Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande - Revision history

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	[[Pandit (music title)\|Pandit]] '''Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande''' (10 August 1860 – 19 September 1936) was an ~~[[India]]n~~ [[musicologist]] who wrote the first modern treatise on [[Hindustani classical music]], an art which had been propagated for ~~acenturies~~ mostly through oral traditions. During those earlier times, the art had undergone several changes, rendering the [[raga]] ''grammar'' documented in scant old outdated texts.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/br/2007/01/02/stories/2007010200741800.htm Inventing a tradition – CHEN]. ''The Hindu'' (2 January 2007). Retrieved on 2018-12-19.</ref>		[[Pandit (music title)\|Pandit]] '''Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande''' (10 August 1860 – 19 September 1936) was an Indian [[musicologist]] who wrote the first modern treatise on [[Hindustani classical music]], an art which had been propagated for centuries mostly through oral traditions. During those earlier times, the art had undergone several changes, rendering the [[raga]] ''grammar'' documented in scant old outdated texts.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/br/2007/01/02/stories/2007010200741800.htm Inventing a tradition – CHEN]. ''The Hindu'' (2 January 2007). Retrieved on 2018-12-19.</ref>

	[[Raga]]s used to be classified into Raga (male), Ragini (female), and Putra (children). Bhatkhande reclassified them into the currently used [[thaat]] system. He noted that several ragas did not conform to their description in ancient Sanskrit texts. He explained the ragas in an easy-to-understand language and composed several ''[[bandish]]es'' which explained the grammar of the ragas~~. He borrowed the idea of ''lakshan geet'' from the [[Carnatic music]] scholar [[Venkatamakhin]]~~.		[[Raga]]s used to be classified into Raga (male), Ragini (female), and Putra (children). Bhatkhande reclassified them into the currently used [[thaat]] system. He noted that several ragas did not conform to their description in ancient Sanskrit texts. He explained the ragas in an easy-to-understand language and composed several ''[[bandish]]es'' which explained the grammar of the ragas.

	==Early life==		==Early life==
	Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande was born on 10 August 1860 ~~into a [[Chitpavan Brahmin]] family~~ in Walkeshwar, [[Bombay]]. While not a professional musician himself, his father, who worked for an affluent businessman, ensured that ~~Bhatkhande~~ and his siblings received an education in classical music. After turning fifteen, Bhatkhande became a student of the [[sitar]] and subsequently began studying [[Sanskrit]] texts that dealt with [[music theory]]. He completed a BA degree at [[~~Elphinstone~~ College]] in ~~Bombay~~ in 1885. In 1887, Bhatkhande graduated with a degree in law from [[Bombay University]] and briefly pursued a career in criminal law.<ref name=b1>{{cite book \|last1=Bakhle \|first1=Janaki \|title=Two men and music: nationalism in the making of an Indian classical tradition \|date=2005 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=9780195166101 \|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166101.001.0001/acprof-9780195166101 \|chapter=Ch. 3\| pages =6–7 }}</ref><ref name=gr/>		Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande was born on 10 August 1860 in Walkeshwar, [[Bombay]]. While not a professional musician himself, his father, who worked for an affluent businessman, ensured that Vishnu Narayan and his siblings received an education in classical music. After turning fifteen, Bhatkhande became a student of the [[sitar]] and subsequently began studying [[Sanskrit]] texts that dealt with [[music theory]]. He completed a BA degree at [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute\|Deccan College]] in Pune in 1885. In 1887, Bhatkhande graduated with a degree in law from [[Elphinstone College, Bombay University]] and briefly pursued a career in criminal law.<ref name=b1>{{cite book \|last1=Bakhle \|first1=Janaki \|title=Two men and music: nationalism in the making of an Indian classical tradition \|date=2005 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=9780195166101 \|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166101.001.0001/acprof-9780195166101 \|chapter=Ch. 3\| pages =6–7 }}</ref><ref name=gr/>

	In 1884, Bhatkhande became a member of ''Gayan Uttejak Mandali'', a music appreciation society in Bombay, which broadened his experience with music performance and teaching. He studied at the Mandali for six years and learned a variety of compositions in both [[khayal]] and [[dhrupad]] forms under musicians such as Shri Raojibua Belbagkar and Ustad Ali Hussain.<ref name=gr/> Music was still something of a leisurely pursuit for Bhatkhande until 1900 when his wife died, followed, in 1903, by the death of his daughter. This led to him abandoning his law practice and devoting his full attention to music.<ref name=b1/>		In 1884, Bhatkhande became a member of ''Gayan Uttejak Mandali'', a music appreciation society in Bombay, which broadened his experience with music performance and teaching. He studied at the Mandali for six years and learned a variety of compositions in both [[khayal]] and [[dhrupad]] forms under musicians such as Shri Raojibua Belbagkar and Ustad Ali Hussain.<ref name=gr/> Music was still something of a leisurely pursuit for Bhatkhande until 1900 when his wife died, followed, in 1903, by the death of his daughter. This led to him abandoning his law practice and devoting his full attention to music.<ref name=b1/>
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	After the death of his wife and his daughter, Bhatkhande abandoned his legal practice and devoted the rest of his life to systematising the prevailing forms of Hindustani music and building on that system a coordinated theory and practice of music. During his travels in India, he spent time in the then [[princely states]] of [[Baroda]], [[Gwalior]], and [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh\|Rampur]]. In Rampur he was the disciple of legendary [[veena]] Player Ustad Wazir Khan, a descendant of [[Miyan Tansen]].		After the death of his wife and his daughter, Bhatkhande abandoned his legal practice and devoted the rest of his life to systematising the prevailing forms of Hindustani music and building on that system a coordinated theory and practice of music. During his travels in India, he spent time in the then [[princely states]] of [[Baroda]], [[Gwalior]], and [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh\|Rampur]]. In Rampur he was the disciple of legendary [[veena]] Player Ustad Wazir Khan, a descendant of [[Miyan Tansen]].

	Bhatkhande~~'s first published work~~, ~~''Swar Malika'', was a booklet containing detailed descriptions~~ of ~~all prevalent ragas. In 1909,~~ he ~~published ''Shri Mallakshaya Sangeetam'', in Sanskrit, under the pseudonym 'Chatur-pandit'. To make this cultural heritage accessible~~ to the ~~common man, he published commentary on his own Sanskrit grantha in Marathi over a span~~ of ~~several years; it was published over four volumes bearing the title: ''[[Hindustani Sangeet Paddhati]]''. These volumes form today the standard text on Hindustani~~ music~~, an indispensable starting point for any student of Hindustani Classical Music~~. ~~His disciple~~ [[~~S N Ratanjankar~~]]~~, famous musician Shri. Dilip Kumar Roy, Ratanjankar's disciple~~ [[~~K. G. Ginde~~]]~~, S.C.R. Bhatt, Ram Ashrey Jha 'Ramrang'~~, [[~~Sumati Mutatkar~~]] ~~and Krishna Kumar Kapoor are among the notable scholars who followed~~ in ~~the footsteps of Bhatkhande. His notation system became standard and though later scholars like~~ [[~~Vishnu Digambar Paluskar\|Pandit V. D. Paluskar~~]], [[~~Vinayakrao Patwardhan\|Pandit Vinayakrao Patwardhan~~]] ~~and Pandit~~ [[ ~~Omkarnath Thakur~~]] ~~introduced their improved versions, it remained a publisher's favourite~~. ~~It suffered~~ a ~~setback with onset~~ of ~~desktop publishing, which found inserting marks above and below Devanagari text cumbersome;~~ as a result, books carrying compositions yielded to theoretical texts. A recently developed notation system [http://omenad.net/articles/omeswarlipi.htm Ome Swarlipi] follows the logical structure introduced by Pt. Bhatkhande but uses symbols instead of Devanagari alphabets.<ref~~>{{cite news\|author=Datta, Jaiti \|url~~= ~~https:~~//timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhopal/an-ode-to-reverent-musicologist-vishnu-narayan-bhatkande/articleshow/65914514.cms\|title= An ode to reverent musicologist Vishnu Narayan Bhatkande \|date= 22 September 2018\|work= [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>		Bhatkhande travelled to South India, arriving in Madras (now Chennai) in 1904. With the help of local contacts he began to familiarise himself with the world of Carnatic music. He established contact with stalwarts such as [[Thiruvottiyur Tyagier]] and [[Tachur Singaracharya]] in Madras, [[Poochi Srinivasa Iyengar]] in [[Ramanathapuram]] and [[Subbarama Dikshitar]] in [[Ettayapuram]] but the language barrier made these interactions less fruitful than he expected. Notes from a journal maintained of his time there were later published as ''Meri Dakshin Bharat Ki Sangeet Yatra'' (My Musical Journey in Southern India).<ref name="seeker" />

	After ~~travelling~~ widely and having discussions with practitioners of various schools, Bhatkhande arranged all the [[raga]]s of [[Hindustani classical music]] across 10 [[musical scales]], called [[thaat]]s. Though the thaats do not encompass all possible ragas, they do cover the vast majority, and are a key contribution to Indian musical theory. The thaat structure corresponds to the [[melakarta]] system of raga arrangement in [[Carnatic music]], the south Indian variety of [[Indian classical music]].		While his conversations with exponents of Carnatic music weren't very successful, Bhatkhande procured two valuable manuscripts on the art: the [[Chaturdandiprakashika]] by [[Venkatamakhin]] and the [[Svaramelakalanidhi]] of [[Ramamatya]], both treatises that sought to classify ragas. The two works along with others and his observations from his travels in North India enabled Bhatkhande to classify Hindustani ragas using a system of ten, much like the [[Melakarta\|melakartas]] of the Carnatic style.<ref name="seeker">{{cite news \|last1=V \|first1=Sriram \|title=An extraordinary seeker \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/bhatkande-an-extraordinary-seeker/article26673597.ece \|access-date=20 May 2022 \|work=The Hindu \|date=29 March 2019 \|language=en-IN}}</ref>

			Bhatkhande's first published work, ''Swar Malika'', was a booklet containing detailed descriptions of all prevalent ragas. In 1909, he published ''Shri Mallakshaya Sangeetam'', in Sanskrit, under the pseudonym 'Chatur-pandit'. To make this cultural heritage accessible to the common man, he published commentary on his own Sanskrit grantha in Marathi over a span of several years; it was published over four volumes bearing the title: ''[[Hindustani Sangeet Paddhati]]''. These volumes form today the standard text on Hindustani music, an indispensable starting point for any student of Hindustani Classical Music. His disciple [[S N Ratanjankar]], famous musician Shri. Dilip Kumar Roy, Ratanjankar's disciple [[K. G. Ginde]], S.C.R. Bhatt, Ram Ashrey Jha 'Ramrang', [[Sumati Mutatkar]] and Krishna Kumar Kapoor are among the notable scholars who followed in the footsteps of Bhatkhande. His notation system became standard and though later scholars like [[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar\|Pandit V. D. Paluskar]], [[Vinayakrao Patwardhan\|Pandit Vinayakrao Patwardhan]] and Pandit [[Omkarnath Thakur]] introduced their improved versions, it remained a publisher's favorite. It suffered a setback with the onset of desktop publishing, which found inserting marks above and below Devanagari text cumbersome; as a result, books carrying compositions yielded to theoretical texts. A recently developed notation system [http://omenad.net/articles/omeswarlipi.htm Ome Swarlipi] follows the logical structure introduced by Pt. Bhatkhande but uses symbols instead of Devanagari alphabets.<ref>{{cite news\|author=Datta, Jaiti \|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhopal/an-ode-to-reverent-musicologist-vishnu-narayan-bhatkande/articleshow/65914514.cms\|title= An ode to reverent musicologist Vishnu Narayan Bhatkande \|date= 22 September 2018\|work= [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

			After traveling widely and having discussions with practitioners of various schools, Bhatkhande arranged all the [[raga]]s of [[Hindustani classical music]] across 10 [[musical scales]], called [[thaat]]s. Though the thaats do not encompass all possible ragas, they do cover the vast majority and are a key contribution to Indian musical theory. The thaat structure corresponds to the [[melakarta]] system of raga arrangement in [[Carnatic music]], the south Indian variety of [[Indian classical music]].

	Bhatkhande wrote all of his works under one of the two [[pseudonym]]s, Vishnu Sharma and Chaturpandit.		Bhatkhande wrote all of his works under one of the two [[pseudonym]]s, Vishnu Sharma and Chaturpandit.

	===Institutions===		===Institutions===
	[[File:Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande 1961 stamp of India.jpg\|thumb\|Bhatkhande on a 1961 stamp of India]]		[[File: Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande 1961 stamp of India.jpg\|thumb\|Bhatkhande on a 1961 stamp of India]]
	Bhatkhande started schools and colleges in India for systematic teaching of Hindustani music. In 1916, he reorganized the Baroda state music school, and later, with the help of the [[Maharaja of Gwalior]], established the Madhav Music College in Gwalior.		Bhatkhande started schools and colleges in India for systematic teaching of Hindustani music. In 1916, he reorganized the Baroda state music school, and later, with the help of the [[Maharaja of Gwalior]], established the Madhav Music College in Gwalior.

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	# Kramik Pustak Malika – This book was published in six parts. It is a detailed textbook of Hindustani music, describing all the important Ragas, their theory and illustrated with well-known compositions in notations. It contains about 1,200 such compositions.		# Kramik Pustak Malika – This book was published in six parts. It is a detailed textbook of Hindustani music, describing all the important Ragas, their theory and illustrated with well-known compositions in notations. It contains about 1,200 such compositions.
	# Swara Malika (in [[Gujarati language\|Gujarati]] characters) Notation of Ragas in swara and tala.		# Swara Malika (in [[Gujarati language\|Gujarati]] characters) Notation of Ragas in swara and tala.
	# A ~~comparative~~ Study of the Music Systems of the 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th Centuries (in English).		# A Comparative Study of the Music Systems of the 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th Centuries (in English).
	# Historical Survey of the Music of India.		# Historical Survey of the Music of India.
	# Geet Malika – which was originally published in 23 monthly issues, each containing 25 to 30 classical compositions of Hindustani Sangeet in notation.		# Geet Malika – which was originally published in 23 monthly issues, each containing 25 to 30 classical compositions of Hindustani Sangeet in notation.
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	==External links==		==External links==
	~~{{Commons category\|Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande}}~~
	* [http://www.bsvidyapith.org/aboutus-foundedby.htm Bhatkhande Sangit Vidyapith]		* [http://www.bsvidyapith.org/aboutus-foundedby.htm Bhatkhande Sangit Vidyapith]
	* [http://omenad.net/articles/BAT_AcadInst.htm Excerpts from Bhatkhande's SangeetShastra]		* [http://omenad.net/articles/BAT_AcadInst.htm Excerpts from Bhatkhande's SangeetShastra]
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	[[Category:Indian music educators]]		[[Category:Indian music educators]]
	[[Category:Marathi music]]		[[Category:Marathi music]]
	[[Category:Indian male classical singers]]		[[Category:19th-century Indian male classical singers]]
	[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]		[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
	[[Category:20th-century Indian ~~singers]]~~		[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
	~~[[Category:19th-century Indian singers]]~~
	~~[[Category:20th-century male singers]]~~
	~~[[Category:19th-century~~ male singers]]
	[[Category:Bandish composers]]		[[Category:Bandish composers]]
			[[Category:Musicians in British India]]
			[[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]

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{{Redirect|Bhatkhande|the university|Bhatkhande Music Institute}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name = Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande
|image = Bhatkhande.jpg
|caption =
|image_size =
|background = solo_singer
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1860|8|10}}
|birth_place = [[Bombay]], India<ref name=gr>{{cite journal |last1=Powers |first1=Harold S. |title=Bhatkhande, Vishnu Narayan |journal=[[Grove Music Online]] |year=2001 | publisher=Oxford University Press | doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03008 }}</ref>
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1936|9|19|1860|8|10}}<ref name=gr/>
|death_place = Bombay, India<ref name=gr/>
|origin = India
|genre = {{hlist|[[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]]|[[Mewati Gharana]]}}
|occupation =
|years_active = 1875–1935
|label =
|website =
}}
[[Pandit (music title)|Pandit]] '''Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande''' (10 August 1860 – 19 September 1936) was an [[India]]n [[musicologist]] who wrote the first modern treatise on [[Hindustani classical music]], an art which had been propagated for acenturies mostly through oral traditions. During those earlier times, the art had undergone several changes, rendering the [[raga]] ''grammar'' documented in scant old outdated texts.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/br/2007/01/02/stories/2007010200741800.htm Inventing a tradition – CHEN]. ''The Hindu'' (2 January 2007). Retrieved on 2018-12-19.</ref>

[[Raga]]s used to be classified into Raga (male), Ragini (female), and Putra (children). Bhatkhande reclassified them into the currently used [[thaat]] system. He noted that several ragas did not conform to their description in ancient Sanskrit texts. He explained the ragas in an easy-to-understand language and composed several ''[[bandish]]es'' which explained the grammar of the ragas. He borrowed the idea of ''lakshan geet'' from the [[Carnatic music]] scholar [[Venkatamakhin]].

==Early life==
Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande was born on 10 August 1860 into a [[Chitpavan Brahmin]] family in Walkeshwar, [[Bombay]]. While not a professional musician himself, his father, who worked for an affluent businessman, ensured that Bhatkhande and his siblings received an education in classical music. After turning fifteen, Bhatkhande became a student of the [[sitar]] and subsequently began studying [[Sanskrit]] texts that dealt with [[music theory]]. He completed a BA degree at [[Elphinstone College]] in Bombay in 1885. In 1887, Bhatkhande graduated with a degree in law from [[Bombay University]] and briefly pursued a career in criminal law.<ref name=b1>{{cite book |last1=Bakhle |first1=Janaki |title=Two men and music: nationalism in the making of an Indian classical tradition |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195166101 |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166101.001.0001/acprof-9780195166101 |chapter=Ch. 3| pages =6–7 }}</ref><ref name=gr/>

In 1884, Bhatkhande became a member of ''Gayan Uttejak Mandali'', a music appreciation society in Bombay, which broadened his experience with music performance and teaching. He studied at the Mandali for six years and learned a variety of compositions in both [[khayal]] and [[dhrupad]] forms under musicians such as Shri Raojibua Belbagkar and Ustad Ali Hussain.<ref name=gr/> Music was still something of a leisurely pursuit for Bhatkhande until 1900 when his wife died, followed, in 1903, by the death of his daughter. This led to him abandoning his law practice and devoting his full attention to music.<ref name=b1/>

==Career==

===Research in music===
Bhatkhande traveled throughout India, meeting with [[ustad]]s and [[pandit]]s, and researching music. He began the study of ancient texts such as the ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' and ''[[Sangeet Ratnakara]]''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070524023517/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/03/30/stories/2007033001430200.htm Learn the Lingo – DELI]. ''The Hindu'' (30 March 2007). Retrieved on 2018-12-19.</ref>

[[File:Bhat notation1.jpg|right|220px|thumb|Music notations developed by Bhatkhande]]
After the death of his wife and his daughter, Bhatkhande abandoned his legal practice and devoted the rest of his life to systematising the prevailing forms of Hindustani music and building on that system a coordinated theory and practice of music. During his travels in India, he spent time in the then [[princely states]] of [[Baroda]], [[Gwalior]], and [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]. In Rampur he was the disciple of legendary [[veena]] Player Ustad Wazir Khan, a descendant of [[Miyan Tansen]].

Bhatkhande's first published work, ''Swar Malika'', was a booklet containing detailed descriptions of all prevalent ragas. In 1909, he published ''Shri Mallakshaya Sangeetam'', in Sanskrit, under the pseudonym 'Chatur-pandit'. To make this cultural heritage accessible to the common man, he published commentary on his own Sanskrit grantha in Marathi over a span of several years; it was published over four volumes bearing the title: ''[[Hindustani Sangeet Paddhati]]''. These volumes form today the standard text on Hindustani music, an indispensable starting point for any student of Hindustani Classical Music. His disciple [[S N Ratanjankar]], famous musician Shri. Dilip Kumar Roy, Ratanjankar's disciple [[K. G. Ginde]], S.C.R. Bhatt, Ram Ashrey Jha 'Ramrang', [[Sumati Mutatkar]] and Krishna Kumar Kapoor are among the notable scholars who followed in the footsteps of Bhatkhande. His notation system became standard and though later scholars like [[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar|Pandit V. D. Paluskar]], [[Vinayakrao Patwardhan|Pandit Vinayakrao Patwardhan]] and Pandit [[ Omkarnath Thakur]] introduced their improved versions, it remained a publisher's favourite. It suffered a setback with onset of desktop publishing, which found inserting marks above and below Devanagari text cumbersome; as a result, books carrying compositions yielded to theoretical texts. A recently developed notation system [http://omenad.net/articles/omeswarlipi.htm Ome Swarlipi] follows the logical structure introduced by Pt. Bhatkhande but uses symbols instead of Devanagari alphabets.<ref>{{cite news|author=Datta, Jaiti |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhopal/an-ode-to-reverent-musicologist-vishnu-narayan-bhatkande/articleshow/65914514.cms|title= An ode to reverent musicologist Vishnu Narayan Bhatkande |date= 22 September 2018|work= [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

After travelling widely and having discussions with practitioners of various schools, Bhatkhande arranged all the [[raga]]s of [[Hindustani classical music]] across 10 [[musical scales]], called [[thaat]]s. Though the thaats do not encompass all possible ragas, they do cover the vast majority, and are a key contribution to Indian musical theory. The thaat structure corresponds to the [[melakarta]] system of raga arrangement in [[Carnatic music]], the south Indian variety of [[Indian classical music]].

Bhatkhande wrote all of his works under one of the two [[pseudonym]]s, Vishnu Sharma and Chaturpandit.

===Institutions===
[[File:Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande 1961 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Bhatkhande on a 1961 stamp of India]]
Bhatkhande started schools and colleges in India for systematic teaching of Hindustani music. In 1916, he reorganized the Baroda state music school, and later, with the help of the [[Maharaja of Gwalior]], established the Madhav Music College in Gwalior.

In 1926, [[Rai Umanath Bali]] and his nephew Dr. [[Rai Rajeshwar Bali]], then education minister of United Provinces, established Marris College of Music in [[Lucknow]],<ref>Often misspelled as Morris College</ref> Bhatkhande preparing the course material. The college was later renamed Bhatkhande College of Hindustani Music, and is now known as [[Bhatkhande Music Institute]] ([[Deemed University]]). Preparation of that course material was a landmark achievement of Bhatkhande since musical knowledge used to be passed on orally in earlier times from Gurus and Ustads to their disciples.

Bhatkhande prepared the ''Hindustani Sangeet Kramik Pustak Maalika'' as a series of textbooks. He also started the tradition of the All India Music Conferences to provide a common platform for discussion between Hindustani and Carnatic classical musicians.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MQ74dNGEnoEC&q=Vishnu+Narayan+Bhatkhande|title= Bhatkhande's Contribution to Music: A Historical Perspective|date= 1989|author=Nayar, Sobhana |publisher= Popular Prakashan|isbn= 9780861322381}}</ref><ref name="Stone1998">{{cite book|author=Stone, Ruth M |title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA442|year=1998|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|pages=442–}}</ref>

==Death==
Bhatkhande suffered [[paralysis]] and a thigh fracture in 1933. He died on 19 September 1936, during Ganeshotsav in Mumbai{{Clarify|date=September 2009}}.

==Bibliography==
# Shrimallakshya-sangeetam – A treatise, in Sanskrit, on the theory of music in slokas and describing the important ragas. (Lakshya=current)
# Lakshan Geet Sangrah in three parts. Compositions descriptive of the Ragas, giving their characteristics in songs composed by Pandit Bhatkhande.
# Hindustani Sangeet Paddhati in 4 parts – A commentary on the Lakshya Sangeetam in Marathi. It is a detailed study and discussion of the theory of music and explanation of 150 Ragas of Hindustani music. This important work has been translated into Hindi.
# Kramik Pustak Malika – This book was published in six parts. It is a detailed textbook of Hindustani music, describing all the important Ragas, their theory and illustrated with well-known compositions in notations. It contains about 1,200 such compositions.
# Swara Malika (in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] characters) Notation of Ragas in swara and tala.
# A comparative Study of the Music Systems of the 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th Centuries (in English).
# Historical Survey of the Music of India.
# Geet Malika – which was originally published in 23 monthly issues, each containing 25 to 30 classical compositions of Hindustani Sangeet in notation.
# Abhinav Raga Manjari – A treatise on the Ragas of Hindustani music, each being described briefly in one sloka in Sanskrit.
# Abhinav Tala Manjari – A textbook in Sanskrit on the Talas

==Manuscripts edited by Bhatkhande==
# Swara Mela Kalanidhi by Ramamatya
# [[Chaturdandi Prakashika]] by [[Venkatamakhin]]
# Raga Lakshanam
# Raga Tarangini by Lochan
# Raga Tatva Vibodh by Shriniwas
# Sadraga Chandrodaya by Pundarik Vithal
# Raga Manjari by Pundarik Vithal
# "Raga Mala" by Pundarik Vithal
# Nartan Niranaya by Kashinath Shashtri Appa Tulsi
# Sangeet Sudhakar by Kashinath Shashtri Appa Tulsi
# Sangeet Kalp Drumankur by Kashinath Shashtri Appa Tulsi
# Raga Chandrika by Kashinath Shashtri Appa Tulsi
# Raga Chandrika Sar (Hindi)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |title=Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande |url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Print%20Size/3.91%20x%202.9/VISHNU%20NARAYAN%20BHATKHANDE |website=www.indianpost.com |publisher=[[India Post]] |access-date=5 September 2018 |ref={{harvid|IndiaPost}}}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande}}
* [http://www.bsvidyapith.org/aboutus-foundedby.htm Bhatkhande Sangit Vidyapith]
* [http://omenad.net/articles/BAT_AcadInst.htm Excerpts from Bhatkhande's SangeetShastra]
* [http://www.chembur.com/anecdotes/bhatkhande.htm A biography of Bhatkhande]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatkhande, Vishnu Narayan}}
[[Category:1860 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:Marathi music]]
[[Category:Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:20th-century male singers]]
[[Category:19th-century male singers]]
[[Category:Bandish composers]]