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{{short description|German SS officer in Nazi Germany}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Walter Rauff
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Walter Rauff (Walther Rauff, 1945).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Walter Rauff during his arrest in Italy in 1945
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1906|06|19}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1984|05|14|1906|06|19}}
| birth_place = [[Köthen]], [[German Empire|Germany]]
| death_place = [[Santiago]], [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)|Chile]]
| placeofburial =
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| nickname =
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| allegiance = {{flag|Weimar Republic}} (1924{{ndash}}1933) {{flag|Nazi Germany}} (1933{{ndash}}1945) {{Flagicon|Syrian Republic}} [[First Syrian Republic|Syrian Republic]] (1948{{ndash}}1949) {{flag|West Germany}} (1958{{ndash}}1963)
| branch = ''{{navy|Weimar Republic}}'' ''{{navy|Nazi Germany}}'' [[Image:Flag Schutzstaffel.svg|23px]] ''[[Waffen-SS]]'' ''[[Bundesnachrichtendienst]]''
| serviceyears =
| rank = ''[[SS-Standartenführer]]'' (''Schutzstaffel'') ''[[Korvettenkapitän]]'' (''Kriegsmarine'')
| servicenumber =
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}}
'''Walter (Walther) Rauff''' (19 June 1906 – 14 May 1984) was a mid-ranking [[SS]] commander in [[Nazi Germany]]. From January 1938, he was an aide of [[Reinhard Heydrich]] firstly in the Security Service (''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' or ''SD''), later in the [[Reich Security Main Office]]. He worked for the [[Federal Intelligence Service (Germany)|Federal Intelligence Service]] of [[West Germany]] (''Bundesnachrichtendienst'') between 1958 and 1962,<ref name=BBC27092011>{{cite news |date=27 September 2011 |title=Wanted Nazi Walther Rauff 'was West German spy' |newspaper=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15069333 }}</ref> and was subsequently employed by the [[Mossad]],<ref>{{cite news |title=In the Service of the Jewish State |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.4813593 |access-date=11 September 2018 |work=Haaretz |date=29 March 2007 |language=en}}</ref> the Israeli secret service. His funeral in [[Santiago]], [[Chile]], was attended by several former Nazis.{{r|Indep270113}}

Rauff is thought to have been responsible for nearly 100,000 deaths during [[World War II]]. He was instrumental in the implementation of the Nazis' genocide by [[Nazi gas van|mobile gas chamber]]. His victims included [[Communism|Communists]], [[Jews]], [[Romani people|Roma]] and [[people with disabilities]].{{r|Indep270113}} He was arrested in 1945, but subsequently escaped and was never brought to trial.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170123090134/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/RAUFF%2C%20WALTER_0110.pdf CIA RAUFF, WALTER-Possible Leads 8 July 1977]</ref> In the late 1970s and the 1980s, he was arguably the most wanted Nazi fugitive still alive.

==From the Navy to the SS==
According to the [[MI5]] file on Walter Rauff released in 2005:

<blockquote>Rauff joined the ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' (the German Navy) in 1924 as a young cadet. After a period of training as a midshipman he was promoted to Lieutenant in 1936 and given command of a minesweeper. He was a friend of Reinhard Heydrich, who also served in the Navy in the 1920s. Heydrich was hired by [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] chief [[Heinrich Himmler]] in 1931 to serve as the head of the SS counter-intelligence system, and when Rauff resigned from the Navy in 1937, Heydrich took him under his wing. Rauff was given the job of putting the SS and its security service, the ''Sicherheitsdienst'', onto a war footing.{{r|MI502092022}}</blockquote>

During his thirteen years in the Navy, Rauff became acquainted with Reinhard Heydrich and saw service in [[South America]] and [[Spain]] as a young officer in 1924.

In 1937, Rauff left the Navy following an adultery scandal, but he was discharged "with all honours", as he said in a 1972 deposition before a German prosecutor in Santiago de Chile.{{r|Deposition280772}}

Between 1940 and 1941, Rauff returned to the Navy as a volunteer, commanding a mine sweeper flotilla in the [[English Channel]]. He was promoted to Lieutenant Commander (''Korvettenkapitän'') in April 1941, shortly before he was discharged from active service, he then returned to the Reich Security Main Office. During early 1940, he headed the SD in [[German occupation of Norway|German-occupied Norway]] for few months.{{r|Elam290307}}

==Gas van engineering==
{{Wikisourcepar|Overhauling of gas vans}}
In 1941 and 1942, Rauff was involved in the development of [[Nazi gas van|gas van]]s, mobile [[gas chambers]] used to kill, by poisoning or suffocation, those people deemed enemies of the German state: Jews, disabled people, communists and others. According to declassified [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] documents:

<blockquote>As an official of the Criminal Technical Institute of the Reich Security Main Office, Rauff designed gas vans used to murder Jews and persons with disabilities.{{r|Disclosure112022}}</blockquote>

The MI5 file is more explicit concerning Rauff's "technical" skills:

<blockquote>Rauff supervised the modification of scores of trucks, with the assistance of a [[Berlin]] chassis builder, to divert their exhaust fumes into airtight chambers in the back of the vehicles. The victims were then poisoned and/or asphyxiated from the carbon monoxide accumulating within the truck compartment as the vehicle travelled to a burial site. The trucks could carry between 25 and 60 people at a time.{{r|MI502092022}}</blockquote>

In 1972, in Santiago de Chile, Rauff made a deposition as a witness before a German prosecutor. On the subject of the [[The Holocaust in Poland|extermination of Jews in Poland]] and [[The Holocaust in Russia|Russia]], asked whether at that time he had any doubts concerning the use of gas vans, Rauff answered:

{{quote|''Ob ich damals Bedenken gegen den Einsat [sic] der Gaswagen hatte, kann ich nicht sagen. Für mich stand damals im Vordergrund, dass die Erschiessungen für die Männer, die damit befasst wurden, eine erhebliche Belastung darstellten und dass diese Belastung durch den Einsatz der Gaswagen entfiel.''

[...I cannot say. The main issue for me at the time was that the shootings were a considerable burden for the men who were in charge thereof and that this burden was taken off them through the use of the gas vans.]{{r|Deposition280772}}}}

Rauff delegated the task of keeping the gas vans operating in the [[Soviet Union]] and other Nazi-occupied areas to an SS chemist, [[August Becker]], who kept Rauff fully informed on the gas van killing operations.

==Persecution in Vichy-North Africa==
Rauff was later involved in the persecution of Jews in [[Vichy France]]-controlled [[Tunisia]] during 1942 and 1943, by implementing the antisemitic Statute of the Jews enacted by pro-Nazi metropolitan Vichy state. A month after German Field Marshal [[Erwin Rommel]]'s defeat of the British at [[Tobruk]] in June 1942, the SS set up a special extermination unit to follow in the wake of Rommel's [[Afrika Korps]]. The unit, commanded by Rauff, was empowered to carry out "executive measures on the civilian population", the Nazi euphemism for mass murder and enslavement.{{r|Spiegel23052022}} However, his mission to exterminate the [[Middle East]]'s Jewish population was brought to an abrupt halt when the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British 8th Army]] defeated Rommel at [[El Alamein]] in October 1942. Rommel was forced to withdraw the remnants of his army to [[Tunisia]], where it sustained a bridgehead until May 1943, enabling Rauff's SS to start lower scale [[Jews outside Europe under Axis occupation|persecutions of local Jews]]. The MI5 file records that Rauff was posted to Vichy-Tunisia in 1942 as head of the Security Service (''SD''), where he led a mobile killing squad (''[[Einsatzkommando]]'') which conducted a "well-organised persecution campaign against the Jews and [[Partisan (military)|partisans]]".

During this time, the Jewish community was particularly hard hit. More than 2,500 Jews in Nazi-occupied Tunisia died in a network of SS slave labour camps before the Germans withdrew. Rauff's men also stole jewels, silver, gold and religious Jewish artifacts. Forty-three kilogrammes of gold were taken from the Jewish community on the island of [[Djerba]] alone.{{r|Spiegel23052022}}

==Chief of the secret police in Northern Italy==
In 1943, Rauff was sent to [[Milan]] where he took charge of all [[Gestapo]] and ''SD'' operations throughout northwest [[Italy]]. The MI5 file states:

<blockquote>In both these postings [Tunisia and northern Italy] Rauff rapidly gained a reputation for utter ruthlessness. In [[Tunis]] and Italy he was responsible for the indiscriminate execution of both Jews and local partisans. His work in Italy involved imposing total German control on Milan, [[Turin]] and [[Genoa]]. His success in this task earned him the congratulations of his SS superior, who described it as 'a superb achievement'.{{r|MI502092022}}</blockquote>

Rauff remained in Italy until the end of the war. The MI5 file states:

<blockquote>He narrowly avoided being lynched by an Italian mob, having barricaded himself and a number of other SS officers into the Hotel Regina in Milan. He was arrested by Allied troops and sent to a prisoner of war camp.{{r|MI502092022}}</blockquote>

His interrogator in the [[Prisoner-of-war camp|POW camp]] ended his report with these words:

<blockquote>Rauff has brought his organisation of political gangsterism to stream-lined perfection and is proud of the fact. By nature cynical and overbearing, but cunning and shifty rather than intelligent, he regards his past activities as a matter of course.{{r|MI502092022}}</blockquote>

According to Rauff's declassified [[CIA]] file:

<blockquote>Near the end of the war Rauff, then the senior SS and police official in northern Italy, tried to gain credit for the surrender of German forces in Italy, but ended up only surrendering himself. After escaping from an American internment camp in [[Rimini]], Rauff hid in a number of Italian convents, apparently under the protection of Bishop [[Alois Hudal]].</blockquote>

==Spying activities in the Middle East==
In 1948, he was recruited by [[Syria]]n intelligence and went to [[Damascus]], where he served as military adviser to President [[Husni al-Za'im]] when they fought against the newly established State of [[Israel]], only to fall out of favour after a [[March 1949 Syrian coup d'état|coup a year later]]. Rauff managed to convince his captors that he was only an adviser and had no command powers; he was released but ordered to leave the country. After barely escaping from Syria, Rauff fled to [[Lebanon]] and later back to Italy, and gained a transit pass for [[Ecuador]], where he and his family settled, later moving to Chile.{{r|Disclosure112022}}

Before sailing for Ecuador in December 1949, Rauff is said to have worked for a while for [[Israeli Intelligence Community|Israeli intelligence]] before Mossad was formed. The 2007 book, ''On the Trail of Nazi War Criminals Who Weren’t Punished'' by Mossad operative Yossi Chen (Chinitz),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yadvashem.org/archive/about/our-collections/mossad-documents.html| title="The Pursuit of Nazi War Criminals": Mossad Research in Yad Vashem's Archives Now Open for Public Viewing |access-date=4 October 2018 |publisher=Yad Vashem, The World Holocaust Remembrance Center}}</ref> indicates that Rauff provided intelligence from Syria and was handled by Shalhevet Freier, of the Foreign Ministry. Rauff was paid for this work.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adaret|first1=Ofer |title=Not Just Mengele The Mossad's Botched Assassination Attempts on Nazi War Criminals|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-the-mossads-botched-assassination-attempts-on-nazi-war-criminals-1.5449633 |access-date=4 October 2018 |work=Haaretz |date=11 September 2022}}</ref>

A [[CIA]] report, dated 24 March 1950, states that Israeli agent Edmond (Ted) Cross of the Israeli Service was working to employ former Nazis for observation and penetration in the Arab countries. One of the plans included sending Rauff to Egypt. One report indicated that Rauff did not reach Egypt, but a 1953 memo stated that an operative, most likely Rauff, was in the country at that time. An earlier CIA report, from February 1950, stated that Cross helped Rauff obtain the necessary papers for settling in South America (entering by [[Argentina]]) and added: "It is not improbable that Subject's presence in Syria was in connection with a mission for the Israel[i] service". Rauff was working in Syria, as an advisor to President Hosni Zaim, but left the country after Zaim was deposed.
<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adaret|first1=Ofer |title=In the Service of the Jewish State|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.4813593 |access-date=4 October 2018 |work=Haaretz |date=29 March 2022}}</ref>{{r|Elam290307}}

==Final refuge in Chile==
[[Image:Wiesenthall.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Nazi hunter]] [[Simon Wiesenthal]] holding a picture of Nazi war criminal Walter Rauff in May 1973]]
After settling in Chile in 1958, Rauff worked as the manager of a [[Lithodes santolla|king crab]] cannery in [[Punta Arenas]], one of the southernmost towns in the world. He was also a merchant in [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]].

From 1958 to 1963, Rauff worked for the Federal Intelligence Service of West Germany (''[[Federal Intelligence Service (Germany)|Bundesnachrichtendienst]] or BND''),{{r|BND23092022}} and earned 70,000 [[Deutsche Mark|DM]] from the agency.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-15069333 Wanted Nazi Walther Rauff 'was West German spy BBC 27 September 2011 ]</ref> To cover up his South-American spy activity, he acted as export manager and agent for ''Importadora Goldmann'', a company in Santiago de Chile. His contact was Wilhelm Beissner, aka ''Bertram'', a paymaster for BND, who knew Rauff since the time when both of them were employed in the Reich Security Main Office.{{r|BND23092022}} He was warned (and removed from the BND) before his detention in Chile. Nevertheless, he was able to partially recover the lawyer's fees from the BND for an amount of 3,200 DM. He was also given 15,000 DM for the start-up of a new company. Initially the recruitment of the well-travelled Rauff seemed promising. Instead his reports turned out to be worthless for the most part. Rauff was dismissed from the BND in October 1962, although some lines of communication remained open until July 1963.{{r|BND23092022}}

He was evaluated as "untrustworthy" (''charakterlich äußerst unzuverlässig''), "intriguer" (''er konspirierte nach allen Seiten''), and "drunkard" (''eng mit dem Alkohol befreundet'').{{r|FAZ27092022}}

In 1960, he visited Germany in order to claim his pension for the time which he had served in the ''[[Reichsmarine]]'', and he had no trouble with the German authorities.{{r|BND23092022}}
In December 1962, he was arrested by Chilean authorities after Germany requested his extradition, but he was freed by a [[Supreme Court of Chile|Chilean Supreme Court]] decision five months later in 1963 on the grounds that his crimes had been committed too long ago. [[Salvador Allende]]'s election as Chilean president in 1970 did not change the situation. In a friendly letter to Nazi hunter [[Simon Wiesenthal]], Allende wrote that he could not reverse the Supreme Court's 1963 decision.{{r|Elam290307}}

Former Mossad operative Yossi Chen (Chinitz) relates in his book that the agency attempted to capture Rauff in 1979,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haas|first1=Saar |title=Not Just Mengele The Mossad's Botched Assassination Attempts on Nazi War Criminals|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5015601,00.html|access-date=4 October 2018 |work=YNet News |date=15 September 2022}}</ref> even visiting him at his home. The plan was to assassinate him and then issue a press release stating: "Today in Chile, we executed one of the greatest Nazi war criminals – commander of the Gestapo’s technical department who developed and directed the mobile gas vans in which more than 100,000 Jews were exterminated. We are a group of those who will never forget the Nazis’ crimes so we decided, in the name of justice, to execute him". This plan failed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adaret|first1=Ofer |title=Not Just Mengele The Mossad's Botched Assassination Attempts on Nazi War Criminals|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-the-mossads-botched-assassination-attempts-on-nazi-war-criminals-1.5449633 |access-date=4 October 2018 |work=Haaretz |date=11 September 2022}}</ref>

When Hans Strack, the German ambassador to Chile, was ordered to request his extradition, Strack, a supporter of exiled war criminals, forwarded the application for Rauff's extradition over 14 months later. The delay allowed Chile to refuse the extradition request because the length of time elapsed since his crimes overran the country's statute of limitations.{{r|Indep270113}}

Under General [[Augusto Pinochet]]'s military dictatorship, Rauff may have served as an advisor to the Chilean secret police, [[Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional|DINA]]. Allegedly, CIA officials could not determine Rauff's exact position. Pinochet's regime resisted all calls for his extradition to stand trial in either West Germany or [[Israel]]. In the meantime, Rauff disappeared and was discovered by the documentary filmmaker [[William Bemister]] in Los Pozos, Santiago de Chile, in 1979, and interviewed.<ref>This interview was included in the [[Emmy]]-winning film ''The Hunter and the Hunted'' and shown on [[Public Broadcasting Service]] (PBS), a [[Public television]] in the [[United States]] on 21 October 1981.</ref>

The last request to extradite Rauff to West Germany was presented by renowned Nazi hunter [[Beate Klarsfeld]] in 1983,<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-15069333 Wanted Nazi Walther Rauff 'was West German spy' 27 September 2011 BBC]</ref> but it was rejected by the Pinochet regime, which alleged that Rauff had been a peaceful Chilean citizen for over twenty years and stated that the case was closed since the Supreme Court's 1963 decision. Klarsfeld organised protests in Chile and was twice arrested for causing disturbances.{{r|Elam290307}} Following her brief detention, the director-general of Israel's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], [[David Kimche]], officially requested Rauff's expulsion in a meeting with Chilean Foreign Minister Jaime del Valle, but the request was turned down.<ref>"Rauff case poses serious threat to Pinochet regime", in [[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] (New York City), ''Press Release'', March 19, 1984.</ref>

==Death==
Suffering from [[lung cancer]], Rauff died in Santiago on 14 May 1984 from a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]]. His funeral was the occasion of a Nazi celebration.{{r|BBC27092011|Spiegel27092011|ClarkeCostelle07}} According to his [[MI5]] file, "he never showed any remorse for his actions, which he described as those of "a mere technical administrator".{{r|MI502092022}}
A German-language biography of Rauff written by Martin Cüppers was published in 2013.

== See also ==
*[[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials]]
*[[Denazification]]
*[[Nuremberg Trials]]

== References ==
===Citations===
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=Spiegel23052007>{{cite web |author=Jan Friedmann |date=23 May 2007 |title=World War II: New Research Taints Image of Desert Fox Rommel |website=[[Der Spiegel|Spiegel]] Online International |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/world-war-ii-new-research-taints-image-of-desert-fox-rommel-a-484510.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207025828/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/world-war-ii-new-research-taints-image-of-desert-fox-rommel-a-484510.html |archive-date=2016-02-07 |url-status=live |access-date=1 December 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name=Spiegel27092011>{{cite web |author=Klaus Wiegrefe |date=27 September 2011 |title= SS Colonel Walter Rauff - West German Intelligence Protected Fugitive Nazi |website=Spiegel Online International |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/ss-colonel-walter-rauff-west-german-intelligence-protected-fugitive-nazi-a-788348.html |access-date=1 April 2017 }}</ref>
<ref name=Indep270113>{{cite news |author=Tony Paterson |date=27 January 2013 |title=How the Nazis escaped justice |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/how-the-nazis-escaped-justice-8468840.html }}</ref>
<ref name=ClarkeCostelle07>{{Cite AV media |author1=Isabelle Clarke |author2=Danielle Costelle |year=2007 |title=La Traque des Nazis |trans-title=The hunt for Nazis |type=DVD - Playback Region 2 |asin=B001210W1I |language=fr }}</ref>
<ref name=BND23092011>{{cite web |author=Bodo Hechelhammer (BND) |date=23 September 2011 |title=Mitteilung der Forschungs- und Arbeitsgruppe "Geschichte des BND" (MFGBND) Nr. 2 - Walther Rauff und der Bundesnachrichtendienst |trans-title=Communication from the Research and Working Group "History of the BND" (MFGBND)- Walther Rauff and the BND |website=[[Federal Intelligence Service (Germany)|Federal Intelligence Service of West Germany]] (Bundesnachrichtendienst or BND) |language=de |url=http://www.bnd.bund.de/DE/Organisation/Geschichtsaufarbeitung/MFGBND_Uebersicht/MFGBND_Mitteilungen/Mitteilung_2_node.html }}</ref>
<ref name=FAZ27092011>{{cite news |date=27 September 2011 |title=Politische Publikationspraxis |newspaper=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|Frankfurter Allgemeine]] |page=4 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.faz.net/suche/?offset=&cid=&index=&query=rauff&offset=&allboosted=&boostedresultsize=%24boostedresultsize&from=26.09.2011&to=28.09.2011&BTyp=redaktionelleInhalte&author=&username=&sort=date&resultsPerPage=20 }}</ref>
<ref name=MI502092005>{{cite web |title=MI5 - 5 September 2005 releases: German intelligence officers - Walter Rauff |others=File KV 2/1970 |website=archive.is |url=https://www.mi5.gov.uk/textonly/Page265.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012045624/https://www.mi5.gov.uk/textonly/Page265.html |archive-date=12 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=Deposition280772>{{cite web |date=28 July 1972 |title=Aussage des Walter Rauff - Botschaft der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Santiago |trans-title=Rauff's Deposition, West German Embassy, Santiago de Chile |others=(RK Sk 1600) |website=NS-Archiv |language=de |url=http://www.ns-archiv.de/einsatzgruppen/gaswagen/rauff/rauff-santiago.php }}</ref>
<ref name=Disclosure112002>{{cite web |date=November 2002 |title=More CIA Name Files Released - Walter Rauff |website=Disclosure - Newsletter of the Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group |url=https://www.archives.gov/iwg/about/disclosure-newsletter/disclosure-nov-2002.pdf }}</ref>
<ref name=Elam290307>{{cite news|author1=Shraga Elam |author2=Dennis Whitehead |date=29 March 2007 |title=In the Service of the Jewish State |newspaper=Ha'aretz |url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/in-the-service-of-the-jewish-state-1.216923 }}</ref>
}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last=Cüppers |first=Martin |year=2013 |title=Walther Rauff – In deutschen Diensten: Vom Naziverbrecher zum BND-Spion |location=Darmstadt |publisher=WBG (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft) |isbn=978-353426279-3 |language=de |ref=CITEREFMartin Cüppers}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mallmann |first1=Klaus-Michael |last2=Cüppers |first2=Martin |year=2010 |title=Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine |publisher=Enigma Books / USHMM |isbn=978-192963193-3 |page=167ff }} See also [https://www.ushmm.org/research/publications/academic-publications/full-list-of-academic-publications/nazi-palestine-the-plans-for-the-extermination-of-the-jews-of-palestine USHMM].
* {{cite book |last=Stahl |first=Daniel |year=2013 |title=Nazi-Hunt: South America's Dictatorships and the Punishment of Nazi crimes |location=Göttingen |publisher=Wallstein Verlag |isbn=978-383532412-1 |url=http://www.wallstein-verlag.de/english/9783835324121.html }}

== External links ==
* [https://www.archives.gov/iwg/about/disclosure-newsletter/disclosure-nov-2002.pdf Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group", Walter Rauff", ''Disclosure'', Nov 2002].
* [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/843804.html Shraga Elam and Dennis Whitehead, "Rauff vs. the Yishuv", ''Ha'aretz'', 7 April 2007].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070815042430/http://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/Page265.html Security Service - MI5, "5 September 2005 releases: German intelligence officers", file ref. KV /1970a, "Walter Rauff"].
* [http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,484510,00.html Jan Friedmann, "New Research Taints Image of Desert Fox Rommel", ''Der Spiegel Online'', May 23, 2007].

{{Einsatzgruppen}}
{{Nazis South America}}
{{Nazi war crimes in Italy}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rauff, Walter}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Köthen (Anhalt)]]
[[Category:Nazi Party politicians]]
[[Category:Nazi Party officials]]
[[Category:People of the Federal Intelligence Service]]
[[Category:Einsatzgruppen personnel]]
[[Category:SS-Standartenführer]]
[[Category:Nazis in South America]]
[[Category:German expatriates in Chile]]
[[Category:People from the Duchy of Anhalt]]
[[Category:Reichsmarine personnel]]
[[Category:Reich Security Main Office personnel]]
[[Category:Holocaust perpetrators in Tunisia]]
[[Category:Federal Intelligence Service informants]]
[[Category:People of the Mossad]]

Walter Rauff - Revision history

imported>AdellBarreto6: minor updated intro per standard format additionally

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