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'''Vishnu-Mittre''' or '''Vishnu Mittre''' (17 July 1924 – 6 November 1991) was an Indian [[Paleobotany|paleobotanist]] who worked at the [[Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany|Birbal Sahni Institute]] and wrote numerous influential papers and popular books on earth history, particularly with reference to the Indian region. He worked along with archaeologists in pioneering studies of agricultural crops in early human settlements on the Indian Subcontinent.<br />
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==Biography==<br />
Vishnu-Mittre was born in Shorkot, Jhang District of Pakistan. After studying at Rawalpindi, he obtained a BSc from Gordon College in 1944 and became a school teacher in biology at [[D.A.V. College (Lahore), Ambala City|D.A.V. College]] and later at D.C.Jain College. He then joined the [[Banaras Hindu University|Benaras Hindu University]] and received an MSc in botany in 1951. He then joined the Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany in Lucknow and studied Mesozoic plants. He was deputed to [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge|Emmanuel College, Cambridge University]] from where he received a Ph.D. in 1960 after working under Sir [[Harry Godwin]] on Quaternary palynology.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1098/rstb.1975.0032 |title=Studies of the Post-Glacial History of British Vegetation: XVI. Flandrian Deposits of the Fenland Margin at Holme Fen and Whittlesey Mere, Hunts |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=270 |issue=909 |pages=561–604 |year=1975 |last1=Godwin |first1=H. |last2=Vishnu-Mittre |doi-access=free }}</ref> He returned to the Birbal Sahni Institute and started a palynology department and served as the deputy director of the institute from 1983 to 1984.<ref name=obit>{{cite journal|author=Gupta, H.P.|title=A tribute to Vishnu-Mittre (1924-1991)|journal=Paleobotanist|volume=42|issue=2|page=241|url=http://14.139.63.228:8080/pbrep/bitstream/123456789/1595/1/PbV42N2_241.pdf}}</ref><br />
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==Publications==<br />
Vishnu-Mittre wrote numerous papers and also wrote two popular work on earth history and evolution, ''[https://archive.org/details/EvolutionOfLife Evolution of Life]'' (1969, coauthored with M.S.Randhawa and others) and ''[https://archive.org/details/RocksUnfoldThePast Rocks unfold the Past]'' (1973).<ref name=obit /> Among his researches were studies of pollen at archaeological sites to gain an understanding on agriculture and the usage of plant materials in the past.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0047-2484(78)80033-5|title=Origins and history of agriculture in the Indian sub-continent|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=7|pages=31–36|year=1978|last1=Vishnu-Mittre}}</ref> Some of his publications include:<br />
* {{cite journal| author=Vishnu-Mittre| year=1954| title=Petrified spores and pollen grains from the Jurassic rocks of Rajmahal Hills, Bihar.| journal=The Palaeobotanist|volume=3|pages=117–127|url=http://14.139.63.228:8080/pbrep/bitstream/123456789/224/1/PbV3_117.pdf }}<br />
* {{cite journal|title=On terminology in pollen and spore morphology|author1=Erdtman, G.| author2=Vishnu-Mittre| year=1956| journal=Palaeobotanist|volume=5|issue=2|pages=109–111|url=http://14.139.63.228:8080/pbrep/bitstream/123456789/798/1/PbV21No1_18.pdf}}<br />
* {{cite journal|title=Neolithic plants economy at Chirand, Bihar|author=Vishnu-Mittre| journal=Palaeobotanist |year=1972|volume= 21|issue=1|pages=18–22|url=http://14.139.63.228:8080/pbrep/bitstream/123456789/798/1/PbV21No1_18.pdf}}<br />
* {{cite journal|title=Palaeoecology of the Rajasthan desert during the last 10,000 |author=Vishnu-Mittre| journal=Palaeobotanist|year=1976|volume= 25|pages= 549–558|url=http://14.139.63.228:8080/pbrep/bitstream/123456789/924/1/PbV25_549.pdf}}<br />
*{{cite journal|author1=Vishnu-Mittre|author2=Gupta, H.P.|year=1970|title=The origin of Shola Forest in the Nilgiris, South India|url=http://14.139.63.228:8080/pbrep/bitstream/123456789/664/1/PbV19No1_110.pdf|journal=Palaeobotanist|volume=19|issue=1|pages=110–114}}<br />
*{{cite journal|author=Vishnu-Mittre|year=1979|title=Palaeobotanical evidences of the environment of early man in northwestern and western India|journal=Grana|volume=18|issue=3|pages=167–181|doi=10.1080/00173137909424976|doi-access=free}}<br />
*{{cite journal|title=The early domestication of plants in south and southeast Asia - a critical review| author1=Vishnu-Mittre| author2=Guzder, Statira| year=1973| journal=Palaeobotanist |volume=22|issue=2|pages=83-88|url=http://14.139.63.228:8080/pbrep/bitstream/123456789/1137/1/PbV32N2_158.pdf }}<br />
*{{cite journal|title=Quaternary Palaeobotany/Palynology in the Himalaya an overview| author=Vishnu-Mittre|year=1983| journal=Palaeobotanist |volume=32| issue=2|pages= 158-187|url= http://14.139.63.228:8080/pbrep/bitstream/123456789/1137/1/PbV32N2_158.pdf}}<br />
*{{cite journal|title=Setaria in Ancient plant economy of India|author1=Vishnu-Mittre| author2=Savithri, R.| year=1976| journal=Palaeobotanist |volume=25|pages=559-564|url=http://14.139.63.228:8080/pbrep/bitstream/123456789/925/1/PbV25_559.pdf}}<br />
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In 1968 Vishnu-Mittre suggested that a sample of carbonised grain dating to 1800 BC from [[Hallur]] contained ''[[Eleusine]]'' suggesting Indian origins to the cultivation of [[Eleusine coracana|ragi]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Vishnu-Mittre|year=1968|title=Protohistoric records of agriculture in India|journal=Trans. Bose Res. Inst. Calcutta|volume=31|pages=87-106}}</ref> The samples were re-examined by others in 1979 and the identification was found to be incorrect, in fact the suggestion was that the grain did not even match that of a monocot.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Hilu, K. W.|author2=de Wet, J. M. J.|author3=Harlan, J. R. Harlan|year=1979|title=Archaeobotanical Studies of Eleusine coracana ssp. coracana (Finger Millet)|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=66|issue=3|pages=330–333|jstor=2442610|doi=10.1002/j.1537-2197.1979.tb06231.x}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
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[[Category:Paleobotanists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian scientists]]<br />
[[Category:1924 births]]<br />
[[Category:1991 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]</div>->Monkbot