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{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨x⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=x
|ipa number=140
|decimal=120
|xsampa=x
|kirshenbaum=x
|braille=x
}}

The '''voiceless velar fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in some [[Speech|spoken]] [[language]]s. It was part of the consonant inventory of [[Old English language|Old English]] and can still be found in some dialects of [[English language|English]], most notably in [[Scottish English]], e.g. in ''loch'', ''broch'' or ''saugh'' (willow).

The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|x}}, the [[X|Latin letter x]]. It is also used in [[Phonetic transcription#Narrow versus broad transcription|broad transcription]] instead of the symbol {{angbr IPA|χ}}, the [[Chi (letter)#Greek chi|Greek chi]], for the [[voiceless uvular fricative]].

There is also a '''voiceless post-velar fricative''' (also called '''pre-uvular''') in some languages, which can be transcribed as [x̠] or [χ̟]. For '''voiceless pre-velar fricative''' (also called '''post-palatal'''), see [[voiceless palatal fricative]].

==Features==

Features of the voiceless velar fricative:

{{fricative}}
{{velar}}
{{voiceless}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

==Varieties==

{| class=wikitable
! IPA !! Description
|-
| style="font-size:24px" |{{IPA|x}} || plain velar fricative
|-
| style="font-size:24px" |{{IPA|xʷ}} || [[labialisation|labialised]]
|-
| style="font-size:24px" |{{IPA|xʼ}} || [[ejective consonant|ejective]]
|-
| style="font-size:24px" |{{IPA|xʷʼ}} || ejective labialised
|-
| style="font-size:24px" |{{IPA|x̜ʷ}} || semi-labialised
|-
| style="font-size:24px" |{{IPA|x̹ʷ}} || strongly labialised
|-
| style="font-size:24px" |{{IPA|xʲ}} || [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalised]]
|-
| style="font-size:24px" |{{IPA|xʲʼ}} || ejective palatalised
|}

== Occurrence ==
The voiceless velar fricative and its labialized variety are postulated to have occurred in [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]], the ancestor of the [[Germanic languages]], as the [[linguistic reconstruction|reflex]] of the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] voiceless palatal and velar stops and the labialized voiceless velar stop. Thus Proto-Indo-European *'''ḱ'''r̥nom "horn" and *'''kʷ'''ód "what" became Proto-Germanic *'''h'''urnan and *'''hw'''at, where *h and *hw were likely {{IPA|[x]}} and {{IPA|[xʷ]}}. This [[sound change]] is part of [[Grimm's law]].

In [[Modern Greek]], the voiceless velar fricative (with its [[allophone]], the voiceless palatal fricative {{IPAblink|ç}}, occurring before front vowels) originated from the [[Ancient Greek]] voiceless aspirated stop {{IPA|/kʰ/}} in a sound change that [[lenition|lenited]] Greek aspirated stops into fricatives.

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|colspan=2| [[Abaza language|Abaza]] || {{lang|abq-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''хь'''зы]]}} / '''kh'''<nowiki/>'zy || {{IPA|[xʲzə]}} || 'name' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|ady-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''х'''ы]]}} / '''kh'''y || {{Audio-IPA|Ady-6.oga|[xəː]}} || 'six' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Albanian language|Albanian]]|| {{lang|sq|gju'''h'''a}} || {{IPA|[ɟuxɑ]}} || 'language' || Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}. See [[Albanian phonology]]
|-
| [[Aleut language|Aleut]] || Atkan dialect || {{lang|ale-Latn|ala'''x'''}} || {{IPA|[ɑlɑx]}} || 'two' ||
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]] || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|'''ﺧ'''ﻀراء]]|rtl=yes}} || {{IPA|[xadˤraːʔ]}} || 'green' ([[grammatical gender|f.]]) || May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.{{sfnp|Watson|2002|pp=17, 19–20, 35–36 and 38}} See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || {{lang|as|[[Assamese alphabet|অ'''স'''মীয়া]]}} || {{IPA|[ɔxɔmia]}} || 'Assamese' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]] || ܚܡܫܐ {{lang|aii-Latn|[[Syriac alphabet|'''ḳ'''emša]]}} || {{IPA|[xεmʃa]}} || 'five' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Avar language|Avar]] || {{lang|av-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|чe'''хь''']]}} / {{lang|av-Latn|ҫe'''ẋ'''}} || {{IPA|[tʃex]}} || 'belly' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]|| {{lang|az-Latn|[[Azeri alphabet|'''x'''oş]]|italic=yes}} / {{lang|az-Cyrl|'''х'''ош}}/{{lang|az-Arab|'''ﺧ'''ﻮش|rtl=yes}} || {{IPA|[xoʃ]}} || 'pleasant' ||
|-
| [[Basque language|Basque]] || Some speakers{{sfnp|Hualde|Ortiz de Urbina|2003|pp=16 and 26}} || {{lang|eu|'''j'''an}} || {{IPA|[xän]}} || 'to eat' || Either velar or post-velar.{{sfnp|Hualde|Ortiz de Urbina|2003|pp=16 and 26}} For other speakers it's {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|j}} ~ {{IPAplink|ʝ}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɟ}}]}}.{{sfnp|Hualde|Ortiz de Urbina|2003|p=16}}
|-
|colspan=2| [[Brahui language|Brahui]]{{sfnp|Bhadriraju Krishnamurti|2003|p=100}} || '''ﺧ'''ﻦ || {{IPA|[xan]}} || 'eye' || Corresponds to /x/ in [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] and /q/ in [[Malto language|Malto]].
|-
|colspan=2| [[Breton language|Breton]] || {{lang|br|hor '''c'h'''i}} || {{IPA|[hor xiː]}} || 'our dog' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|ти'''х'''о]]}} / {{lang|bg-Latn|[[Romanization of Bulgarian|ti'''h'''o]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Tiho.ogg|[ˈt̪ixo]}} || 'quietly' || Described as having "only slight friction" ({{IPA|[x̞]}}).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ternes|first1=Elmer|last2=Vladimirova-Buhtz|first2=Tatjana|year=1999|chapter=Bulgarian|pages=55|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63751-0}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=2| [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|'''kh'''arja]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈxɑɾ(d)ʑɐ]}} || 'kharjah' || Found in loanwords and interjections. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || {{lang|ce-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''х'''ан]]}} / {{lang|ce-Latn|'''x'''an}} || {{IPA|[xɑːn]}} || 'time' ||
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|河]]}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Hanyu Pinyin|'''h'''é]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xɤ˧˥]}} || 'river' || See [[Standard Chinese phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Czech language|Czech]] || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|'''ch'''lap]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xlap]}}|| 'guy'|| See [[Czech phonology]]
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || |Southern [[Jutlandic dialect|Jutlandic]] || {{lang|da|[[Danish orthography|ka'''g'''e]]|italic=yes}} || [ˈkʰaːx] || 'cake' || See [[Jutlandic dialect#S.C3.B8nderjysk|Sønderjysk dialect]]
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard [[Flemish dialects|Belgian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Verhoeven|2005|p=243}}</ref><ref name="cm">{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|p=191}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|a'''ch'''t]]|italic=yes}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɑxt]}} || rowspan="2" | 'eight' || rowspan="2" | May be post-palatal {{IPAblink|ç̠}} instead. In dialects spoken above the rivers [[Rhine]], [[Meuse]] and [[Waal (river)|Waal]] the corresponding sound is a postvelar-uvular fricative trill {{IPAblink|ʀ̝̊˖}}.<ref name="cm"/> See [[Dutch phonology]] and [[Hard and soft G in Dutch]]
|-
| Southern Netherlands accents<ref name="cm"/><ref name="gus">{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|1999|p=74}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3| [[English language|English]] || [[Scottish English|Scottish]] || ''[[English orthography|lo'''ch''']]'' || {{IPA|[ɫɔx]}} || '[[loch]]' ||Younger speakers may [[Lock–loch merger|merge]] this sound with {{IPAslink|k}}.<ref name=glaswegian>[http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/STELLA/Glasgow%20accent/annex4.htm Annexe 4: Linguistic Variables]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/archive/viewconf2000/abstracts.html |title=University of Essex :: Department of Language and Linguistics :: Welcome |publisher=Essex.ac.uk |access-date=2013-08-01}}</ref> See [[Scottish English#Phonology|Scottish English phonology]]
|-
| [[Hiberno-English|Irish]] || ''[[English orthography|lou'''gh''']]'' || {{IPA|[lɑx]}} || '[[lough]]' || Occurs only in [[Irish language|Gaelic]] borrowings. See [[Hiberno-English#Overview of pronunciation and phonology|Irish English phonology]]
|-
| [[Scouse]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|p=373}}</ref> || ''[[English orthography|boo'''k''']]'' || {{IPA|[bʉːx]}} || 'book' || A syllable-final allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} ([[lenition]]).
|-
|colspan=2| [[Esperanto]] || {{lang|eo|[[Esperanto orthography|mona'''ĥ'''o]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[moˈnaxo]}} || 'monk' || See [[Esperanto phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Estonian language|Estonian]] || {{lang|et|[[Estonian orthography|ja'''h''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jɑx]}} || 'yes' || Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}. See [[Estonian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Eyak language|Eyak]] || {{lang|eya-Latn|du'''x'''ł}} || {{IPA|[tʊxɬ]}} || 'traps' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish orthography|ka'''h'''vi]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkɑxʋi]}} || 'coffee' || Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}. See [[Finnish phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[French language|French]] || {{lang|fr|[[French alphabet|'''j'''ota]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xɔta]}} || 'jota' || Occurs only in loanwords (from Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, etc.). See [[French phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Georgian language|Georgian]]{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|p=255}} || {{lang|ka|[[Georgian alphabet|ჯო'''ხ'''ი]]}} / {{lang|ka-Latn|joxi}} || {{IPA|[ˈdʒɔxi]}} || 'stick' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[German language|German]] || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|Bu'''ch''']]|italic=yes}} || {{audio-IPA|De-Buch.ogg|[buːx]}} || 'book' || See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Greek language|Greek]] || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|τέ'''χ'''νη]]}} / {{lang|el-Latn|[[Romanization of Greek|té'''ch'''nî]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈte̞xni]}} || 'art' || See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
| [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] || [[Biblical Hebrew|Biblical]] || {{lang|he|[[Hebrew alphabet|מִיכָאֵל]]|rtl=yes}}/micha'el ||{{IPA|[mixaʔel]}} || '[[Michael (given name)|Michael]]' || See [[Biblical Hebrew#Phonology|Biblical Hebrew phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
| [[Hindi]]
| {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|ख़ुशी]]}}/khushii/k͟hushī
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[xʊʃiː]}}
| rowspan="2" |'happiness'
| rowspan="2" | Occurs only in loanwords. May be replaced in Hindi with {{IPA|/kʰ/}}. See [[Hindustani phonology]]
|-
| [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]
| {{lang|ur|[[Urdu alphabet|'''ﺧ'''ﻮشی]]|rtl=yes}}/khushii/k͟hushī
|-
|colspan=2| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|sa'''hh'''al]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʃɒxːɒl]}} || 'with a shah' || See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || {{lang|is|[[Icelandic orthography|o'''k'''tóber]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈɔxtoːupɛr̥]}} || 'October' || See [[Icelandic phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] || {{lang|id|'''kh'''as|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xas]}} || 'typical' || Occurs in Arabic loanwords. Often pronounced as [h] or [k] by some Indonesians. See [[Indonesian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Irish language|Irish]] || {{lang|ga|[[Irish orthography|deo'''ch''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[dʲɔ̝̈x]}} || 'drink' || See [[Irish phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Japanese language|Japanese]] || {{lang|ja-Hani|[[katakana|マッハ]]}} / {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Romanization of Japanese|ma'''hh'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[maxːa]}} || 'Mach' || Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}.<ref name="Japanese">{{cite journal |last1=Okada |first1=Hideo |title=Japanese |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=December 1991 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=94–96 |doi=10.1017/S002510030000445X |s2cid=242782215 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/abs/japanese/EF0E01DD40A1B2779F3ADFF96B5D97E3 |access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> See [[Japanese phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''х'''ы]]}} / '''kh'''y || {{Audio-IPA|Хы.ogg|[xəː]}} || 'sea' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || '''х'''анзада / {{lang|kk-Latn|'''h'''anzada}} || {{IPA|[xanzada]}} || 'prince' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko-Hang|[[Hangul|흥정]]}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|'''h'''eungjeong]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xɯŋd͡ʑʌ̹ŋ]}}|| 'bargaining' || Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} before {{IPA|/ɯ/}}. See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] || {{lang|ku|[[Kurmanji alphabet|'''x'''anî]]}} || {{IPA|[xɑːˈniː]}} || 'house' || See [[Kurdish phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]{{sfnp|Bhadriraju Krishnamurti|2003|p=74}} || कुड़ुख़ || {{IPA|[kuɽux]}} || 'Kurukh' || Corresponds to /x/ in [[Brahui language|Brahui]] and /q/ in [[Malto language|Malto]].
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Peters|2006|p=119}}</ref> || {{lang|li|lo'''ch'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[lɔx]}} || 'air' || The example word is from the [[Maastrichtian dialect]]. See [[Maastrichtian dialect phonology]] and [[Hard and soft G in Dutch]]
|-
|[[Lishán Didán|Lishan Didan]]
|Urmi Dialect
|חלבא ''/ xalwa''
|{{IPA|[xalwɑ]}}
|'milk'
|Generally post-velar
|-
|colspan=2| [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] || {{lang|lt|'''ch'''oras|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈxɔrɐs̪]}} || 'choir' || Occurs only in loanwords (usually international words)
|-
|colspan=2| [[Lojban]] || {{lang|jbo|[[Lojban grammar#Orthography|'''x'''atra]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xatra]}} || 'letter' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] || {{lang|mk|[[Macedonian alphabet|О'''х'''рид]]}} / {{lang|mk-Latn|[[Romanization of Macedonian|O'''h'''rid]]}} || {{audio-IPA|Mk-Ohrid.ogg|[ˈɔxrit]}} || '[[Ohrid]]' || See [[Macedonian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Malay language|Malay]] || [[Jawi alphabet|ا'''ﺧ'''ير]] / {{lang|ms|a'''kh'''ir|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[axir]}}|| 'last', 'end' || Occurs in Arabic loanwords. Often pronounced as [h] or [k]. See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Manx language|Manx]] || {{lang|gv|aasha'''gh'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈɛːʒax]}} || 'easy' ||
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|{{Lang|ne|[[Devanāgarī|आँ'''खा''']]}}
|{{IPA|[ä̃xä]}}
|'eye'
|Allophone of {{IPA|/kʰ/}}. See [[Nepali phonology]]
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || [[Urban East Norwegian|Urban East]]{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=40}} || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|'''h'''at]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xɑːt]}} || 'hate' || Possible allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} near back vowels; can be voiced {{IPAblink|ɣ}} between two voiced sounds.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=40}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Persian language|Persian]] || {{lang|fa|[[Persian alphabet|دُ'''خـ'''تَر]]|rtl=yes}} / do'''kh'''tar ||{{IPA|[dox'tær]}} || 'daughter' || See [[Persian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Polish language|Polish]]{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=103}} || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''ch'''leb]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xlɛp]}} || 'bread' || Also (in great majority of dialects) represented orthographically by {{angbr|h}}. See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Fluminense]] || {{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese orthography|a'''r'''te]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈaxtɕi]}} || 'art' || In free variation with {{IPAblink|χ}}, {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, {{IPAblink|ħ}} and {{IPAblink|h}} before voiceless consonants
|-
| General [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]]{{sfnp|Barbosa|Albano|2004|pp=5–6}} || {{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese orthography|'''r'''osa]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈxɔzɐ]}} || 'rose' || Some dialects. An allophone of {{IPA|/ʁ/}}. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| [[Gurmukhi]]
| {{lang|pa|[[Gurmukhi|ਖ਼ਬਰ]]}}/khabar
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[xəbəɾ]}}
| rowspan="2" |'news'
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]
| {{lang|pa-Arab|[[Shahmukhi alphabet|'''ﺧ'''ﺒر]]|rtl=yes}}/khabar
|-
|colspan=2| [[Romanian language|Romanian]] || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|'''h'''ram]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xräm]}} || 'patronal feast of a church' || Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}. See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Padgett|2003|p=42}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''х'''ороший]]}} / {{lang|ru-Latn|[[Romanization of Russian|'''kh'''oroshiy]]}}|| {{Audio-IPA|Ru-хороший.ogg|[xɐˈr̠ʷo̞ʂɨ̞j]}} || 'good' || See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Scottish Gaelic]]<ref>Oftedal, M. (1956) ''The Gaelic of Leurbost''. Oslo. Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap.</ref> || {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|dro'''ch'''aid]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ɾɔxɪtʲ]}} || 'bridge' || See [[Scottish Gaelic phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Serbo-Croatian]] || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''х'''раст]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''h'''rast]]}} || {{IPA|[xrâːst]}} || 'oak' || See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak alphabet|'''ch'''lap]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xɫäp]}} || 'guy' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Slovene language|Slovene]]
|Standard
|{{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|po'''h'''lep]]|italic=yes}}
|{{IPA|[poˈxlɛ̂p]}}
|'greed'
|See [[Slovene phonology]]
|-
|Some dialects
|{{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|bo'''g''']]|italic=yes}}
|{{IPA|[ˈbôːx]}}
|'god'
|Allophone of {{IPA|/ɣ/}} before voiceless obstruents or pause. See [[Slovene phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Somali language|Somali]] || {{lang|so|'''kh'''ad|italic=yes}}||{{IPA|[xad]}} || 'ink' || Occurs in predominantly Arabic loan words. Allophone of /q/. See [[Somali phonology]]
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}} || [[Latin American Spanish|Latin American]]{{sfnp|Chen|2007|p=13}} ||rowspan=2| {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|o'''j'''o]]}} ||rowspan=2| {{IPA|[ˈo̞xo̞]}} || rowspan="2" | 'eye' || rowspan=2| May be [[Voiceless glottal fricative|glottal]] instead;{{sfnp|Chen|2007|p=13}} in northern and central Spain it is often post-velar{{sfnp|Chen|2007|p=13}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hamond|2001|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Scipione|Sayahi|2005|p=128}}</ref>{{sfnp|Lyons|1981|p=76}} or [[Voiceless uvular fricative|uvular]] /[[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]/.{{sfnp|Lyons|1981|p=76}}{{sfnp|Harris|Vincent|1988|p=83}} See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| Southern [[Spain]]{{sfnp|Chen|2007|p=13}}
|-
| colspan=2| [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] || {{lang|syl|[[Sylheti Nagari|'''ꠈ'''ꠛꠞ]]}}/khabar ||{{IPA|[xɔ́bɔɾ]}} || 'news' ||
|-
| colspan=2| [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || {{lang|tl|ba'''k'''it|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[baxit]}} || 'why' || Allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} in intervocalic positions. See [[Tagalog phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Toda language|Toda]]{{sfnp|Bhadriraju Krishnamurti|2003|p=149}} || pa'''x''' || {{IPA|[pax]}} || 'smoke' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]<ref name="gk6">{{Harvcoltxt|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=6}}</ref> || {{lang|tr|ı'''h'''lamur|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɯxlamuɾ]}} || 'linden' || Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}.<ref name="gk6"/> See [[Turkish phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] || {{lang|tkm|'''h'''ile}} || {{IPA|[xiːle]}} || 'cunning' (noun)||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Tyap language|Tyap]] || {{lang|kcg|'''kh'''am|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xam]}} || 1. 'calabash'; 2. 'prostitute' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] || {{lang|xh|'''rh'''oxisa}} || {{IPA|[xɔkǁiːsa]}} || 'to cancel' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] || {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|'''х'''лопець]]}} / {{lang|uk-Latn|'''kh'''lopets'|italic=yes}}|| {{IPA|[ˈxɫɔ̝pɛt͡sʲ]}} || 'boy' || See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2"| [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|pp=11–12}} || {{lang|uz|o'''x'''irgi}} || {{IPA|[ɒxirgi]}} || 'last' || Post-velar. Occurs in environments different from word-initially and pre-consonantally, otherwise it is [[Voiceless palatal fricative|pre-velar]].{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|pp=11–12}}
|-
|colspan=2| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}} || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|'''kh'''ông]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xəwŋ͡m˧]}} || 'no', 'not', 'zero' || See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Yaghan language|Yaghan]] || {{lang|yag|'''x'''an}} || {{IPA|[xan]}} || 'here' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Nuosu language|Yi]] || {{lang|ii|[[Yi script|ꉾ]]}} / {{lang|ii-Latn|[[Yi script|'''h'''e]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[xɤ˧]}} || 'good' ||
|-
| [[Zapotec languages|Zapotec]] || [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=109}} || {{lang|zts|me'''j'''or}} || {{IPA|[mɘxoɾ]}} || 'better' || Used primarily in loanwords from [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Guttural]]
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

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{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|x}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Fricative consonants]]
[[Category:Velar consonants]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Voiceless oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]

Voiceless velar fricative - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article