Ajay Kumar: Created a new article

2023-08-26T04:24:31Z

Created a new article

New page

{{short description|Species of mammal}}
{{Redirect|Arnee|the band|Arnee and the Terminaters|the similar name|Arnie (disambiguation){{!}}Arnie}}
{{About|the wild species|the domestic species |water buffalo}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Wild water buffalo
| image = Indian Water Buffalo Bubalus arnee by Dr Raju Kasambe IMG 0347 (11) (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = in [[Kaziranga National Park]]
| fossil_range = Middle [[Pleistocene]]-[[Holocene|Present]]<ref>{{cite journal|author=K. Suraprasit, J.-J. Jaegar, Y. Chaimanee, O. Chavasseau, C. Yamee, P. Tian, and S. Panha|title=The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications|journal=ZooKeys|date=2016|issue=613 |pages=1–157|doi=10.3897/zookeys.613.8309|pmid=27667928 |pmc=5027644 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Bubalus arnee'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Kaul, R. |author2=Williams, A.C. |author3=rithe, k. |author4=Steinmetz, R. |author5=Mishra, R. |date=2019 |page=e.T3129A46364616 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3129A46364616.en |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref>
| genus = Bubalus
| species = arnee
| range_map = Asiatic water buffalo 2015.png
| range_map_caption = Wild water buffalo range
| synonyms = ''Bubalus bubalis arnee''
| authority = ([[Robert Kerr (writer)|Kerr]], 1792)
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = * ''B. a. arnee''
* ''B. a. fulvus''
* ''B. a. septentrionalis''
* ''B. a. migona''
}}

The '''wild water buffalo''' ('''''Bubalus arnee'''''), also called '''Asian buffalo''', '''Asiatic buffalo''' and '''wild buffalo''', is a large [[Bovinae|bovine]] native to the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. It has been listed as ''[[Endangered species|Endangered]]'' in the [[IUCN Red List]] since 1986, as the remaining population totals less than 4,000. A population decline of at least 50% over the last three generations (24–30 years) is projected to continue.<ref name=iucn/> The global population has been estimated at 3,400 individuals, of which 3,100 (91%) live in [[India]], mostly in [[Assam]].<ref name="Choudhury2010">Choudhury, A. (2010). ''The vanishing herds: the wild water buffalo''. Gibbon Books, Rhino Foundation, CEPF & COA, Taiwan, Guwahati, India.</ref> The wild water buffalo is the most likely ancestor of the domestic [[water buffalo]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lau, C. H. |author2=Drinkwater, R. D. |author3=Yusoff, K. |author4=Tan, S. G. |author5=Hetzel, D. J. S. |author6=Barker, J. S. F. |year=1998 |title=Genetic diversity of Asian water buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis''): mitochondrial DNA D-loop and cytochrome b sequence variation |journal=Animal Genetics |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=253–264 |doi= 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1998.00309.x|pmid=9745663 |url=http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/40058/1/Genetic%20diversity%20of%20Asian%20water%20buffalo%20%28Bubalus%20bubalis%29.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Groves2006>{{cite book |author=Groves, C. P. |chapter=Domesticated and Commensal Mammals of Austronesia and Their Histories |pages=161–176 |year=2006 |title=The Austranesians |location=Canberra |publisher=Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University |editor=Bellwood, P. |editor2=Fox, J. J. |editor3=Tryon, D.}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
[[File:WaterBuffaloLopburiThailand2300BCE.jpg|thumb|Water buffalo sculpture, [[Lopburi]], Thailand, 2300 BCE]]
''Bos arnee'' was the [[scientific name]] proposed by [[Robert Kerr (writer)|Robert Kerr]] in 1792 who described a skull with horns of a buffalo [[zoological specimen]] from [[Bengal]] in northern India.<ref name=Kerr>{{cite book |last1=Kerr |first1=R. |title=The Animal Kingdom or zoological system of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. Class I. Mammalia |date=1792 |publisher=A. Strahan & T. Cadell |location=Edinburgh & London |page=336 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/animalkingdomorz00linn/page/336 |chapter=Arnee ''Bos arnee''}}</ref> The specific name ''arnee'' is derived from [[Hindi]] ''arnī'', which referred to a female wild water buffalo; the term is related to [[Sanskrit]] ''áraṇya'' ("forest") and ''áraṇa'' ("strange, foreign.")<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9GbDgAAQBAJ&dq=arn%C4%AB+arnee+buffalo&pg=PA4|title=The Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) - Production and Research|first=Giorgio A.|last=Presicce|date=March 31, 2017|publisher=Bentham Science Publishers|isbn=9781681084176 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/arna|title=Definition of ARNA|website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref> ''Bubalus arnee'' was proposed by [[Charles Hamilton Smith]] in 1827 who introduced the generic name ''Bubalus'' for bovids with large heads, convex-shaped narrow foreheads, laterally bent flat horns, funnel-shaped ears, small [[dewlap]]s and slender tails.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Griffith, E. |year=1827 |title=The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization|volume=5. Class Mammalia |publisher=Geo. B. Whittaker |location=London |first1=C. H. |last1=Smith |chapter=Sub-genus I. ''Bubalus'' |pages=371–373 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/animalkingdomarr05cuvi#page/370/mode/2up}}</ref>
Later authors subordinated the wild water buffalo under either ''[[Bos]]'', ''Bubalus'' or ''Buffelus''.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ellerman, J. R. |author2=Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. |date=1966 |title=Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 |edition=Second |place=London |publisher=British Museum of Natural History |chapter=Genus ''Bubalus'' H. Smith, 1827 |pages=383–384 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/checklistofindia00elle#page/382/mode/2up}}</ref>

In 2003, the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] placed ''Bubalus arnee'' on the ''Official List of [[Specific name (zoology)|Specific Names]] in Zoology'', recognizing the validity of this name for a wild species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature |year=2003 |title=Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia) |journal=The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=81–84 |url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofzoolog602003int#page/80/mode/2up}}</ref> Most authors have adopted the [[binomen]] ''Bubalus arnee'' for the wild water buffalo as valid for the [[taxon]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gentry, A. |author2=Clutton-Brock, J. |author3=Groves, C. P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=31 |issue=5|pages=645–651 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222518224}}</ref>

Only a few [[DNA sequence]]s are available from wild water buffalo populations.<ref>{{cite journal |name-list-style=amp|author=Flamand, J.R.B. |author2=Vankan, D. |author3=Gairhe, K.P. |author4=Duong, H. |author5=Barker, J.S.F. |date=2003 |title=Genetic identification of wild Asian water buffalo in Nepal |journal=Animal Conservation |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=265–270 |doi=10.1017/s1367943003003329 |s2cid=84855572 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43506186}}</ref> Wild populations are considered to be the [[progenitor]] of the modern domestic water buffalo, but the [[genetic variation]] within the species is unclear, and also how it is related to the domesticated river and [[Carabao]] swamp buffaloes.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yang, D.Y. |author2=Li Liu |author3=Chen, X. |author4=Speller, C.F. |name-list-style=amp |date=2008 |title=Wild or domesticated: DNA analysis of ancient water buffalo remains from north China |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=2778–2785 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2008.05.010 |url=https://www.sfu.ca/~donyang/adnaweb/Yang%20et%20al.%202008.pdf}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
[[File: Bubalus arnee schaedel.JPG|thumb|Skull of a wild water buffalo in the [[Bavarian State Collection of Zoology]]]]
The wild water buffalo has an ash-gray to black skin. The moderately long, coarse and sparse hair is directed forward from the haunches to the long and narrow head. There is a tuft on the forehead, and the ears are comparatively small. Its head-to-body-length is {{convert|240|to|300|cm|in|abbr=on}} with a {{convert|60|to|100|cm|in|abbr=on}} long tail and a shoulder height of {{convert|150|to|190|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Both sexes carry horns that are heavy at the base and widely spreading up to {{convert|2|m|in|abbr=on}} along the outer edges, exceeding in size the horns of any other living [[bovid]]. The tip of the tail is bushy; the hooves are large and splayed.<ref name="Nowak99">{{cite book |author=Nowak, R. M. |year=1999 |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |volume=1 |location=Baltimore, USA and London, UK |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn= 9780801857898|chapter=Asian water buffalo |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7W-DGRILSBoC&pg=PA1147}}</ref>
It is larger and heavier than the domestic water buffalo, and weighs from {{convert|600|to|1200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Aryal2011">{{cite journal |last1= Aryal|first1=A.|last2=Shrestha|first2=T.K. |last3=Ram|first3=A.|last4= Frey|first4=W.|last5= Groves|first5=C.|last6= Hemmer|first6=H. |last7=Dhakal|first7=M. |last8=Koirala |first8=R.J. |last9=Heinen|first9=J. |last10=Raubenheimer|first10=D. |year=2011 |title=Call to conserve the Wild Water Buffalo (''Bubalus arnee'') in Nepal |journal=International Journal of Conservation Science |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=261–268 |url=http://ijcs.ro/pub/IJCS-11-23-Aryal.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Ahrestani2016">{{cite book |editor1=Ahrestani, F.S. |editor2=Sankaran, M. |last1=Ahrestani |first1=F.S.|last2= Heitkönig |first2=I.M.A. |last3=Matsubayashi|first3=H. |last4=Prins|first4=H.H.T. |title=The Ecology of Large Herbivores in South and Southeast Asia |chapter=Grazing and Browsing by Large Herbivores in South and Southeast Asia |year=2016 |pages=99–120 |series=Ecological Studies |volume=225 |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-7570-0_4 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789401775700}}</ref> The average weight of three captive wild water buffaloes was {{convert|900|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Class, M. |author2=Lechner-Doll, M. |author3=Streich, W. J. |year=2004 |title=Differences in the range of fecal dry matter content between feeding types of captive wild ruminants |journal=Acta Theriologica |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=259–267 |doi= 10.1007/bf03192525|s2cid=13441339 }}</ref>
It is among the heaviest living wild bovid species, and is slightly smaller than [[gaur]].<ref>{{cite book |year=2008 |title=A Guide to the Mammals of China |editor1=Smith, A. T. |editor2=Xie, Y. |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Oxfordshire |isbn=9781400834112 |author1=MacKinon, J. |chapter=Subfamily Bovinae |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ka-9f68nPT4C&pg=PA472 |pages=472}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Asiatic_buffalo.jpg|thumb|A herd of wild water buffaloes in [[Kaziranga National Park]], [[Assam]]]]
The wild water buffalo occurs in [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Thailand]], and [[Cambodia]], with an unconfirmed population in [[Myanmar]]. It has been [[Local extinction|extirpated]] in [[Bangladesh]], [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]], and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=iucn/><ref name=Choudhury2010 /> It is associated with wet grasslands, swamps, flood plains and densely vegetated river valleys.<ref name=iucn/>

In India, it is largely restricted to in and around [[Kaziranga National Park|Kaziranga]], [[Manas National Park|Manas]] and [[Dibru-Saikhowa National Park]]s, [[Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Bura Chapori Wildlife Sanctuary]] and in a few scattered pockets in [[Assam]]; and in and around [[D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. A small population survives in [[Balphakram National Park]] in [[Meghalaya]], and in [[Chhattisgarh]] in [[Indravati National Park]] and [[Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name=Choudhury2010 /> This population might extend into adjacent parts of [[Odisha, India|Odisha]]. In the early 1990s, there may still have been about 3,300–3,500 wild water buffaloes in Assam and the adjacent states of northeast India.<ref name="Choudhury94">{{cite journal |author=Choudhury, A. |year=1994 |title=The decline of the wild water buffalo in northeast India |journal=Oryx |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=70–73 |doi=10.1017/s0030605300028325|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1997, the number was assessed at less than 1,500 mature individuals.<ref name=iucn/>

Many surviving populations are thought to have interbred with [[feral]] or domestic water buffaloes. In the late 1980s, fewer than 100 wild water buffaloes were left in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite report |author=Divekar, H. K. |author2=Bhusan, B. |name-list-style=amp |year=1988 |title=Status of wild Asiatic buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis'') in the Raipur and Bastar Districts of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=Technical Report of the Bombay Natural History Society of the Salim Ali Nature Conservation Fund, SANCF Report No. 3/1988}}</ref> By 1992, only 50 animals were estimated to have survived there.<ref name="Choudhury94"/>

Nepal's only population lives in [[Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve]] and has grown from 63 individuals in 1976 to 219 individuals in 2009.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Heinen, J. T. |year=1993 |title=Population viability and management recommendations for wild water buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis'') in Kosi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=29–34 |doi=10.1016/0006-3207(93)90193-5 |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/31022/1/0000698.pdf |hdl=2027.42/31022|hdl-access=free }}</ref> In 2016, 18 individuals were translocated from Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve to [[Chitwan National Park]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kandel, R. C. |author2=Poudel, R. C. |author3=Sadaula, A. |author4=Kandel, P. |author5=Gairhe, K. P. |author6=Pokheral, C. P. |author7=Bajracharya, S. B. |author8=Chalise, M. K. |author9=Solanki, G. S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2019 |title=Revisiting genetic structure of Wild Buffaloes Bubalus arnee Kerr, 1792 (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal: an assessment for translocation programs |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=11 |issue=15 |pages=14942–14954 |doi=10.11609/jott.4940.11.15.14942-14954 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In and around Bhutan's [[Royal Manas National Park]], a small number of wild water buffaloes occur. This is part of the sub-population that occurs in India's Manas National Park.<ref name=Choudhury2010/> In Myanmar, a few animals live in [[Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name=iucn/>

In Thailand, wild water buffaloes have been reported to occur in small herds of less than 40 individuals. A population of 25–60 individuals inhabited lowland areas of the [[Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary]] between December 1999 and April 2001. This population has not grown significantly in 15 years, and is maybe interbreeding with domestic water buffaloes.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Chaiyarat, R. |author2=Lauhachinda, V. |author3=Kutintara, U. |author4=Bhumpakphan, N. |author5=Prayurasiddhi, T. |year=2004 |title=Population of Wild Water Buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis'') in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand |journal=Natural History Bulletin Siam Society |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=151–162 |url=http://www.thaiscience.info/journals/Article/Population%20of%20wild%20water%20buffalo%20%28bubalus%20bubalis%29%20in%20huai%20kha%20khaeng%20wildlife%20sanctuary,%20thailand.pdf |access-date=2011-03-24 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728134019/http://www.thaiscience.info/journals/Article/Population%20of%20wild%20water%20buffalo%20(bubalus%20bubalis)%20in%20huai%20kha%20khaeng%20wildlife%20sanctuary,%20thailand.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The population in Cambodia is confined to a small area of easternmost [[Mondulkiri Province|Mondulkiri]] and possibly [[Ratanakiri Province]]s. Only a few dozen individuals remain.<ref>Tordoff, A. W., Timmins, R. J., Maxwell, A., Huy Keavuth, Lic Vuthy and Khou Eang Hourt (eds). (2005). Biological assessment of the Lower Mekong Dry Forests Ecoregion. WWF Greater Mekong Programme. Phnom Penh, Cambodia</ref>

The wild water buffaloes in [[Sri Lanka]] are thought to be descendants of the introduced domestic [[water buffalo]]. It is unlikely that any true wild water buffaloes remain there today.<ref name=iucn/>

Wild-living populations found elsewhere in Asia, [[Australia]], [[Argentina]] and [[Bolivia]] are [[feral]] domestic water buffaloes.<ref name="Nowak99"/>

==Ecology and behavior==
Wild water buffaloes are both [[Diurnality|diurnal]] and [[nocturnal]]. Adult females and their young form stable clans of as many as 30 individuals which have home ranges of {{convert|170|to|1000|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}, including areas for resting, grazing, wallowing, and drinking. Clans are led by old cows, even when bulls accompany the group. Several clans form a herd of 30 to 500 animals that gather at resting areas. Adult males form bachelor groups of up to 10 individuals, with older males often being solitary, and spend the dry season apart from the female clans. They are seasonal breeders in most of their range, typically in October and November. However, some populations breed year round. Dominant males mate with the females of a clan who subsequently drive them off. Their [[gestation period]] is 10 to 11 months, with an inter-birth interval of one year. They typically give birth to a single offspring, although twins are possible. Age at sexual maturity is 18 months for males, and three years for females. The maximum known lifespan is 25 years in the wild.<ref name=" Nowak99"/> In the wild in Assam, the herd size varies from three to 30 individuals.<ref name=Choudhury2010/>

They are probably [[Grazing|grazers]] by preference, feeding mainly on [[graminoid]]s when available, such as [[Cynodon dactylon|Bermuda grass]], and ''[[Cyperus]]'' sedges, but they also eat other [[Herbaceous plant|herb]]s, fruits, and bark, as well as [[Browsing (predation)|browsing]] on trees and shrubs.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Daniel J. C., Grubh B. R. | year = 1966 | title = The Indian wild buffalo ''Bubalus bubalis'' (Linn), in peninsular India: a preliminary survey | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47950304 | journal = Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society | volume = 63 | pages = 32–53}}</ref> They also feed on crops, including [[rice]], [[sugarcane]], and [[jute]], sometimes causing considerable damage.<ref>Lēkhakun, B., Mcneely, J. A. (1988). ''Mammals of Thailand''. 2nd edition. Saha Karn Bhaet, Bangkok, Thailand</ref>

[[Tiger]]s and [[mugger crocodile]]s prey on adult wild water buffaloes, and [[Asian black bear]]s have also been known to kill them.<ref>Humphrey, S. R., Bain, J. R. (1990). ''Endangered animals of Thailand''. Issue 6 of Flora & Fauna handbook. Sandhill Crane Press. {{ISBN|1-877743-05-4}}</ref>

==Threats==
A population reduction by at least 50% over the last three generations seems likely given the severity of the threats, especially [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]]; this population trend is projected to continue into the future. The most important threats are:<ref name=iucn/>
* [[interbreeding]] with feral and domestic water buffaloes in and around protected areas;
* hunting, especially in Thailand, Cambodia, and Myanmar;
* habitat loss of [[floodplain]] areas due to conversion to agriculture and [[hydropower]] development;
* degradation of [[wetlands]] due to [[invasive species]] such as [[Mikania|stem twiners and lianas]];
* diseases and [[parasites]] transmitted by domestic [[livestock]];
* [[interspecific competition]] for food and water between wild water buffaloes and [[livestock]].

==Conservation==
''Bubalus arnee'' is included in [[CITES Appendix III]], and is legally protected in Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Thailand.<ref name=iucn/>

In 2017, 15 wild water buffaloes were [[reintroduced]] into [[Chitwan National Park]] in Nepal to establish a second viable sub-population in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dhungel G. |author2=Thanet D.R. |name-list-style=amp |year=2019 |title=Investigating Habitat Suitability and Conservation Issues of Re-introduced Wild Water Buffalo in Chitwan National Park, Nepal |journal=Forestry: Journal of Institute of Forestry, Nepal |volume=16 |issue=16 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.3126/forestry.v16i0.28350 |s2cid=216528987 |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/forestry/article/download/28350/23279|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bubalus arnee}}
{{Wikispecies|Bubalus arnee}}

* [http://www.asianwildcattle.org IUCN Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group: ''Water buffalo'' (Bubalus arnee)]
* [http://www.wildcattleconservation.org Wild Cattle Conservation Project]
* [http://www.animalinfo.org/species/artiperi/bubaarne.htm Animal Info: ''Wild water buffalo'']
* [http://wildlifetrustofindia.org/news-archives/2006/02/15/wild-buffalo-faces-extinction Wildlife Trust of India February 2006: ''Wild buffalo faces extinction'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060303113821/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/26/stories/2006022601090900.htm The Hindu February 2006: ''Project to conserve wild Asian buffalo'']

{{Artiodactyla|R.4}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1914208}}

[[Category:Water buffalo]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Mammals of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Nepal]]
[[Category:Mammals of Thailand]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1792]]
[[Category:Symbols of Chhattisgarh]]

[[br:Bubalus]]

Wild water buffalo - Revision history

CleanupBot: Robot: Replacing encoded entity with character

TanjaFreese: Improved readability and structure

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article