https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Western_hoolock_gibbonWestern hoolock gibbon - Revision history2026-10-28T00:24:44ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_hoolock_gibbon&diff=460338&oldid=prevSrcsdoon: corrected section to improve readability and corrected details for accuracy2026-03-23T21:58:01Z<p>corrected section to improve readability and corrected details for accuracy</p>
<a href="//en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_hoolock_gibbon&diff=460338&oldid=145303">Show changes</a>Srcsdoonhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_hoolock_gibbon&diff=145303&oldid=previmported>Rsjaffe: clean up, typo(s) fixed: 1980's → 1980s2021-05-23T17:56:20Z<p>clean up, <a href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/BP:AWB/T" class="extiw" title="wp:AWB/T">typo(s) fixed</a>: 1980's → 1980s</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Species of ape}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| name = Western hoolock gibbon<br />
| image = Hoolock hoolock 001.jpg<br />
| image_caption = A female in the foreground, and a male in the background<br />
| status = EN<br />
| status_system = IUCN3.1<br />
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{Cite iucn| author1= Brockelman, W. | author2 = Molur, S. | author3 = Geissmann, T. |title= ''Hoolock hoolock'' |year= 2019|page= e.T39876A17968083 |access-date= 26 July 2020}}</ref><br />
| genus = Hoolock<br />
| species = hoolock<br />
| authority = ([[Richard Harlan|Harlan]], 1834)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Harlan|first1=Richard|title=Description of a Species of Orang, from the North-Eastern Province of British East India, Lately the Kingdom of Assam|journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society|date=1834|volume=4|pages=52–59|jstor=1004829|jstor-access=free}}</ref><br />
| range_map = Western Hoolock Gibbon area.png<br />
| range_map_caption = Western hoolock gibbon range<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''western hoolock gibbon''' (''Hoolock hoolock'') is a [[primate]] from the [[gibbon]] family, [[Hylobatidae]]. The species is found in [[Assam]], [[Mizoram]], and [[Meghalaya]] in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Myanmar]] west of the [[Chindwin River]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Groves, C. P. | year= 1967 | title = Geographic variation in the hoolock or white-browed gibbon (''Hylobates hoolock harlan'' 1834). | journal = Folia Primatologica | volume=7 | pages=276–283 | doi=10.1159/000155125 | pmid=5626313}}</ref><br />
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==Classification==<br />
Mootnick and [[Colin Groves|Groves]]<ref>{{cite journal | author = Mootnick, A. R. | author2 = C. P. Groves | author2-link = Colin Groves | name-list-style = amp | year = 2005 | title=A new generic name for the hoolock gibbon (Hylobatidae) | journal = Int. J. Primatol. | volume = 26 | pages = 971–976 | doi=10.1007/s10764-005-5332-4}}</ref> stated that hoolock gibbons do not belong in the genus ''[[Bunopithecus]]'', and placed them in a new genus, ''[[Hoolock]]''. This genus was argued to contain two and later three distinct species, which were previously thought to be subspecies: ''H. hoolock'', ''[[eastern hoolock gibbon|H.leuconedys]]'', and ''[[Skywalker hoolock gibbon|H. tianxing]]''. A larger evolutionary distance was later found to exist between these three species and the white-handed gibbons than between bonobos and chimpanzees.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Mootnick, A. R. | year = 2006 | title = Gibbon (Hylobatidae) species identification recommended for rescue or breeding centers | journal = Primate Conserv | volume = 21 | pages = 103–138 | doi = 10.1896/0898-6207.21.1.103}}</ref><br />
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A new subspecies of the western hoolock gibbon has been described recently from northeastern India, which has been named the Mishmi Hills hoolock gibbon, ''H. h. mishmiensis''.<ref name="Choudhury2013b">{{cite journal |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=Description of a new subspecies of hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock hoolock'' from North East India |journal=The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for nat. in NE India |volume=9 |pages=49–59 |year=2013}}</ref><br />
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== Vocalisation ==<br />
Like other gibbons, hoolock gibbon pairs produce a loud, elaborate song, usually as a duet from the forest canopy, in which younger individuals of the family group may join. The song includes an introductory sequence, an organising sequence, and a great call sequence, with the male also contributing to the latter (unlike in some other gibbon species).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mammals of South Asia|last=Kakati|first=Kashmira|last2=Alfred|first2=J. R. B.|last3=Sati|first3=J. P.|publisher=Universities Press|year=2013|isbn=978 81 7371 590 7|editor-last=Johnsingh|editor-first=A. J. T.|volume=1|location=Hyderabad|pages=332–354|chapter=Hoolock gibbon|editor-last2=Manjrekar|editor-first2=N.}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Hoolock gibbon Mizoram.ogg|thumb|Western hoolock gibbons calling from the rainforest canopy in Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram, India]]<br />
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==Habitat==<br />
In India and Bangladesh, it is found where the canopy is contiguous, broad-leaved, wet evergreen and mixed evergreen forests, including dipterocarp forests and often in mountainous terrain. The species is an important seed disperser; its diet includes mostly ripe fruits, with some flowers, leaves, and shoots.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}<br />
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==Conservation==<br />
Numerous threats exist for western hoolock gibbons in the wild, and they are now entirely dependent on human action for their survival. Threats include habitat encroachment by humans, forest clearance for [[tea]] cultivation, the practice of ''jhuming'' (slash-and-burn cultivation), hunting for food and "medicine", capture for trade, and [[forest degradation]].<ref name=iucn/><br />
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Since the 1980s, western hoolock gibbon numbers are estimated to have dropped from more than 100,000 (Assam alone was estimated to have around 80,000 in the early 1970s) to less than 5,000 individuals (a decline of more than 90%).<ref>{{cite web | title = Western Hoolock Gibbon, ''Hoolock hoolock'' | url = http://www.primate-sg.org/hoolock07.htm | access-date = 2008-03-10}}</ref> In 2009 it was considered to be one of [[The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates|the 25 most endangered primates]],<ref name="2008-2010Top25">{{cite journal | editor1-last = Mittermeier | editor1-first = R.A. | editor2-last = Wallis | editor2-first = J. | editor3-last = Rylands | editor3-first = A.B. | editor4-last = Ganzhorn | editor4-first = J.U. | editor5-last = Oates | editor5-first = J.F. | editor6-last = Williamson | editor6-first = E.A. | editor7-last = Palacios | editor7-first = E. | editor8-last = Heymann | editor8-first = E.W. | editor9-last = Kierulff | editor9-first = M.C.M. | editor10-last = Long | editor10-first = Yongcheng | editor11-last = Supriatna | editor11-first = J. | editor12-last = Roos | editor12-first = C. | editor13-last = Walker | editor13-first = S. | editor14-last = Cortés-Ortiz | editor14-first = L. | editor15-last = Schwitzer | editor15-first = C. | others = Illustrated by S.D. Nash | editor-link = Russell Mittermeier | year = 2009 | title = Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010 | publisher = IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI) | location = Arlington, VA | pages = 1–92 | isbn = 978-1-934151-34-1 | url = http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/Primates.in.Peril.2008–2010.pdf}}</ref><br />
though it has been dropped from the later editions of the list.<br />
<ref>{{cite journal | editor1-last = Mittermeier | editor1-first = R.A. | editor2-last = Schwitzer | editor2-first = C. | editor3-last = Rylands | editor3-first = A.B. | editor4-last = Taylor| editor4-first = L.A. | editor5-last = Chiozza | editor5-first = F. | editor6-last = Williamson | editor6-first = E.A. | editor7-last = Wallis | editor7-first = J. | others = Illustrated by S.D. Nash | editor-link = Russell Mittermeier | year = 2012 | title = Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2012–2014 | publisher = IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation | pages = 1–40 | url = http://www.conservation.org/Documents/CI_Primates-in-Peril_25-Most-Endangered-Primates_2012-2014.pdf}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Lawachara National Park]]<br />
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==References==<!-- ZoolRes28:179. --><br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{Hylobatidae nav}}<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q577084}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:gibbon, hoolock, western}}<br />
[[Category:Hoolock|western hoolock gibbon]]<br />
[[Category:Primates of South Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals of Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals of Myanmar]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals of India]]<br />
[[Category:Endangered fauna of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Species endangered by the pet trade]]<br />
[[Category:Mammals described in 1834|western hoolock gibbon]]</div>imported>Rsjaffe