KrisMchugh15039: created new data

2026-04-29T02:11:51Z

created new data

New page

{{Short description|English poet}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Violet Nicolson
| image = Portrait of Adela Florence Nicolson.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Adela Florence Nicolson
| birth_name = Adela Florence Cory
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1865|4|9}}
| birth_place = [[Stoke Bishop]], [[Gloucestershire]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1904|10|4|1865|4|9}}
| death_place = [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Madras Province]], [[British India]]
| resting_place = St. Mary’s Cemetery, [[Chennai]], India
| occupation = Poet
| spouse = Malcolm Hassels Nicolson
| parents = Arthur Cory (father), Fanny Elizabeth Griffin (mother)
| children =
}}

'''Violet Nicolson''' (9 April 1865 – 4 October 1904), otherwise known as '''Adela Florence Nicolson''' (née '''Cory'''), was an English poet who wrote under the pseudonym '''Laurence Hope'''. In the early 1900s, she became a best-selling author.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46069119 |title = The forgotten English poet buried in India |work = BBC News |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=2024-05-06 |last1 = Whitehead |first1 = Andrew}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVLZDwAAQBAJ&q=Violet+Nicolson&pg=PT284 |title = The Poetry of British India, 1780–1905 Vol 2 |isbn = 9781000748925 |last1 = Fhlathuin|first1 = Maire ni |date = 27 March 2020 |publisher = Routledge |via=books.google.com}}</ref>

== Biography ==
She was born on 9 April 1865 at [[Stoke Bishop]], Gloucestershire, the second of three daughters to [[Colonel]] Arthur Cory and Fanny Elizabeth Griffin. Her father was employed in the British army at [[Lahore]], and thus she was brought up by her relatives back in England. She left for [[India]] in 1881 to join her father. Her father was editor of the Lahore arm of ''The Civil and Military Gazette'', and it was he who in all probability gave [[Rudyard Kipling]] (a contemporary of his daughter) his first employment as a journalist. Her sisters [[Annie Sophie Cory]] and Isabel Cory also pursued writing careers: Annie wrote popular, racy novels under the pseudonym "Victoria Cross," while Isabel assisted and then succeeded their father as editor of the ''Sind Gazette''.

Adela married Colonel Malcolm Hassels Nicolson, who was then twice her age and [[commandant]] of the 3rd Battalion, the [[10th Baluch Regiment|Baluch Regiment]] in April 1889. He had apparently gained a reputation for derring do, once crossing the Mango Pir River by hopping from one crocodile's back to another.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Edwardian Song Book |last=Turner|first=Michael R. |publisher=Methuen |year=1982 |isbn=0413538001 |location=Great Britain |pages=135}}</ref> A talented [[Linguistics|linguist]], he introduced her to his love of India and native customs and food, which she began to share. This widely gave the couple a reputation for being eccentric. On the Zhob Valley expedition of 1890 she followed her husband through the passes of the Afghan border disguised as a Pathan boy.<ref name=":0" /> They lived in [[Mhow]] from 1895 until early 1900. After he died in a [[prostate]] operation, Adela, who had been prone to depression since childhood, committed suicide by poisoning herself and died at the age of 39 on 4 October 1904 in [[Chennai|Madras]]. Her son Malcolm published her ''Selected Poems'' [[Posthumous work|posthumously]] in 1922.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEeuCwAAQBAJ&q=Violet+Nicolson&pg=PA231 |title = Women's Poetry, Late Romantic to Late Victorian: Gender and Genre, 1830–1900 |isbn = 9781349270217 |last1 = Armstrong|first1 = I. |last2 = Blain|first2 = V. |date = 12 February 1999 |publisher = Springer |via=books.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://thewire.in/the-arts/violet-nicolson-the-forgotten-english-poet-buried-in-india |title = Violet Nicolson: The Forgotten English Poet Buried in India |work =thewire.in |date= |access-date=2024-05-06}}</ref>

==Writing==
[[File:Garden of Kama by Byam Shaw01.jpg|thumb|right|One of [[Byam Shaw]]'s illustrations for the 1914 deluxe edition of ''The Garden of Kama'']]

In 1901, she published ''[[Garden of Kama]]'', which was published a year later in America under the title ''India's Love Lyrics''. She attempted to pass these off as translations of various poets, but this claim soon fell under suspicion. Her poems often used imagery and symbols from the poets of the North-West Frontier of India and the [[Sufism|Sufi]] poets of [[Persia]]. She was among the most popular romantic poets of the [[Edwardian era]]. Her poems are typically about [[unrequited love]] and loss and often, the death that followed such an unhappy state of affairs. Many of them have an air of autobiography or confession.

Details on her life are not easy to find due to her relative lack of letters, but [[Lesley Blanch]], in her book ''Under a Lilac-Bleeding Star'', included some biographical information that drew on unpublished memoirs written by her son. In ''Diaries and Letters from India'', [[Violet Jacob]] provided some information about the Nicolsons and their milieu, although most of what is known of Violet, as she came to be known, had to be gleaned through her poetry. Despite Nicolson's use of pseudonyms and fictionalised characters, it was apparent to some of her contemporaries that her poems were deeply personal, even confessional. The "Dedication to Malcom Nicolson" that prefaces her last collection, written shortly before her suicide, provides an ambiguous disclaimer regarding the autobiographical origins of her poetry:

<blockquote>
I, who of lighter love wrote many a verse, 
Made public never words inspired by thee, 
Lest strangers' lips should carelessly rehearse 
Things that were sacred and too dear to me.

Thy soul was noble; through these fifteen years 
Mine eyes familiar, found no fleck nor flaw, 
Stern to thyself, thy comrades' faults and fears 
Proved generosity thine only law.

Small joy was I to thee; before we met 
Sorrow had left thee all too sad to save. 
Useless my love—as vain as this regret 
That pours my hopeless life across thy grave. 
</blockquote>

==Popular culture adaptations==
[[File:Less Than the Dust 3.jpg|thumb|right|Advertisement for Pickford's film]]

* The life and poetry of Adela Nicolson have inspired a wide range of adaptations, beginning with British composer [[Amy Woodforde-Finden]]'s musical settings of four of the lyrics from ''The Garden of Kama'' to music. The most popular of these was [[Kashmiri Song]]. After the songs proved a critical success, Woodforde-Finden added four settings of lyrics from Nicolson's 1903 book ''Stars of the Desert''. African-American composer [[Harry Burleigh]] published ''Five Songs of Laurence Hope'' in 1915. African-American composer Marques L.A. Garrett adapted Burleigh's compositions for mixed choir in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mlagmusic.com/works/5-songs-of-laurence-hope?rq=5-songs-of-laurence-hope |title = 5 Songs of Laurence Hope |work =www.mlagmusic.com |date= |access-date=2024-05-06}}</ref>
* The [[Mary Pickford]] film ''[[Less Than the Dust]]'' (1916) was ostensibly inspired by the poem and song of the same title. [[Stoll Pictures]] released a film entitled ''The Indian Love Lyrics'' in 1923.
* Fictional literary works based on Nicolson's life or poetry include [[Somerset Maugham]]'s ''The Colonel's Lady'' (''Creatures of Circumstance'', 1947). This was also adapted into a segment of the film ''[[Quartet (1948 film)|Quartet]]'' (1948). Later fictional works include Mary Talbot Cross's ''Fate Knows no Tears'' (1996) and Tim Orchard's ''That Bloody Female Poet (a book before Google)'' (2011).
* In the 1910s and 1920s, dances based on ''The Garden of Kama'' were created and performed by [[Ruth St. Denis]] and [[Ted Shawn]], [[Martha Graham]] and [[Michio Ito]].

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Bickley, Francis L. and Sayoni Basu, "Nicolson [[nee Cory]], Adela Florence [[pseud. Laurence Hope]] (1865–1904)," Dictionary of National Biography 2004.
* Blanch, Lesley. "Laurence Hope—A Shadow in the Sunlight." Under a Lilac-Bleeding Star: Travels and Travelers. London: John Murray, 1963: 184–208.
* Carter, Jennifer. "Love Among the Lotuses," NLA News (National Library of Australia) 12:2 (November 2001).
* Cross, Mary Talbot, ''Fate Knows no Tears''. Shalimar Press, 1996.
* Jealous, John. "'Laurence Hope' (1865–1904)." The 1890s: An Encyclopedia of British Literature, Art, and Culture. New York: Garland, 1993. 283–84.
* Marx, Edward, "Violet (Adela Florence) Nicolson." Encyclopedia of British Women Writers. Ed. Paul Schlueter and June Schlueter. New York: Garland, 1999. 476–77.
* Marx, Edward. "'Laurence Hope' (Adela Florence Cory Nicolson)." Late Nineteenth- And Early Twentieth-Century British Women Poets (Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 240). Ed. William Thesing. Detroit: Gale Group, 2001. 88–93.
* Marx, Edward. “Reviving Laurence Hope.” Women's Poetry, Late Romantic to Late Victorian: Gender and Genre. Ed. Isobel Armstrong and Virginia Blain. London; New York: Macmillan Press, 1998.
* Marx, Edward. "Decadent Exoticism and the Woman Poet." Women and British Aestheticism. Ed. Kathy Psomiades and Talia Schaffer. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000.
* Marx, Edward. "The Exotic Transgressions of 'Laurence Hope'," in ''The Idea of a Colony: Cross-Culturalism in Modern Poetry''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004.
* Orchard, Tim. ''That Bloody Female Poet''. Fictiondirect, 2011.
* Roy, Anindyo. "'Gold and Bracelet, Water and Wave': Signature and Translation in the Indian Poetry of Adela Cory Nicolson," Women: a cultural review 13.2 (2002): 145–68.

==External links==
{{Portal|Poetry}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070313002509/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poet/395.html Selected Poetry of Adela Florence Nicolson Cory]
* {{gutenberg author| id=1706| name=Adela Florence Nicholson}}
* {{Librivox author |id=10161}}
*[http://www.poetry-archive.com/h/hope_laurence.html Laurence Hope poems on Poetry Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115223328/http://www.poetry-archive.com/h/hope_laurence.html |date=15 January 2008 }}
*[http://www.poetry-archive.com/h/hope_laurence_bibliography.html Laurence Hope bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101234302/http://www.poetry-archive.com/h/hope_laurence_bibliography.html |date=1 January 2008 }}
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q2299238|title=Less Than the Dust (1916)}}
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q19893344|title=The Indian Love Lyrics (1923)}}
*[https://laurencehopenotes.blogspot.co.nz/ Laurence Hope Notes]
*[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46069119 The forgotten English poet buried in India]
*[https://www.simonandschuster.com.au/books/Raptures-Roadway/Virginia-Jealous/9781925384611 Virginia Jealous' travels across the globe to unearth details of Laurence Hope's life]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nicholson, Adela Florence}}
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1904 suicides]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:Suicides in India]]
[[Category:Pseudonymous women writers]]
[[Category:Suicides by poison]]
[[Category:Writers from Bristol]]
[[Category:19th-century English poets]]
[[Category:19th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:Writers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Writers from Indore]]
[[Category:Writers about India]]
[[Category:19th-century English women poets]]

Violet Nicolson - Revision history

KrisMchugh15039: created new data