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{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = White-winged duck
| image = White-winged.wood.duck.arp.jpg
| image_caption = At Sylvan Heights Waterfowl Park, North Carolina, United States
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn|author=BirdLife International|year=2013|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22680064/0|title=Asarcornis scutulata|access-date=21 September 2014}}</ref>
| genus = Asarcornis
| parent_authority = [[Tommaso Salvadori|Salvadori]], 1895
| species = scutulata
| authority = ([[Salomon Müller|Müller]], 1842)
| synonyms = ''Cairina scutulata''
| range_map = Cairina scutulata distribution map.png
}}

The '''white-winged duck''' or '''white-winged wood duck''' (''Asarcornis scutulata'') is a large species of [[duck]], formerly placed in the [[genus]] ''Cairina'' with the [[Muscovy duck]] (''Cairina moschata'') and allied with the [[dabbling duck]]s. However, [[mtDNA]] [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] and [[NADH dehydrogenase]] [[Protein subunit|subunit]] 2 [[DNA sequence|sequence]] analysis indicate that the [[anatomy|anatomical]] similarity to the Muscovy duck is deceiving and that the species is appropriately placed in a [[monotypic]] genus, as ''Asarcornis scutulata'', which is evolutionarily closer to the [[Redhead (bird)|redhead]] (''Aythya americana'', one of the [[diving duck]]s).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1= Kevin P. |last2=Sorenson|first2= Michael D. |year=1999|title=Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus ''Anas''): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence|journal= [[Auk (journal)|Auk]]|volume=116|issue=3|pages= 792–805|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v116n03/p0792-p0805.pdf|doi=10.2307/4089339|jstor= 4089339 }}</ref><ref>{{aut|Carboneras, C. & Kirwan, G.M.}} (2019). White-winged Duck (Asarcornis scutulata). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/52847 on 14 July 2019).</ref>

==Description==
This is one of the largest living species of duck next only to the [[steamer duck]]s which are heavier. The Muscovy duck also attains sizes that nearly rival the white-winged duck, but may average a bit smaller in a wild state. Length is {{convert|66|-|81|cm|in|abbr=on}} and wingspan is {{convert|116|-|153|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>Ogilvie & Young, ''Wildfowl of the World''. New Holland Publishers (2004), {{ISBN|978-1-84330-328-2}}</ref> Males weigh {{convert|2.94|-|3.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, while females weigh {{convert|1.95|-|3.05|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name= Wildpro>[http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/s/0AvAnserif/anatidae/1acravan_cairina/Cairina_scutulata/Cairina_scutulata.htm ''Cairina scutulata'' – White-winged duck]. wildpro.twycrosszoo.org</ref><ref name = "CRC">''CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition'' by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008), {{ISBN|978-1-4200-6444-5}}.</ref> The most noticeable feature on adult birds, is the dark body contrasting with a whitish head and neck. Males have mostly dull yellowish bill, blackish mottling on the head and upper neck, white lesser median coverts and inner edges of tertials and bluish-grey secondaries. In flight, white wing-coverts contrast with the rest of the wings. Females are smaller and usually have more densely mottled head and upper neck. The juvenile is duller and browner.<ref name= Birdlife>[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=410 White-winged Duck ''Cairina scutulata'']. Birdlife International. birdlife.org</ref>

This secretive species is only known to feed at night. Its diet consists of seeds, aquatic plants, grain, rice, snails, small fish and insects.<ref name= Wildpro/> It inhabits stagnant or slow-flowing natural and artificial wetlands, within or adjacent to evergreen, deciduous or swamp forests, on which it depends for roosting and nesting, usually in tree holes. Although lowlands (below c.200 m) provide optimum habitat, it occurs up to 1,400 m of altitude, especially on plateaus supporting sluggish perennial rivers and pools.<ref name= Birdlife/>
<gallery>
File:White-winged Duck RWD3.jpg|At [[Nameri National Park]], Assam, India
File:White-winged Wood Duck (Cairina scutulata) RWD.jpg
File:Malaienente Cairina scutulata 0505054.jpg
</gallery>

==Distribution and status==
Historically, the white-winged duck was widely distributed from northeastern [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]], throughout [[South East Asia]] to [[Java (island)|Java]] and [[Sumatra]]. It is now extinct in Java. In India, the duck is found only in the northeastern part of the country, with the main concentration in eastern Assam and adjacent areas of Arunachal Pradesh.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (1996). Survey of the white-winged wood duck and the Bengal florican in Tinsukia district & adjacent areas of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. The Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India, Guwahati, India.</ref> However, in 2002 it had a population of only 800, with about 200 in [[Laos]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]] and Cambodia, 150 on Sumatra, notably in [[Way Kambas National Park]] and 450 in India, Bangladesh and [[Burma]].<ref name = "BirdLife"/>

In India, the key protected areas for the white-winged duck are Dibru-Saikhowa National Park, Dihing-Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary, Nameri National Park and Namdapha National Park.<ref>Choudhury, A.U.(2000). ''The Birds of Assam''. Gibbon Books & WWF-India NE Reg. Office, Guwahati, India, {{ISBN|8190086618}}.</ref>

The white-winged duck occurs in dense tropical evergreen forests, near rivers and swamps.<ref>[http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/priority_species/lesser_known_species/wood_duck/ White Winged Wood Duck]. WWF India. Retrieved on 2013-04-05.</ref>

They tend to nest in tree cavities, and are threatened in part since the destruction of hollow trees is destroying their nesting localities. The draining of swamps and rivers and other forms of [[habitat destruction]] is also destroying the habitat that they could survive in. Additional threats include loss of genetic variability, disturbance, hunting, and collection of eggs and chicks for food or pets.<ref>{{cite book|author=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |title=Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World: Dee-fox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTMY7Fp01zcC&pg=PA479 |year=2001 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7198-1 |page=479}}</ref>

Due to ongoing habitat loss, a small population size, and because this duck is hunted for food, eggs and pets, the white-winged duck is evaluated as [[Endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] of Threatened Species.<ref name="iucn"/> It is listed on Appendix I of [[CITES]]. The white-winged duck is also found in the central Sumatra province of Riau, specifically in the peatland ''[[Acacia]]'' plantations of a large [[pulp and paper company]]. The plantations, at least temporarily, provide suitable habitat between periodic harvests (once every 4–5 years). The ducks are frequently observed along canals where large and overhanging ''Acacia'' trees provide shade and cover from predators and a haven in which to feed and rest. The quiet and still water in the canals of the plantations provides an undisturbed and secluded location, away from local communities which may hunt the ducks or collect their eggs. Nearby, natural forest conservation areas and greenbelts also provide suitable nesting and roosting habitat in close proximity to the canals.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

It is the [[list of Assam state symbols|state bird]] of the Indian state of [[Assam]].

== References ==
{{Reflist | refs =
<ref name = "BirdLife">
{{cite web | url = http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=410 | title = White-winged Duck ''Asarcornis scutulata'' | publisher = BirdLife International | access-date = 21 September 2014}}
</ref>
}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons-inline|''Asarcornis scutulata''}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q25495361}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:duck, white-winged}}
[[Category:Aythyinae|white-winged duck]]
[[Category:Ducks|white-winged duck]]
[[Category:Birds of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Birds of Northeast India]]
[[Category:Fauna of Assam]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1842|white-winged duck]]
[[Category:Symbols of Assam]]

White-winged duck - Revision history

imported>Citation bot: Add: jstor, authors 1-1. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Taxonbars without secondary Wikidata taxon IDs | via #UCB_Category 536/988