Wheel of time - Revision history

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2025-07-18T22:45:04Z

Page updated with relevant improvements

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:15, 19 July 2025
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	{{Short description\|Religious and philosophical concept of cyclical, repeating epochs or ages}}		{{Short description\|Religious and philosophical concept of cyclical, repeating epochs or ages}}
	{{About\|a religious concept\|other uses\|Wheel of time (disambiguation)}}		{{About\|the religious concept\|other uses\|Wheel of time (disambiguation)}}
	{{More citations needed\|date=January 2008}}		{{More citations needed\|date=January 2008}}
			[[File:Flammarion.jpg\|thumb\|left\|[[Camille Flammarion]]'s L'atmosphere (1888)]]
			The '''wheel of time''' or '''wheel of history''' (also known as ''[[Kalachakra]]'') is a concept found in several religious traditions and philosophies, notably religions of Indian origin such as [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], and [[Buddhism]], which regard time as [[Historic recurrence\|cyclical]] and consisting of repeating ages. Many other cultures contain belief in a similar concept: notably, the [[Q'ero]] people of [[Peru]], the [[Hopi]] people of [[Arizona]], and the [[Kongo people\|Bakongo people]] of [[Angola]] and [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].

	The ~~'''~~wheel ~~of time~~''' or '~~''wheel~~ of ~~history~~''~~' (also known as~~ ''[[~~Kalachakra~~]]'') is a ~~concept found in several religious traditions~~ and ~~philosophies~~, ~~notably religions of Indian origin such as~~ [[~~Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism~~]], and ~~[[Buddhism]]~~, ~~which regard time as [[Historic recurrence~~\|~~cyclical]] and consisting~~ of ~~repeating ages. Many other cultures contain belief in a similar concept~~: ~~notably,~~ the ~~[[Q'ero]] Natives~~ of ~~[[Peru]]~~, ~~as well as~~ the ~~[[Hopi]] Natives~~ of ~~[[Arizona]].~~		== Ancient Africa ==
			{{Main article\|Kongo cosmogram}}
			[[File:Kongo_Cosmogram_3.png\|thumb\|The Bakongo Cosmogram]]
			In traditional [[Kongo religion\|Bakongo religion]], the four elements are incorporated into the Kongo cosmogram. This sacred wheel depicts the physical world (''Nseke''), the spiritual world of the ancestors (''Mpémba''), the [[Kalunga line\|Kalûnga line]] that runs between the two worlds, the sacred river (''mbûngi'') that began as a circular void and forms a circle around the two worlds, and [[Sun path\|the path of the sun]]. Each element correlates to a period in the life cycle, which the Bakongo people also equate to the four cardinal directions and seasons. According to their cosmology, all living things go through this cycle.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Fu-Kiau \|first=Kimbwandènde Kia Bunseki \|url=http://archive.org/details/africancosmology00kimb \|title=African cosmology of the Bântu-Kôngo : tying the spiritual knot : principles of life & living \|date=2001 \|publisher=Brooklyn, N.Y. : Athelia Henrietta Press, Pub. in the name of Orunmila \|others=Internet Archive \|isbn=978-1-890157-28-9}}</ref>

	~~==Hinduism==~~		* '''Mbûngi''' represents ''aether'' and is the void that exists before creation.
	~~{{Main\|Yuga Cycle\|Manvantara\|Kalpa~~ (~~aeon~~)}}		* '''Musoni time''' (South) represents ''air'' and is the period of conception that takes place during spring.
			* '''Kala time''' (East) represent ''fire'' and is the period of birth that takes place during summer.
			* '''Tukula time''' (North) represents ''earth'' and is the period of maturity that takes place during fall.
			* '''Luvemba time''' (West) represents ''water'' and is the period of death that takes place during winter.

	~~In [[Hindu cosmology]], ''[[Kaal\|kala]]'' (time) is eternal, repeating general events in four types of cycles.~~ The ~~smallest cycle is a ''[[Yuga Cycle\|maha-yuga]]'' (great age), containing four ''[[yuga]]s'' (''[[Dharma#Hinduism\|dharmic]]'' ages): ''[[Satya Yuga]]'', ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]''~~ and ''[[~~Kali Yuga~~]]~~''. A ''[[manvantara]]'' (age of [[Manu (Hinduism)\|Manu]]) contains 71 ''maha-yugas''. A ''[[Kalpa (aeon)\|kalpa]]'' (day of [[Brahma]]) contains 14 ''manvantaras''~~ and ~~15 ''sandhyas'' (connecting periods), which lasts for 1~~,~~000 ''maha-yugas'' and is followed by a ''[[pralaya]]'' (night of partial dissolution) of equal length, where a day and night make one full day. A ''maha-kalpa''~~ (~~life of Brahma~~) ~~lasts for 100 of Brahma's years~~ of ~~12 months of 30 full days (100 360-day years) or 72,000,000 ''maha-yugas'', which~~ is ~~followed by~~ a ~~''maha-pralaya'' (full dissolution)~~ of ~~equal length~~.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=~~Gupta~~ \|first=~~Dr. S. V.~~ \|~~url~~=~~https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/501804251~~ \|~~title~~=~~Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units~~ \|publisher=~~[[Springer Publishing~~\|~~Springer]] \|year~~=~~2010~~ \|isbn=~~9783642007378 \|editor~~-~~last=Hull \|editor~~-~~first=Robert \|series=Springer Series in Materials Science: 122 \|pages=6–9 (1.2.4 Time Measurements) \|editor~~-~~last2=Osgood, Jr. \|editor~~-~~first2=Richard M.~~ \|~~editor-link2~~=~~Richard M. Osgood Jr.~~ \|~~editor-last3=Parisi \|editor-first3~~=~~Jurgen \|editor-last4=Warlimont \|editor-first4=Hans~~}}</ref>		==Ancient Rome==
			The philosopher and emperor [[Marcus Aurelius]] saw time as extending forwards to infinity and backwards to infinity, while admitting the possibility (without arguing the case) that "the administration of the universe is organized into a succession of finite periods".<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Aurelius \|first=Marcus \|title=Meditations \|date=2011 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|others=Robin Hard \|isbn=978-0-19-957320-2 \|location=Oxford [England] \|oclc=757023454}}</ref>{{rp\|Book 5, Paragraph 13}}

	==Buddhism==		==Buddhism==
	{{Main\|Kalachakra}}		{{Main\|Kalachakra}}

	The [[Kalachakra\|Wheel of Time]] or Kalachakra is a [[Tantra\|Tantric]] deity that is associated with [[Tibetan Buddhism\|Tibetan Tantric Buddhism]], which encompasses all four main schools of [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)\|Sakya]], [[Nyingma]], [[Kagyu]] and [[Gelug]], and is especially important within the lesser-known [[Jonang]] tradition.		The [[Kalachakra\|Wheel of Time]] or Kalachakra is a [[Tantra\|Tantric]] deity that is associated with [[Tibetan Buddhism\|Tibetan Tantric Buddhism]], which encompasses all four main schools of [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)\|Sakya]], [[Nyingma]], [[Kagyu]] and [[Gelug]], and is especially important within the lesser-known [[Jonang]] tradition.

	The Kalachakra tantra prophesies a world within which (religious) conflict is prevalent. A worldwide war will be waged which will see the expansion of the mystical Kingdom of [[Shambhala]] led by a messianic king.		The Kalachakra tantra prophesies a world within which (religious) conflict is prevalent. A worldwide war will be waged which will see the expansion of the mystical Kingdom of [[Shambhala]] led by a messianic king.
			==Hinduism==
			{{Main\|Yuga Cycle\|Manvantara\|Kalpa (time)}}

			In [[Hindu cosmology]], ''[[Kaal\|kala]]'' (time) is eternal, repeating general events in four types of cycles. The smallest cycle is a ''[[Yuga Cycle\|maha-yuga]]'' (great age), containing four ''[[yuga]]s'' (''[[Dharma#Hinduism\|dharmic]]'' ages): ''[[Satya Yuga]]'', ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' and ''[[Kali Yuga]]''. A ''[[manvantara]]'' (age of [[Manu (Hinduism)\|Manu]]) contains 71 ''maha-yugas''. A ''[[Kalpa (aeon)\|kalpa]]'' (day of [[Brahma]]) contains 14 ''manvantaras'' and 15 ''sandhyas'' (connecting periods), which lasts for 1,000 ''maha-yugas'' and is followed by a ''[[pralaya]]'' (night of partial dissolution) of equal length, where a day and night make one full day. A ''maha-kalpa'' (life of Brahma) lasts for 100 of Brahma's years of 12 months of 30 full days (100 360-day years) or 72,000,000 ''maha-yugas'', which is followed by a ''maha-pralaya'' (full dissolution) of equal length.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Gupta \|first=Dr. S. V. \|title=Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units \|publisher=[[Springer Publishing\|Springer]] \|year=2010 \|isbn=9783642007378 \|editor-last=Hull \|editor-first=Robert \|series=Springer Series in Materials Science: 122 \|pages=6–9 (1.2.4 Time Measurements) \|oclc=501804251 \|editor-last2=Osgood \|editor-first2=Richard M. Jr. \|editor-link2=Richard M. Osgood Jr. \|editor-last3=Parisi \|editor-first3=Jurgen \|editor-last4=Warlimont \|editor-first4=Hans}}</ref>

	==Jainism==		==Jainism==
	{{Main\|Ajiva}}		{{Main\|Ajiva}}
	[[File:Jain Cosmic Time Cycle.jpg\|thumb\|''~~kalachakra~~''s in Jainism]]		[[File:Jain Cosmic Time Cycle.jpg\|thumb\|''Kalachakra''s in Jainism]]
	Within [[Jainism]], time is thought to be a wheel that rotates for infinity without a beginning. This wheel of time holds twelve spokes that each symbolize a different phase in the universe's cosmological history. It is further divided into two equal halves having six eras in them. While in a downward motion, the wheel of time falls into what is known as [[Avasarpiṇī]] and when in an upward motion, enters a state called [[Utsarpini]]. During both motions of the wheel, 24 [[tirthankara]]s come forth to teach the three jewels or sacred Jain teachings of right faith, right knowledge, and right practice, then create a spiritual ford across the ocean of [[Reincarnation#Jainism\|rebirth]] for humanity.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Bhattacharyya \|first=Sibajiban ~~\|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/91697~~ \|title=Buddhist Philosophy From 350 to 600 A.D. \|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] \|year=1970 \|isbn=9788120819689 \|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Dundas \|first=Paul ~~\|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71358145~~ \|title=The Jains \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|year=2003 \|isbn=9781134501656 \|edition=2 \|page=20 \|author-link=Paul Dundas}}</ref>		Within [[Jainism]], time is thought to be a wheel that rotates for infinity without a beginning. This wheel of time holds twelve spokes that each symbolize a different phase in the universe's cosmological history. It is further divided into two equal halves having six eras in them. While in a downward motion, the wheel of time falls into what is known as [[Avasarpiṇī]] and when in an upward motion, enters a state called [[Utsarpini]]. During both motions of the wheel, 24 [[tirthankara]]s come forth to teach the three jewels or sacred Jain teachings of right faith, right knowledge, and right practice, then create a spiritual ford across the ocean of [[Reincarnation#Jainism\|rebirth]] for humanity.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Bhattacharyya \|first=Sibajiban \|title=Buddhist Philosophy From 350 to 600 A.D. \|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] \|year=1970 \|isbn=9788120819689 \|page=3\|oclc=91697 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Dundas \|first=Paul \|title=The Jains \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|year=2003 \|isbn=9781134501656 \|edition=2 \|page=20 \|oclc=71358145 \|author-link=Paul Dundas}}</ref>

	~~==Ancient Rome==~~
	The philosopher and emperor [[Marcus Aurelius]] saw time as extending forwards to infinity and backwards to infinity, while admitting the possibility (without arguing the case) that "the administration of the universe is organized into a succession of finite periods".<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Aurelius \|first=Marcus \|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/757023454 \|title=Meditations \|date=2011 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|others=Robin Hard \|isbn=978-0-19-957320-2 \|location=Oxford [England] \|oclc=757023454}}</ref>{{rp\|Book 5, Paragraph 13}}

	==Modern usage==		==Modern usage==
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	In an interview included with the [[audiobook]] editions of his novels, author [[Robert Jordan]] has stated that his bestselling fantasy series ''[[The Wheel of Time]]'' borrows the titular concept from Hindu mythology.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Robert Jordan chats about his 'Wheel of Time' series \|url=http://www.cnn.com/chat/transcripts/2000/12/12/jordan/ \|access-date=14 June 2017 \|website=CNN}}</ref>		In an interview included with the [[audiobook]] editions of his novels, author [[Robert Jordan]] has stated that his bestselling fantasy series ''[[The Wheel of Time]]'' borrows the titular concept from Hindu mythology.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Robert Jordan chats about his 'Wheel of Time' series \|url=http://www.cnn.com/chat/transcripts/2000/12/12/jordan/ \|access-date=14 June 2017 \|website=CNN}}</ref>

	~~===Television===~~		The first chapter of every book in the series begins with the lines: ''"The Wheel of Time turns, and ages come and pass, leaving memories that become legend. Legends fade to myth, and even myth is long forgotten when the Age that gave it birth comes again."'' <ref>{{Cite book \|last=Jordan \|first=Robert \|title=[[The Eye of the World]] \|date=1990 \|publisher=Orbit\|isbn=978-0-356-50382-0}}</ref>
	~~Several episodes~~ of the ~~American TV~~ series ''~~[[Lost (2004 TV series)\|Lost]]'' feature a wheel~~ that ~~can be physically turned in order~~ to ~~manipulate space and time. In a series of episodes during the fifth season~~, ~~the island on which the show takes place begins to skip violently back~~ and ~~forth through time after~~ the ~~wheel is pulled off its axis~~.

	~~[[File:Flammarion.jpg~~\|~~thumb~~\|~~left~~\|[[~~Camille Flammarion]]'s L'atmosphere (1888)~~]]

	==See also==		==See also==
	*[[Eternal return]]		*[[Eternal return]]
	*[[Kalachakra]]
	*[[Wheel of the Year]]		*[[Wheel of the Year]]

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

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← Older revision		Revision as of 21:32, 7 June 2022
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			{{Short description\|Religious and philosophical concept of cyclical, repeating epochs or ages}}
	{{About\|a religious concept\|other uses\|Wheel of time (disambiguation)}}		{{About\|a religious concept\|other uses\|Wheel of time (disambiguation)}}
	{{More citations needed\|date=January 2008}}		{{More citations needed\|date=January 2008}}

	The '''~~Wheel~~ of time''' or '''wheel of history''' (also known as ''[[Kalachakra]]'') is a concept found in several religious traditions and philosophies, notably religions of Indian origin such as [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], and [[Buddhism]], which regard time as [[Historic recurrence\|cyclical]] and consisting of repeating ages. Many other cultures contain belief in a similar concept: notably, the Q'ero ~~Indians in~~ [[Peru]], as well as the [[Hopi~~\|Hopi Indians~~]] of [[Arizona]].		The '''wheel of time''' or '''wheel of history''' (also known as ''[[Kalachakra]]'') is a concept found in several religious traditions and philosophies, notably religions of Indian origin such as [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]], and [[Buddhism]], which regard time as [[Historic recurrence\|cyclical]] and consisting of repeating ages. Many other cultures contain belief in a similar concept: notably, the [[Q'ero]] Natives of [[Peru]], as well as the [[Hopi]] Natives of [[Arizona]].

	==Hinduism==		==Hinduism==
	{{Main\|Yuga Cycle\|Manvantara\|Kalpa (aeon)}}		{{Main\|Yuga Cycle\|Manvantara\|Kalpa (aeon)}}

	In [[Hindu cosmology]], ''[[Kaal\|kala]]'' (time) is eternal, repeating general events in four types of cycles. The smallest cycle is a ''[[Yuga Cycle\|maha-yuga]]'' (great age), containing four ''[[yuga]]s'' (''[[Dharma#Hinduism\|dharmic]]'' ages): ''[[Satya Yuga]]'', ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' and ''[[Kali Yuga]]''. A ''[[manvantara]]'' (age of [[Manu (Hinduism)\|Manu]]) contains 71 ''maha-yugas''. A ''[[Kalpa (aeon)\|kalpa]]'' (day of [[Brahma]]) contains 14 ''manvantaras'' and 15 ''sandhyas'' (connecting periods), which lasts for 1,000 ''maha-yugas'' and is followed by a ''[[pralaya]]'' (night of partial dissolution) of equal length, where a day and night make one full day. A ''maha-kalpa'' (life of Brahma) lasts for 100 of Brahma's years of 12 months of 30 full days (100 360-day years) or 72,000,000 ''maha-yugas'', which is followed by a ''maha-pralaya'' (full dissolution) of equal length.<ref>{{~~cite~~ book \|~~author1-~~last=Gupta \|~~author1-~~first=Dr. S. V. \|year=2010 \|~~editor1~~-last=Hull \|~~editor1~~-first=~~Prof~~. ~~Robert~~ \|~~editor2~~-~~last~~=Osgood, Jr. \|~~editor2~~-~~first~~=~~Prof.~~ Richard M. \|~~editor2~~-~~link~~=Richard M. Osgood Jr. \|~~editor3~~-~~last~~=Parisi \|~~editor3~~-~~first~~=~~Prof.~~ Jurgen \|~~editor4~~-~~last~~=Warlimont \|~~editor4~~-~~first~~=~~Prof.~~ Hans \|title=Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHiKycrLmEQC&pg=PA7 \|series=Springer Series in Materials Science: 122 \|publisher=[[Springer Publishing\|Springer]] \|pages=6–9 (1.2.4 Time Measurements) \|isbn=9783642007378}}</ref>		In [[Hindu cosmology]], ''[[Kaal\|kala]]'' (time) is eternal, repeating general events in four types of cycles. The smallest cycle is a ''[[Yuga Cycle\|maha-yuga]]'' (great age), containing four ''[[yuga]]s'' (''[[Dharma#Hinduism\|dharmic]]'' ages): ''[[Satya Yuga]]'', ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' and ''[[Kali Yuga]]''. A ''[[manvantara]]'' (age of [[Manu (Hinduism)\|Manu]]) contains 71 ''maha-yugas''. A ''[[Kalpa (aeon)\|kalpa]]'' (day of [[Brahma]]) contains 14 ''manvantaras'' and 15 ''sandhyas'' (connecting periods), which lasts for 1,000 ''maha-yugas'' and is followed by a ''[[pralaya]]'' (night of partial dissolution) of equal length, where a day and night make one full day. A ''maha-kalpa'' (life of Brahma) lasts for 100 of Brahma's years of 12 months of 30 full days (100 360-day years) or 72,000,000 ''maha-yugas'', which is followed by a ''maha-pralaya'' (full dissolution) of equal length.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Gupta \|first=Dr. S. V. \|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/501804251 \|title=Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units \|publisher=[[Springer Publishing\|Springer]] \|year=2010 \|isbn=9783642007378 \|editor-last=Hull \|editor-first=Robert \|series=Springer Series in Materials Science: 122 \|pages=6–9 (1.2.4 Time Measurements) \|editor-last2=Osgood, Jr. \|editor-first2=Richard M. \|editor-link2=Richard M. Osgood Jr. \|editor-last3=Parisi \|editor-first3=Jurgen \|editor-last4=Warlimont \|editor-first4=Hans}}</ref>

	==Buddhism==		==Buddhism==
	{{Main\|Kalachakra}}		{{Main\|Kalachakra}}
	The [[Kalachakra\|Wheel of Time]] or Kalachakra is a [[Tantra\|Tantric]] deity that is associated with [[Tibetan Buddhism\|Tibetan Tantric Buddhism]], which encompasses all four main schools of [[Sakya]], [[Nyingma]], [[Kagyu]] and [[Gelug]], and is especially important within the lesser-known [[Jonang]] tradition.		The [[Kalachakra\|Wheel of Time]] or Kalachakra is a [[Tantra\|Tantric]] deity that is associated with [[Tibetan Buddhism\|Tibetan Tantric Buddhism]], which encompasses all four main schools of [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)\|Sakya]], [[Nyingma]], [[Kagyu]] and [[Gelug]], and is especially important within the lesser-known [[Jonang]] tradition.

	The Kalachakra tantra prophesies a world within which (religious) conflict is prevalent. A worldwide war will be waged which will see the expansion of the mystical Kingdom of [[Shambhala]] led by a messianic king.		The Kalachakra tantra prophesies a world within which (religious) conflict is prevalent. A worldwide war will be waged which will see the expansion of the mystical Kingdom of [[Shambhala]] led by a messianic king.
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	{{Main\|Ajiva}}		{{Main\|Ajiva}}
	[[File:Jain Cosmic Time Cycle.jpg\|thumb\|''kalachakra''s in Jainism]]		[[File:Jain Cosmic Time Cycle.jpg\|thumb\|''kalachakra''s in Jainism]]
	Within [[Jainism]], time is thought to be a wheel ~~which~~ rotates for infinity without a beginning. This wheel of time holds twelve spokes that each symbolize a different phase in the universe's cosmological history. It is further divided into two equal halves having six eras in them. While in downward motion, the wheel of time falls into what is known as [[Avasarpiṇī]] and when in upward motion, enters a state called [[Utsarpini]]. During both motions of the wheel, 24 [[tirthankara]]s come forth to teach the three jewels or sacred Jain teachings of right faith, right knowledge and right practice, then create a spiritual ford across the ocean of [[Reincarnation#Jainism\|rebirth]] for humanity.<ref>{{~~cite~~ book \|last=Bhattacharyya \|first=Sibajiban \|title=Buddhist Philosophy From 350 to 600 A.D. ~~\|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Buddhist_Philosophy_from_350_to_600_A_D/5WHHJ6O7b-IC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Wheel+of+Time+Jainism&pg=PA3&printsec=frontcover~~ \|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] \|year=1970 \|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{~~cite~~ book \|~~author~~=~~Paul~~ Dundas \|~~author-link~~=Paul ~~Dundas \|title=The Jains~~ \|url=https://~~books~~.~~google~~.~~com~~/~~books?id~~=~~X8iAAgAAQBAJ~~ \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|year=2003 \|edition=2 \|page=20\|~~isbn~~=~~9781134501656~~ }}</ref>		Within [[Jainism]], time is thought to be a wheel that rotates for infinity without a beginning. This wheel of time holds twelve spokes that each symbolize a different phase in the universe's cosmological history. It is further divided into two equal halves having six eras in them. While in a downward motion, the wheel of time falls into what is known as [[Avasarpiṇī]] and when in an upward motion, enters a state called [[Utsarpini]]. During both motions of the wheel, 24 [[tirthankara]]s come forth to teach the three jewels or sacred Jain teachings of right faith, right knowledge, and right practice, then create a spiritual ford across the ocean of [[Reincarnation#Jainism\|rebirth]] for humanity.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Bhattacharyya \|first=Sibajiban \|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/91697 \|title=Buddhist Philosophy From 350 to 600 A.D. \|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] \|year=1970 \|isbn=9788120819689 \|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Dundas \|first=Paul \|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71358145 \|title=The Jains \|publisher=[[Routledge]] \|year=2003 \|isbn=9781134501656 \|edition=2 \|page=20 \|author-link=Paul Dundas}}</ref>

	==Ancient Rome==		==Ancient Rome==
	The philosopher and emperor [[Marcus Aurelius]] saw time as extending forwards to infinity and backwards to infinity, while admitting the possibility (without arguing the case) that "the administration of the universe is organized into a succession of finite periods".<ref>Marcus ~~Aurelius~~. ''Meditations~~'', book 5, paragraph 13. {{ISBN~~\|978-0-19-957320-2}}.</ref>		The philosopher and emperor [[Marcus Aurelius]] saw time as extending forwards to infinity and backwards to infinity, while admitting the possibility (without arguing the case) that "the administration of the universe is organized into a succession of finite periods".<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Aurelius \|first=Marcus \|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/757023454 \|title=Meditations \|date=2011 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|others=Robin Hard \|isbn=978-0-19-957320-2 \|location=Oxford [England] \|oclc=757023454}}</ref>{{rp\|Book 5, Paragraph 13}}

	==Modern usage==		==Modern usage==

	===Literature===		===Literature===
	In an interview included with the [[audiobook]] editions of his novels, author [[Robert Jordan]] has stated that his bestselling fantasy series ''[[The Wheel of Time]]'' borrows the titular concept from Hindu mythology.<ref>{{~~cite~~ web\|title=Robert Jordan chats about his 'Wheel of Time' series\|url=http://www.cnn.com/chat/transcripts/2000/12/12/jordan/~~\|website=CNN\|publisher=CNN~~\|access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref>		In an interview included with the [[audiobook]] editions of his novels, author [[Robert Jordan]] has stated that his bestselling fantasy series ''[[The Wheel of Time]]'' borrows the titular concept from Hindu mythology.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Robert Jordan chats about his 'Wheel of Time' series \|url=http://www.cnn.com/chat/transcripts/2000/12/12/jordan/ \|access-date=14 June 2017 \|website=CNN}}</ref>

	===Television===		===Television===
	Several episodes of the American TV series ''[[Lost (2004 TV series)\|Lost]]'' feature a wheel ~~which~~ can be physically turned in order to manipulate space and time. In a series of episodes during the fifth season, the island on which the show takes place begins to skip violently back and forth through time after the wheel is pulled off its axis.		Several episodes of the American TV series ''[[Lost (2004 TV series)\|Lost]]'' feature a wheel that can be physically turned in order to manipulate space and time. In a series of episodes during the fifth season, the island on which the show takes place begins to skip violently back and forth through time after the wheel is pulled off its axis.

	[[File:Flammarion.jpg\|thumb\|left\|[[Camille Flammarion]]'s L'atmosphere (1888)]]		[[File:Flammarion.jpg\|thumb\|left\|[[Camille Flammarion]]'s L'atmosphere (1888)]]
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	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist\|30em}}
	~~1.)~~ {{~~cite~~ book \| last = Jordan \| first = Robert \| title = The eye of the world \| publisher = T. Doherty Associates ~~\| location = New York~~ \| year = 1990 \| isbn = 0-312-85009-3 \| url-access = registration ~~\| url = https://archive.org/details/eyeofworld00jord~~ }}		;Sources
			*{{Cite book \|last=Jordan \|first=Robert \|url=https://archive.org/details/eyeofworld00jord \|title=The eye of the world \|publisher=T. Doherty Associates \|year=1990 \|isbn=0-312-85009-3 \|location=New York \|url-access=registration}}

	[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]		[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
	[[Category:Jain cosmology]]		[[Category:Jain cosmology]]
	[[Category:Time in religion]]		[[Category:Time in religion]]
	~~[[Category:Tibetan Buddhism]]~~
	[[Category:Buddhist cosmology]]		[[Category:Buddhist cosmology]]
	[[Category:Time in Hinduism]]		[[Category:Time in Hinduism]]
	[[Category:Time in Buddhism]]		[[Category:Time in Buddhism]]


	~~{{Buddhism-stub}}~~
	~~{{Hinduism-stub}}~~

>Grant Handy: Add links to Hopi Indians of Arizona

2021-04-06T16:08:53Z

Add links to Hopi Indians of Arizona

New page

{{About|a religious concept|other uses|Wheel of time (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2008}}

The '''Wheel of time''' or '''wheel of history''' (also known as ''[[Kalachakra]]'') is a concept found in several religious traditions and philosophies, notably religions of Indian origin such as [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], and [[Buddhism]], which regard time as [[Historic recurrence|cyclical]] and consisting of repeating ages. Many other cultures contain belief in a similar concept: notably, the Q'ero Indians in [[Peru]], as well as the [[Hopi|Hopi Indians]] of [[Arizona]].

==Hinduism==
{{Main|Yuga Cycle|Manvantara|Kalpa (aeon)}}

In [[Hindu cosmology]], ''[[Kaal|kala]]'' (time) is eternal, repeating general events in four types of cycles. The smallest cycle is a ''[[Yuga Cycle|maha-yuga]]'' (great age), containing four ''[[yuga]]s'' (''[[Dharma#Hinduism|dharmic]]'' ages): ''[[Satya Yuga]]'', ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' and ''[[Kali Yuga]]''. A ''[[manvantara]]'' (age of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]) contains 71 ''maha-yugas''. A ''[[Kalpa (aeon)|kalpa]]'' (day of [[Brahma]]) contains 14 ''manvantaras'' and 15 ''sandhyas'' (connecting periods), which lasts for 1,000 ''maha-yugas'' and is followed by a ''[[pralaya]]'' (night of partial dissolution) of equal length, where a day and night make one full day. A ''maha-kalpa'' (life of Brahma) lasts for 100 of Brahma's years of 12 months of 30 full days (100 360-day years) or 72,000,000 ''maha-yugas'', which is followed by a ''maha-pralaya'' (full dissolution) of equal length.<ref>{{cite book |author1-last=Gupta |author1-first=Dr. S. V. |year=2010 |editor1-last=Hull |editor1-first=Prof. Robert |editor2-last=Osgood, Jr. |editor2-first=Prof. Richard M. |editor2-link=Richard M. Osgood Jr. |editor3-last=Parisi |editor3-first=Prof. Jurgen |editor4-last=Warlimont |editor4-first=Prof. Hans |title=Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHiKycrLmEQC&pg=PA7 |series=Springer Series in Materials Science: 122 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |pages=6–9 (1.2.4 Time Measurements) |isbn=9783642007378}}</ref>

==Buddhism==
{{Main|Kalachakra}}
The [[Kalachakra|Wheel of Time]] or Kalachakra is a [[Tantra|Tantric]] deity that is associated with [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Tantric Buddhism]], which encompasses all four main schools of [[Sakya]], [[Nyingma]], [[Kagyu]] and [[Gelug]], and is especially important within the lesser-known [[Jonang]] tradition.

The Kalachakra tantra prophesies a world within which (religious) conflict is prevalent. A worldwide war will be waged which will see the expansion of the mystical Kingdom of [[Shambhala]] led by a messianic king.

==Jainism==
{{Main|Ajiva}}
[[File:Jain Cosmic Time Cycle.jpg|thumb|''kalachakra''s in Jainism]]
Within [[Jainism]], time is thought to be a wheel which rotates for infinity without a beginning. This wheel of time holds twelve spokes that each symbolize a different phase in the universe's cosmological history. It is further divided into two equal halves having six eras in them. While in downward motion, the wheel of time falls into what is known as [[Avasarpiṇī]] and when in upward motion, enters a state called [[Utsarpini]]. During both motions of the wheel, 24 [[tirthankara]]s come forth to teach the three jewels or sacred Jain teachings of right faith, right knowledge and right practice, then create a spiritual ford across the ocean of [[Reincarnation#Jainism|rebirth]] for humanity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Sibajiban |title=Buddhist Philosophy From 350 to 600 A.D. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Buddhist_Philosophy_from_350_to_600_A_D/5WHHJ6O7b-IC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Wheel+of+Time+Jainism&pg=PA3&printsec=frontcover |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1970 |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Paul Dundas |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2003 |edition=2 |page=20|isbn=9781134501656 }}</ref>

==Ancient Rome==
The philosopher and emperor [[Marcus Aurelius]] saw time as extending forwards to infinity and backwards to infinity, while admitting the possibility (without arguing the case) that "the administration of the universe is organized into a succession of finite periods".<ref>Marcus Aurelius. ''Meditations'', book 5, paragraph 13. {{ISBN|978-0-19-957320-2}}.</ref>

==Modern usage==

===Literature===
In an interview included with the [[audiobook]] editions of his novels, author [[Robert Jordan]] has stated that his bestselling fantasy series ''[[The Wheel of Time]]'' borrows the titular concept from Hindu mythology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Robert Jordan chats about his 'Wheel of Time' series|url=http://www.cnn.com/chat/transcripts/2000/12/12/jordan/|website=CNN|publisher=CNN|access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref>

===Television===
Several episodes of the American TV series ''[[Lost (2004 TV series)|Lost]]'' feature a wheel which can be physically turned in order to manipulate space and time. In a series of episodes during the fifth season, the island on which the show takes place begins to skip violently back and forth through time after the wheel is pulled off its axis.

[[File:Flammarion.jpg|thumb|left|[[Camille Flammarion]]'s L'atmosphere (1888)]]

==See also==
*[[Eternal return]]
*[[Kalachakra]]
*[[Wheel of the Year]]

{{Time Topics}}
{{Time in religion and mythology}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
1.) {{cite book | last = Jordan | first = Robert | title = The eye of the world | publisher = T. Doherty Associates | location = New York | year = 1990 | isbn = 0-312-85009-3 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/eyeofworld00jord }}

[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Jain cosmology]]
[[Category:Time in religion]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhism]]
[[Category:Buddhist cosmology]]
[[Category:Time in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Time in Buddhism]]

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