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The "'''White Huns'''", also known as the '''White Hunas''', in [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] as the '''''Spet Xyon''''' and in [[Sanskrit]] as the '''''Sveta-huna''''', were a sub-group of the [[Huna people|Huna]] and/or [[Xionites]]. The White Huns are sometimes regarded as synonymous with the [[Hephthalites]], but may have included other tribes as well. They are well known for their conquest and occupation of [[North India]], particularly the [[Punjab region]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dignas|first1=Assistant Professor of History Beate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG2hqcRDvJgC|title=Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals|last2=Dignas|first2=Beate|last3=Winter|first3=Engelbert|date=2007-09-13|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84925-8|pages=97|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Goldsworthy|first1=Adrian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=muVoB0O_XXMC|title=The Fall Of The West: The Death Of The Roman Superpower|last2=Ltd|first2=Dr Adrian Goldsworthy|date=2009-04-02|publisher=Orion|isbn=978-0-297-85760-0|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The "White Huns," or [[Hephthalites]], were reported by Byzantine, Indian, Chinese, Arab-Persian, Armenian and other written sources. Despite the abundance of information, a number of questions of the history of the states created by the [[Hephthalites]] are considered by scientists from different and often opposite points of view. Well-informed authors of Chinese chronicles call the regions of [[East Turkestan]] ([[Turpan|Turfan]]) the homeland of the [[Hephthalites]]. According to this information, the eftalnts were driven out of there as a result of clashes with the neighboring tribes of the [[Rouran Khaganate|Juan-Juan]]. [[Hephthalites]] were divided into two groups - white huns and [[Red Huns (disambiguation)|red huns]]. The latter owe their name to red headdresses, red armor and a red banner. It is still unclear whether these groups were different tribes that were part of the confederation, or whether they were some ethnic varieties that were part of a single tribal union. The [[Hephthalites]] were an [[Iranian-speaking people|Iranian-speaking]] people. Their language belonged to the East Iranian group, but was somewhat different from the language of other Iranian-speaking peoples. In the [[Tokharistan|Tocharistan]] possessions, the official state language of the [[Hephthalites]] was [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]]. Bactrian titles are read in the legends of the Hephthalite coins. [[Hephthalites|Hephtalites]] writing developed on the basis of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]]. Few monuments of Hephthalite writing have survived. These include an inscription on a shard from Zangtepe, graffiti from Karzdepe, inscriptions from [[Afrasiab murals|Afrasiab]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Брыкина|first=Г. А.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b81WAAAAMAAJ|title=Средняя Азия и Дальний Восток в эпоху средневековья: Средняя Азия в раннем средневековье|date=1999|publisher=Наука|isbn=978-5-02-008617-3|pages=12|language=ru}}</ref>

Latin and Syrian sources called the [[Xionites|Chionites]], [[Kidarites]] ([[Kushan Empire|Kushans]]) and [[Hephthalites]] as White Huns. They also included the [[Cadusii]] living in [[Nusaybin]]. Considering the identity of the [[Caspians]] with the [[Cadusii]], the [[Nusaybin]] [[Cadusii]], as well as the [[Xionites|Chionites]] and [[Hephthalites]], can be considered the successors of the [[Hyrcania|Hyrcanian]] Cadusii or Caspians .. ", Which corresponds to" [[Alans]] and [[Sarir]] "or" Alans and [[Rus' people|Rus]] "in Munajim-bashy. Thus, the “Caucasian Huns”, who are not confused with the Huns and are identified with “[[Maskut]]” or “Massa-Huns”, can be correlated with the [[Hyrcania|Hyrcanians]], who were related to the military-trade colonies in the Caucasus.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kljaštornyj|first1=Sergej G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5J2DQwAACAAJ|title="Дорога Страбона" как часть Великого Шелкового пути: материалы Международной конференции, Баку, 28-29 ноября 2008 г.|last2=Mustafaev|first2=Shaid Medzhid ogly|date=2009|publisher=Mezhdunarodnyĭ institut t︠s︡entralʹnoaziatskikh issledovaniĭ|isbn=978-9943-357-04-4|pages=131|language=ru}}</ref>

The Hephthalite tribes are noted in Central Asia, mainly in the [[Transcaspian Oblast|Trans-Caspian]] and in the upper reaches of the [[Amu Darya]], by Arab and Persian-speaking authors under the name Haital ([[Al-Tabari|Tabari]], [[Al-Masudi|Masudi]], [[Ferdowsi]], etc.). Armenian historians are repeatedly mentioned Hephtalites , transcribing their name Idalyan, Idal or Haital. Vardapet has the term Haylan. [[Ghazar Parpetsi]] (end of the 5th century) Uses the term Heptal for their designation; Michael of Syria (IX century) - Tedal and Tedaltzi. [[Josef Markwart|Markwart]] also noted the Armenian term ''katisk - [[Cadusii]]'', as one of the names of the [[Hephthalites]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bernshtam|first=Aleksandr Natanovich|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9EyAQAAIAAJ|title=Очерк истории гуннов|date=1951|publisher=Изд-во Ленинградского гос. университета|pages=184|language=ru}}</ref>

It is necessary to point out that [[Josef Markwart|Markwart]] also associates with the White Huns the many times remembered [[Cadiseni]] - "''Katisk''" of Armenian sources. These [[Cadusii]], or [[Cadiseni]], occupied the Persian province of [[Herat]]. Initially, [[Josef Markwart|Markwart]] doubted whether to consider them [[Xionites|Chionites]] or [[Hephthalites]], but in his work he considered them [[Hephthalites]]. The Syrian writer [[Isaac of Antioch]], writing about 400, says that the qudishaye is near [[Nusaybin]]. [[Theodor Nöldeke|Nöldeke]] considered them to be relatives of the [[Kurds]], with whom, in his opinion, they had many similarities. In the surviving fragments of [[John of Antioch (historian)|John of Antioch]], there is an indication that the [[Cadusii]] were counted among the Huns. This evidence suggests that the [[Cadusii]] inherited from the White Huns.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Пигулевская|first=Нина Викторовна|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qg9XAAAAMAAJ|title=Сирийские источники по истории народов СССР|date=1941|publisher=Изд-во Академии наук СССР|pages=48|language=ru}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Huns]]
* [[Red Huns (disambiguation)|Red Huns]]
* [[Jats]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Huns}}

[[Category:Ancient peoples of India]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Hephthalites]]
[[Category:Historical Iranian peoples]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Huns]]
[[Category:Cadusii]]

{{Asia-ethno-group-stub}}

White Huns - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article