Ajay Kumar: Created a new article

2023-08-23T05:22:41Z

Created a new article

New page

{{short description|Genus of flowering plants in the sage family Lamiaceae}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Vitex altissima L.f.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Vitex altissima]]''
|taxon = Vitex
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?12733 |title=Genus: ''Vitex'' L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2004-09-10 |access-date=2010-12-12}}</ref>
|type_species = ''[[Vitex agnus-castus]]''
|type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|diversity_link = #Selected species
|diversity = About 250 species
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=v/>
|synonyms =
*''Macrostegia'' Nees
*''Neorapinia'' Moldenke
*''Mailelou'' Adans.
*''Limia'' Vand.
*''Allasia'' Lour.
*''Nephrandra'' Willd.
*''Tripinna'' Lour.
*''Chrysomallum'' Thouars
*''Tripinnaria'' Pers.
*''Pyrostoma'' G.Mey.
*''Wallrothia'' Roth 1821 not Spreng. 1815
*''Psilogyne'' DC
*''Casarettoa'' Walp.
*''Rapinia'' Montrouz.
*''Agnus-castus'' Tourn. ex Carrière
*''Varengevillea'' Baill
*''Pistaciovitex'' Kuntze
*''Viticipremna'' H.J.Lam
*''Tsoongia'' Merr.
*''Paravitex'' H.R.Fletcher
}}

[[File:Vitex_quinata.jpg|thumb|left|''Vitex quinata'']]
'''''Vitex''''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|aɪ|t|ɛ|k|s}}<ref>{{OED|Vitex}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the sage [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Verbenaceae]]. It has about 250 [[species]].<ref name="harley2004">Raymond M. Harley, Sandy Atkins, Andrey L. Budantsev, Philip D. Cantino, Barry J. Conn, Renée J. Grayer, Madeline M. Harley, Rogier P.J. de Kok, Tatyana V. Krestovskaja, Ramón Morales, Alan J. Paton, and P. Olof Ryding. 2004. "Labiatae" pages 167-275. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-40593-1}}</ref><ref name="ingvitex">''Vitex'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: [[Regnum Vegetabile]] (see ''External links'' below).</ref> Common names include '''chaste tree''' or '''chastetree''', traditionally referring to ''[[Vitex agnus-castus|V. agnus-castus]]'', but often applied to other species, as well.

Species of ''Vitex'' are [[Indigenous (ecology)|native]] throughout the [[tropics]] and [[subtropics]], with a few species in [[Temperateness|temperate]] [[Eurasia]] and one in New Zealand.<ref name=v>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=213290 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref><ref name="mabberley2008">David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK.</ref>

About 18 species are known in [[Plant cultivation|cultivation]]. ''V. agnus-castus'' and ''[[Vitex negundo]]'' are often grown in temperate climates.<ref name=rhs>Anthony J. Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (editors). 1992. ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening.'' The Macmillan Press Limited, London; The Stockton Press, New York.</ref> About six others are frequently grown in the tropics.<ref name="staples2005">George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu (2005)</ref> Most of the cultivated species serve as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]]. Some provide valuable [[lumber]]. The flexible limbs of some species are used in [[basket weaving]].<ref name="mabberley2008"/> Some of the [[Essential oil|aromatic]] species are used medicinally<ref name="staples2005"/><ref name="Vitex doniana">{{cite journal|vauthors=Tadzabia K, Maina HM, Maitera ON, Osunlaja AA | title=Elemental and Phytochemical Screening of Vitex Doniana Leaves and Stem Bark in Hong Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria| journal=International Journal of Chemical Studies| year= 2013 | volume= 1 | issue= 3 | pages= 165–172 | url=http://www.chemijournal.com/vol1Issue3/sep2013/43.1.pdf}}</ref> or to repel [[mosquitos]].<ref name="staples2005"/>

The genus ''Vitex'' was named by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753.<ref name="linnaeus1753">Carolus Linnaeus. 1753. ''Species Plantarum'' 2:706. Laurentii Salvii. (see ''External Links'' below).</ref> ''Vitex'' was the name used by [[Pliny the Elder]] for ''V. agnus-castus''. It is [[Etymology|derived]] from the [[Latin]] ''vieo'', meaning to weave or to tie up, a reference to the use of ''V. agnus-castus'' in basketry.<ref name="quattrocchi2000">Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume I, page 91. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington, DC;, US. London, UK. {{ISBN|978-0-8493-2673-8}} (set). (see ''External links'' below).</ref>

As a result of [[phylogenetic]] studies of [[DNA sequence]]s, ''Vitex'' is one of several genera that were transferred from the [[Verbenaceae]] to the Lamiaceae in the 1990s. It is the largest genus in the [[subfamily]] [[Viticoideae]] of [[Lamiaceae]].<ref name="harley2004"/> [[Taxon]] sampling in molecular phylogenetic studies has never been sufficient to test the [[monophyly]] of the Viticoideae, but it is generally thought to be an unnatural group.<ref name="unauthored">Systematics of Lamiaceae Subfamily Viticoideae. At: Website of Kew Gardens. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> The subfamily is probably [[Polyphyly|diphyletic]], with ''[[Premna]]'', ''[[Gmelina]]'', and ''[[Cornutia]]'' constituting one [[clade]], and with ''Vitex'', ''Petitia'', ''Pseudocarpidium'', and ''Teijsmanniodendron'' constituting the other.<ref name="bramley2009">Gemma L.C. Bramley, Félix Forest, and Rogier P.J. de Kok. 2009. "Troublesome tropical mints: re-examining generic limits of ''Vitex'' and relations (Lamiaceae) in South East Asia". ''Taxon'' '''58'''(2):500-510.</ref>

==Description==
''Vitex'' is a genus of shrubs and trees, from 1.0 to 35 m tall. Some species have whitish bark that is characteristically furrowed. Leaves are opposite, usually compound. The fruit is a [[drupe]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-CheManu-t1-body1-d58-d2.html|title=Manual of the New Zealand Flora|chapter=''Vitex'' Linn.}}</ref>

==Circumscription==
In 2009, a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study showed that three small genera, ''Paravitex'', ''Viticipremna'', and ''Tsoongia'', are [[Paraphyly|embedded]] in ''Vitex''. These three genera were duly sunk into [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymy]] with ''Vitex''.<ref name="bramley2009"/>

''Pseudocarpidium'', ''Petitia'', and ''Teijsmanniodendron'' possibly are nested within ''Vitex''. Sampling in the 2009 study was not sufficient to determine the [[Phylogenetic tree|phylogenetic position]] of these genera. The [[Plant taxonomy|relationships]] of ''Teijsmanniodendron'' to these genera was not discussed in a [[Treatise|revision]] of ''Teijsmanniodendron'' in 2009.<ref name="dekok2009">Rogier P.J. de Kok, Go Rusea, and Abdul Latiff. 2009. "The Genus ''Teijsmanniodendron'' Koord. (Lamiaceae)". ''Kew Bulletin'' '''64'''(4):587-625.</ref>

==Selected species==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Vitex acunae]]''
* ''[[Vitex agnus-castus]]'' — chasteberry, monk's pepper, chastetree
* ''[[Vitex ajugaeflora]]''
* ''[[Vitex altissima]]''
* ''[[Vitex amaniensis]]''
* ''[[Vitex capitata]]''
* ''[[Vitex chrysocarpa]]''
* ''[[Vitex cofassus]]''
* ''[[Vitex cooperi]]''
* ''[[Vitex cymosa]]''
* ''[[Vitex divaricata]]''
* ''[[Vitex doniana]]'' — wild African black plum, koronfinfin
* ''[[Vitex evoluta]]''
* ''[[Vitex gaumeri]]''
* ''[[Vitex gigantea]]''
* ''[[Vitex heptaphylla]]''
* ''[[Vitex keniensis]]'' — Meru oak
* ''[[Vitex kuylenii]]''
* ''[[Vitex lehmbachii]]''
* ''[[Vitex leucoxylon]]''
* ''[[Vitex lignum-vitae]]'' — yellow hollywood, lignum-vitae
* ''[[Vitex lindenii]]''
* ''[[Vitex longisepala]]''
* ''[[Vitex lucens]]'' — pūriri
* ''[[Vitex megapotamica]]''
* ''[[Vitex negundo]]'' — five-leaf chastetree
* ''[[Vitex obovata]]''
* ''[[Vitex orinocensis]]''
* ''[[Vitex parviflora]]'' — Molave tree
* ''[[Vitex peduncularis]]''
* ''[[Vitex pinnata]]''
* ''[[Vitex quinata]]''
* ''[[Vitex rotundifolia]]'' — beach vitex
* ''[[Vitex thyrsiflora]]''
* ''[[Vitex triflora]]''
* ''[[Vitex trifolia]]'' — simpleleaf chastetree
* ''[[Vitex tripinnata]]''
* ''[[Vitex urceolata]]''
* ''[[Vitex yaundensis]]''
* ''[[Vitex zanzibarensis]]''
* ''[[Vitex zeyheri]]''
{{div col end}}
[[File:Vitex cannabifolia1.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Vitex cannabifolia]]'' flowers]]
[[File:Vitex chrysocarpus MS 10225.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Vitex chrysocarpus]]'' fruit and autumn leaves]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Ray Harley, "In search of Labiatae in Eastern Brazil", ''Vitex: A Newsletter for Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae Research'', {{ISSN|1470-0123}}, [http://www.kew.org/data/vitex/jan00.pdf Issue 1], February 2000, page 5.

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline}}
* [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/genera/lamiaceaegen.html List of Genera in Lamiaceae], Missouri Botanical Garden
* [http://botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Vitex ''Vitex''], Index Nominum Genericorum
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#80 ''Vitex''] in Biodiversity Heritage Library
* [http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849326783 CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: R-Z]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080907184212/http://www.kew.org/scihort/directory/projects/SystLamiSfViticoidea.html Systematics of Lamiaceae Subfamily Viticoideae]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q132607}}

[[Category:Vitex| ]]
[[Category:Lamiaceae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Vitex - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article