the east. India lies within the [[Indomalayan realm]] and is the home to about 7.6% of [[mammal]], 14.7% of [[amphibian]], 6% of [[bird]], 6.2% of [[reptile|reptilian]], and 6.0% of [[flowering plant]] species.<ref name="unep">Indira Gandhi Conservation Monitoring Centre (IGCMC), New Delhi and the [http://www.unep-wcmc.org/ United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), World Conservation Monitoring Centre], Cambridge, UK. 2001. [http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/cesmg/indiabio.html ''Biodiversity profile for India'']</ref> India's forest lands nurture about 500 species of mammals and more than 2000 bird species.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

India is one of the most biodiverse regions of the world and contains three of the world’s 36 [[biodiversity hotspot]]s – the [[Western Ghats]], the [[Eastern Himalaya]]s, and the [[Indo-Burma]] hotspot.<ref name="Stephen et al., 2015">{{Cite journal |author1=Stephen, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Suresh, R. |author3=Livingstone, C. |date=2015 |title=Indian Biodiversity: Past, Present and Future |journal=International Journal of Environment and Natural Sciences |volume=7 |pages=13–28 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276410026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cepf.net/resources/hotspots/Pages/default.aspx|title=CEPF.net - The Biodiversity Hotspots |website=www.cepf.net |access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> It is one of the seventeen [[megadiverse countries]]. The country has seven [[World Heritage Site]]s, eleven [[Biosphere Reserves]] in the [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]] and thirty seven [[Ramsar site]]s.

In response to decrease in the numbers of wild animals, human encroachment and poaching activities, the government of India established a system of [[National parks of India|national parks]] and [[protected areas of India|protected areas]] in 1935, which was subsequently expanded. In 1972, India enacted the [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972]] and [[Project Tiger]] to safeguard crucial habitat. Further, federal protections were promulgated in the 1980s.

India has about 2,714 endemic [[lichen]] species. In 2020, the Lichen Park in India was developed by the Uttarakhand Forest Department in [[Munsiyari]].<ref name="Timesnow">{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/india-s-first-lichen-park-in-uttarakhand-to-conserve-jurassic-era-plant/613213|author=Timesnow news|title=India's 'first' lichen park in Uttarakhand to conserve Jurassic era plant|date=28 June 2020|access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref>

== Geographic origins ==
Many Indian [[species]] are descendants of species originating in [[Gondwana]], of which India originally was a part. [[Indian Plate|Peninsular India]]'s subsequent [[Plate tectonics|movement]] towards, and collision with, the [[Laurasia]]n landmass set off a mass exchange of species. However, [[Deccan Traps|volcanism]] and climatic change 20 million years ago caused the [[extinction]] of many endemic Indian forms.<ref>K. Praveen Karach. (2006). [http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/789.pdf Out-of-India Gondwanan origin of some tropical Asian biota]</ref> Soon thereafter, mammals entered India from Asia through two [[Zoogeography|zoogeographical]] passes on either side of the emerging Himalaya.<ref name="tritsch" /> As a result, among Indian species, only 12.6% of mammals and 4.5% of birds are endemic, contrasting with 45.8% of reptiles and 55.8% of amphibians<ref name="unep" /> Notable endemics are the [[Nilgiri langur]] and the brown and carmine [[Duttaphrynus beddomii|Beddome's toad]] of the Western Ghats. India harbours 172, or 2.9%, of [[IUCN]]-designated threatened species.<ref>Groombridge, B. (ed). 1993. ''The 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals.'' IUCN, England, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. lvi + 286 pp.</ref>
India is located at the junction of three realms namely Afrotropical, Indomalayan and Paleoarctic, and therefore, has characteristic elements from each of them, spurring migration of avifauna from these regions.

== Fauna ==
{{Main|Fauna of India}}
[[File:Collarwali Tigress of Pench.jpg|thumb|A [[Bengal tigress]] in [[Pench Tiger Reserve]]]]
[[File:Gir lion-Gir forest,junagadh,gujarat,india.jpeg|thumb|Family of [[Asiatic lion]]s at [[Gir National Park]]]]
[[File:Nagarhole Kabini Karnataka India, Leopard September 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Indian leopard]] in [[Nagarhole National Park]], India]]

[[File:Monkeyfamily.jpg|thumb|[[Grey langur]] family]]
[[File:Adult_Nicobar_Pigeon.jpg|thumb|[[Nicobar pigeon]], [[Nicobar Islands]]]]
[[File:Spotted deer (Axis axis) male.jpg|thumb|[[Chital]] herd in [[Kanha National Park]]]]
[[File:The barasingha.jpg|thumb|A [[barasingha]] at [[Dudhwa National Park]]]]
[[File:CourtshipDisplay.jpg|thumb|[[Blackbuck]]s in [[Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar]]]]
[[File:Elephas maximus (Bandipur).jpg|thumb|Male [[Indian elephant]] in [[Bandipur National Park]]]]
[[File:Indian One Horned Rhino.jpg|thumb|[[Indian rhinoceros]] at [[Kaziranga National Park]]]]
[[File:Big Mama National Chambal sanctuary 01.jpg|thumb|A [[gharial]] in [[Chambal River]]]]
India is home to several well-known large animals, including the [[Indian elephant]],<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Baskaran, N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Desai, A. A. |year=1996 |title=Ranging behaviour of the Asian elephant (''Elephas maximus'') in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, South India |journal=SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Group |volume=15 |pages=41–57 |url=http://www.asesg.org/PDFfiles/Gajah/15-41-Bskaran.pdf}}</ref> [[Indian rhinoceros]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Choudhury, A. U. |year=1985 |title=Distribution of Indian one-horned rhinoceros |journal=Tiger Paper |volume=12|issue=2 |pages=25–30 |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/index.php?s=1&act=refs&CODE=ref_detail&id=1165235391}}</ref> [[Bengal tiger]],<ref name=Jhala2019>{{cite book |author=Jhala, Y. V. |author2=Qureshi, Q. |author3=Nayak, A. K. |year=2019 |title=Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India 2018. Summary Report. TR No./2019/05 |publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority & Wildlife Institute of India |location=New Delhi, Dehradun}}</ref> [[Asiatic lion]],<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Singh, H. S. |author2=Gibson, L. |name-list-style=amp |url=http://www.dbs.nus.edu.sg/lab/cons-lab/documents/Singh_Gibson_Biol_Cons_2011.pdf |title=A conservation success story in the otherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (''Panthera leo persica'') of Gir forest |year=2011 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=144 |issue=5 |pages=1753–1757 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009}}</ref> [[Indian leopard]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mondal, K. |author2=Gupta, S. |author3=Bhattacharjee, S. |author4=Qureshi, Q.|author5=K. Sankar |name-list-style=amp |title=Prey selection, food habits and dietary overlap between leopard ''Panthera pardus'' (Mammalia: Carnivora) and re-introduced tiger ''Panthera tigris'' (Mammalia: Carnivora) in a semi-arid forest of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India |doi=10.1080/11250003.2012.687402 |year=2012 |journal=Italian Journal of Zoology |volume=79 |issue=4|pages=607–616 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[snow leopard]],<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mishra, C. |year=1997 |title=Livestock depredation by large carnivores in the Indian trans-Himalaya: conflict perceptions and conservation prospects |journal=Environmental Conservation |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=338–343 |doi=10.1017/S0376892997000441 |url=http://snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/Mishra_Conflict_1997.pdf}}</ref> and [[clouded leopard]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=A. U. |year=1992 |title=The Clouded Leopard in Assam |journal=Oryx |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=51–53 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300023966|doi-access=free }}</ref> Bears include [[sloth bear]], [[sun bear]], the [[Himalayan black bear]], the [[Himalayan brown bear]], and deer and antelopes include the [[chausinga]] antelope, the [[blackbuck]], [[chinkara]] gazelle, [[chital]], [[sambar (deer)]], [[sangai]], [[Tibetan antelope]], [[goa (antelope)]], [[Kashmir stag]], [[musk deer]], [[Indian muntjac]], [[Indian hog deer]], and the [[barasinga]]. It is home to big cats like Bengal tiger, Asiatic lion, Indian leopard, [[snow leopard]], [[caracal]], and [[clouded leopard]]. Various species of [[Caprinae|caprines]], including [[Bhutan takin|Bhutan]] and [[Mishmi takin]], [[Himalayan goral|Himalayan]] and [[red goral]], [[Himalayan serow]], [[red serow]], [[Himalayan tahr]], [[Siberian ibex]], [[markhor]], and [[Nilgiri tahr]], as well as the [[kiang]] and [[Indian wild ass]] can be found. Wild sheep include [[blue sheep]] and [[argali]]. [[Gaur]], [[wild water buffalo]], [[wild yak]], [[zebu]], and [[gayal]] are also found. Small mammals include [[Indian boar]], [[pygmy hog]], [[Nilgiri marten]], [[palm civet]], [[red panda]], [[binturong]], and [[hog badger]]. Aquatic mammals include [[Ganges river dolphin]] and [[finless porpoise]]. Reptiles include [[king cobra]], [[Indian cobra]], [[bamboo pit viper]], [[Sri Lankan green vine snake]], [[common krait]], [[Indian rock python]], [[Burmese python]], [[reticulated python]], [[mugger crocodile]], [[gharial]], [[saltwater crocodile]] and [[Indian golden gecko]]. Notable amphibians include the [[purple frog]], [[Indian tree frog]] and [[Himalayan newt]]. Birds include [[Indian peacock]], [[great Indian hornbill]], [[great Indian bustard]], [[ruddy shelduck]], [[Himalayan monal]], [[Himalayan quail]], [[painted stork]], [[greater flamingo|greater]] and [[lesser flamingo]], and [[Eurasian spoonbill]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/25528/7-rare-and-exotic-wildlife-species-that-can-be-found-in-india/|title=7 Rare and Exotic Wildlife Species that can be found in India|date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianwildlifemoments.com/indian-wildlife-animals-south-asia-fauna.tm|title=Animals in Indian Sub-Continent}}{{Dead link|date=July 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Flora ==
{{Main|Flora of India}}
[[File:Nelumno nucifera open flower - botanic garden adelaide2.jpg|thumb|[[Lotus Flower|Lotus]], the national flower of India]]
There are about 18500 taxa of flowering plants from India. The [[Indian Forest Act, 1927]] helped to improve the protection and security of the natural habitat. Many [[List of ecoregions in India|ecoregions]], such as the ''[[shola]]'' [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests|forests]], also exhibit extremely high rates of [[endemism]]; overall, 33% of Indian plant species are endemic.<ref>Botanical Survey of India. 1983</ref> Flora and Vegetation of forest cover ranges from the [[tropical rainforest]] of the [[Andaman Islands]], [[Western Ghats]], and [[Northeast India]] to the [[Temperate coniferous forest|coniferous forest]] of the Himalaya. Between these extremes lie the [[Shorea robusta|sal]]-dominated [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|moist deciduous]] forest of eastern India; [[teak]]-dominated [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|dry deciduous]] forest of central and southern India, and the [[Acacia nilotica indica|babul]]-dominated [[Deserts and xeric shrublands|thorn forest]] of the central Deccan and western Gangetic plain.<ref name="tritsch">Tritsch, M.E. 2001. ''Wildlife of India'' Harper Collins, London. 192 pages. {{ISBN|0-00-711062-6}}</ref> Mangrove forests such as the [[Sundarbans]] are on the coasts of states like [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]]. Important Indian trees include the medicinal [[neem]], widely used in rural Indian [[herbalism|herbal]] remedies. [[Bamboo]] gardens are extremely common in jungles as well as villages. States like [[Sikkim]] and [[West Bengal]] have [[orchid]]s. The national flower of India, the [[lotus flower]], is common in lakes and ponds.
[[Image:valley of flowers.JPG|thumb|right|240px|A scene from [[Valley of Flowers]], ''Impatiens sulcata'', This flower paints the Valley of Flowers in pink in the first week of August.]]

==Fungi==
The diversity of fungi and their natural beauty occupy a prime place in the biological world and India has been a cradle for such organisms. Only a fraction of the total fungal wealth of India has been subjected to scientific scrutiny and mycologists have to unravel this unexplored and hidden wealth. One-third of the fungal diversity of the globe exists in India. The country has an array of 10 diverse biomes including Trans-Himalayan zone, Himalaya, Desert, Semi-Arid zone, Western Ghats, Deccan Peninsula, Gangetic Plain, North-Eastern India, Coasts and Islands where varied dominating regimes manifest. This enables the survival of manifold fungal flora in these regions which include hot spot areas like the Himalayan ranges, Western Ghats, hill stations, mangroves, sea coasts, freshwater bodies etc. Many fungi have been recorded from these regions and from the country, in general, comprising thermophiles, psychrophiles, mesophiles, aquatic forms, marine forms, plant and animal pathogens, edible fungi and beneficial fungi and so on. The number of fungi recorded in India exceeds 27,000 species, the largest biotic community after insects. The true fungi belong to the Kingdom<ref>Classification of Organisms Wikipedia [[Kingdom (biology)]]</ref> Fungi which has four phyla, 103 orders, 484 families and 4979 genera. About 205 new genera have been described from India, of which 32% were discovered by C. V. Subramanian of the University of Madras.<ref>Fungal biodiversity: Distribution, conservation and prospecting of fungi from India [http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jul102005/58.pdf]</ref><ref>Fungi of India 1989-2001 [http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no33639/fungi-india-19892001-jamaluddin-mg-goswami-bm-ojha];</ref> These features indicate a tenfold increase in the last 80 years.

==Conservation==
{{Main|Conservation in India}}
[[File:Akwa18 puntius2.jpg|thumb|[[Denison barb]] is endemic to only three rivers in the [[Western Ghats]]]]
Article 48 of the Constitution of India says, "The state shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country" and Article 51-A states that "it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures."<ref>Krausman, P. R. & Johnson, A. T. (1990) Conservation and wildlife education in India. Wild. Soc. Bull. 18: 342–347</ref> The committee in the Indian Board for Wildlife, in their report, defines wildlife as "the entire natural uncultivated flora and fauna of the country" while the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]] defines it as "any animal, bees, butterflies, crustacea, fish, moths and aquatic or land vegetation which forms part of any habitat."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTW6uvi8IQ0C|title=Forest Environment and Biodiversity|last1=Singh|first1=M. P. |last2=Singh|first2=J. K. |last3=Mohanka|first3=R. |date=2007 |publisher=Daya Publishing House |isbn=9788170354215|pages=116–118}}</ref>

Despite the various environmental issues faced, the country still has rich and varied wildlife.<ref name=":0" />

As of 2020-21, there are 981 protected areas including 106 National Parks, 566 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 97 Conservation Reserves and 214 Community Reserves. In addition there are 51 Tiger Reserves, 18 Biosphere Reserves and 32 Elephant Reserves.{{cn|date=February 2022}}
Hundreds of India's bird populations are in serious decline, according to a study spanning over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/india-birds-decline-species-biodiversity-climate-crisis-a9342371.html|title=India's bird populations 'declining sharply', research shows|date=18 February 2020}}</ref>
In 2020 the Indian government created the world's first sea cucumber reserve in Lakshadweep-[[Dr KK Mohammed Koya Sea Cucumber Conservation Reserve]], the largest marine conservation reserve - Attakoya Thangal Marine Conservation Reserve and the first protected area for marine birds in India - [[PM Sayeed Marine Birds Conservation Reserve]].<ref name="Badri Chatterjee">{{Cite news |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/world-s-first-sea-cucumber-conservation-area-in-lakshadweep/story-cdwuvZwVkr1d1CR2cwNUZP.html|title=World's first sea cucumber conservation area in Lakshadweep|author=Badri Chatterjee|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=29 February 2020|access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref>

Gir forest in India has the only surviving population of Asiatic lions in the world. In the late 1960s, there were only about 180 Asiatic lions. There were 523 Asiatic lions in the [[Gir National Park]] in Gujarat state which in 2018 increased to more than 600.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's endangered lion population increases to 600|url=https://m.phys.org/news/2018-03-india-endangered-lion-population.html|access-date=2019-11-12|website=m.phys.org}}</ref>

== Extinctions in recent times ==
Some bird species have gone extinct in recent times, including the [[pink-headed duck]] (''Rhodonessa caryophyllacea'') and the [[Himalayan quail]] (''Ophrysia superciliosa''). A species of warbler, ''[[Acrocephalus orinus]]'', known earlier from a single specimen collected by [[Allan Octavian Hume]] from near Rampur in Himachal Pradesh, was rediscovered after 139 years in Thailand.<ref>Threatened birds of Asia [http://www.rdb.or.id/detailbird.php?id=693] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013154616/http://www.rdb.or.id/detailbird.php?id=693 |date=13 October 2006 }} Accessed October 2006</ref><ref>''The Nation'', [http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2007/03/07/headlines/headlines_30028700.php 6 March 2007]</ref>

[[Asiatic cheetah]] became extinct in India in the 1950. India's last recorded cheetah in the wild was said to have been shot in the [[Rewa district|Rewa]] area of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in the late 1940s.

== Cultural influence ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2022}}
[[File:Haliastur indus 136698204.jpg|thumb|[[Brahminy kite]] is considered as the contemporary representation of [[Garuda]], the sacred bird of [[Vishnu]]]]
The varied and rich wildlife of India has had a profound impact on the region's popular culture. India's wildlife has been the subject of numerous tales and fables such as the ''[[Panchatantra]]'' or the ''[[Jataka Tales]]''.
Notions of the wildlife of India were introduced in the west and also been made famous through ''[[The Jungle Book]]'' in late 1800s by [[Rudyard Kipling]].

==National animals==
[[File:Indian Peafowl.jpg|thumb|Indian peacock]]
* [[National animal]]: [[Tiger]]
*National heritage animal of India: [[Indian Elephant]]
*[[National aquatic animal]]: [[South Asian river dolphin]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Dolphin becomes India's national aquatic animal |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News/india/Dolphin-becomes-India-s-national-aquatic-animal/Article1-461628.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008010352/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News/india/Dolphin-becomes-India-s-national-aquatic-animal/Article1-461628.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2009}}</ref>
*[[National Bird]]: [[Indian peacock]]
*National Reptile of India: [[King Cobra]]

== Biosphere reserves ==
The Indian government has established 18 biosphere reserves, which protect larger areas of natural habitat and often include one or more national parks or reserves, along [[buffer zone]]s that are open to some economic uses. Protection is granted not only to the flora and fauna of the protected region, but also to the human communities who inhabit these regions, and their ways of life.{{cn|date=January 2022}}

The protected areas are:
* [[Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]]
* [[Dibru-Saikhowa National Park]]
* [[Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve]]
* [[Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve]]
* [[Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park]]
* [[Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Khangchendzonga National Park]]
* [[Manas National Park]]
* [[Nanda Devi National Park]]
* [[Nilgiri mountains]]
* [[Nokrek National Park]]
* [[Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve]]
* [[Simlipal National Park]]
* [[Sundarbans National Park]]
* [[Cold Desert]]
* [[Seshachalam hills]]
* [[Panna National Park]]

Eleven of the eighteen biosphere reserves are a part of the [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]], based on the [[UNESCO]] [[Man and the Biosphere Programme]] (MAB) list.<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/mab/BRs/AsiaBRlist.shtml*I UNESCO, Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme list]</ref>
* [[Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve]]
* [[Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve]]
* [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]]
* [[Nokrek National Park]]
* [[Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve]]
* [[Simlipal National Park]]
* [[Sundarbans|Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve]]
* [[Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve]]
* [[Nicobar Islands]]
* [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]]
* [[Khangchendzonga]]

==See also==
* [[Birding in Chennai]]
* [[Birdwatchers' Field Club of Bangalore]]
* [[Endemic birds of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
* [[India Nature Watch]]
* [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]
* [[List of birds of India]]
* [[List of mammals of India]]
* [[List of reptiles of South Asia]]
* [[Van Vigyan Kendra]]
* [[List of Indian states by wildlife population|Wildlife Population of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Tropical Ecology |volume=43 |issue=1 |title=Conservation of wetlands of India – a review |pages=173–186 |year=2002 |author1=Prasad, S.N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Ramachanandra, T.V. |author3=Ahalya, N. |author4=Sengupta, T. |author5=Kumar, A. |author6=Tiwari, A.K. |author7=Vijayan, V.S. |author8=Vijayan, L. |citeseerx=10.1.1.526.3559 |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.526.3559&rep=rep1&type=pdf}}
*{{cite journal |title=Fungal biodiversity: Distribution, conservation and prospecting of fungi from India |journal= Current Science |volume=89 |issue=1 |year=2005 |name-list-style=amp |author1=Manoharachary, C. |author2=Sridhar, K. |author3=Singh, R. |author4=Adholeya, A. |author5=Suryanarayanan, T. S. |author6=Rawat, S. |author7=Johri, B.N. |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jul102005/58.pdf}}
*{{cite book |title=Fungi of India 1989–2001 |year=2004 |author1=Jamaluddin, M.G. |author2=Goswami |author3=B.M. Ojha |publisher=Scientific Publishers |isbn=8172333544}}

==External links==
* [http://www.envfor.nic.in/ Official website of: Government of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests]
* [http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/legis.html "Legislations on Environment, Forests, and Wildlife" from the Official website of: Government of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests]
* [http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/legis.html#S "India's Forest Conservation Legislation: Acts, Rules, Guidelines", from the official website of the Government of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests]
* [http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/legis.html#R Wildlife Legislations, including - "The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act" from the Official website of: Government of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests]

{{Geography of India}}
{{Asia in topic|Wildlife of}}
{{Tourism in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wildlife Of India}}
[[Category:Wildlife of India| ]]
[[Category:Wildlife by country|India]]
[[Category:Biota of India]]

Wildlife of India - Revision history

ImportMaster: robot: Creating new article from Special:WantedPages