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{{Short description|Species of crustacean}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = ''Litopenaeus vannamei''
| image = Litopenaeus vannamei specimen.jpg
| genus = Litopenaeus
| species = vannamei
| authority = ([[Pearl Lee Boone|Boone]], 1931) <ref>{{ITIS |id=551682 |taxon=''Litopenaeus vannamei'' (Boone, 1931) |access-date=June 8, 2011}}</ref>
| synonyms = ''Penaeus vannamei'' <small>Boone, 1931</small>
}}

'''Whiteleg shrimp''' (''Litopenaeus vannamei'', [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] ''Penaeus vannamei''), also known as '''Pacific white shrimp''' or '''King prawn''', is a species of [[Dendrobranchiata|prawn]] of the eastern [[Pacific Ocean]] commonly caught or farmed for [[food]].

==Description==
''L. vannamei'' grows to a maximum length of {{convert|230|mm|abbr=on}}, with a [[carapace]] length of {{convert|90|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="FAO"/> Adults live in the ocean, at depths to {{convert|72|m|abbr=on}}, while [[juvenile (organism)|juveniles]] live in [[estuary|estuaries]].<ref name="FAO"/> The [[rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]] is moderately long, with 7–10 teeth on the dorsal side and two to four teeth on the ventral side.<ref name="FAO"/>

==Distribution and habitat==
Whiteleg shrimp are native to the eastern Pacific Ocean, from the [[Mexico|Mexican]] state of [[Sonora]] to as far south as northern [[Peru]].<ref name="FAO">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3404/en |work=Species Fact Sheets |title=''Penaeus vannamei'' (Boone, 1931) |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |access-date=June 8, 2011}}</ref> It is restricted to areas where the water temperatures remain above {{convert|20|C|F}} throughout the year.<ref name="CASIP"/>

==Fishery and aquaculture==
During the 20th century, ''L. vannamei'' was an important species for Mexican [[inshore]] fishermen, as well as for [[Fishing trawler|trawler]]s further offshore.<ref name="FAO"/>
In the late 20th century, the wild fishery was overtaken by the development of [[aquaculture]] production; this began in 1973 in [[Florida]] using prawns captured in [[Panama]], that were used in hatcheries for larvae production.<ref name="CASIP">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Litopenaeus_vannamei/en |work=Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme |title=''Penaeus vannamei'' (Boone, 1931) |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |access-date=June 8, 2011}}</ref>

In Latin America, the culture of ''L. vannamei'' started to develop with the availability of hatchery larvae, the development of feeds, the technification of the growth processes, the freezing installations and market channels, among others.

From Mexico to Peru most countries developed in the 70s and 80s large production areas.
Ecuador became one of the world leaders producers of this type of shrimp.

Around the beginning of the millennium, Asia introduced this species in their aquaculture operations (changing from ''[[Penaeus monodon]]'').
China, Vietnam, India and others have become major packers as well.

The packing of shrimp from aquaculture origin has overpassed the quantity of ocean caught wild shrimp in recent years.
Both origins, ocean caught and aquaculture, are subject to weather changes and diseases.

By 2004, global production of ''L. vannamei'' approached 1,116,000 t, and exceeded that of ''[[Penaeus monodon]]''.<ref name="CASIP"/>

''L. vannamei'' have been cultivated indoors through a [[Recirculating aquaculture system|recirculating aquaculture systems]] at [[TransparentSea Farm]], a startup in [[Downey, California|Downey]], California.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haskell |first=Josh |date=2021-12-10 |title=How an urban shrimp farm in Downey is offering an innovative, sustainable alternative to overfishing |url=https://abc7.com/shrimp-fish-farm-downey/11317119/ |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=ABC7 Los Angeles |language=en}}</ref>

== Weather effect==
Normally, there are peaks of production during the warm [[El Niño-Southern Oscillation|El Niño]] years, and reduced production during the cooler [[La Niña]] years. The effect is on ocean caught as well as on aquaculture origin.

==Diseases==
There are several known diseases.<ref name="CASIP"/> Production of ''L. vannamei'' is limited by its susceptibility to [[white spot syndrome]], [[Taura syndrome]], [[infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis]], [[baculoviral midgut gland necrosis]], and ''[[Vibrio]]'' infections.<ref name="CASIP"/>

==Impact on nature==
In 2010, [[Greenpeace]] International added the whiteleg shrimp to its seafood red list.
This lists fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from [[Unsustainable fishing methods|unsustainable fisheries]].<ref name="redlist">[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/oceans/seafood Greenpeace International Seafood Red list]</ref> The reasons given by Greenpeace were "destruction of vast areas of [[mangroves]] in several countries, overfishing of juvenile shrimp from the wild to supply [[shrimp farm]]s, and significant [[human rights abuses]]".<ref name=redlist/> In 2016, ''L. vannamei'' accounted for 53% of the total production of farmed crustaceans globally.<ref>{{Citation|chapter=World Review|date=2018-07-23|pages=1–83|publisher=UN|isbn=9789210472340|doi=10.18356/eeca78e4-en|title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018|series=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture}}</ref>



==See also==
*''[[Macrobrachium rosenbergii]]'', the giant freshwater prawn
*''[[Pandalus borealis]]'', Canadian northern prawns

==References==

{{Reflist|32em}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jim_Wyban2/publication/275892864_Thailand%27s_White_Shrimp_Revolution/links/554934110cf25a87816ab2f1/Thailands-White-Shrimp-Revolution.pdf Thailand's White Shrimp Revolution]
{{Edible crustaceans}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3002564}}

[[Category:Penaeidae]]
[[Category:Edible crustaceans]]
[[Category:Commercial crustaceans]]
[[Category:Crustaceans of the eastern Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Crustaceans described in 1931]]

Whiteleg shrimp - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article