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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Hindu philosophy}}<br />
'''Vijñānabhikṣu''' (also spelled ''Vijnanabhikshu'') was a Hindu philosopher from [[Bihar]], variously dated to the 15th or 16th century,<ref>[[T. S. Rukmani]] (1978), ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23440748 VIJÑĀNABHIKṢU ON BHAVA-PRATYAYA AND UPĀYA-PRATYAYA YOGĪS IN YOGA-SUTRAS]'', Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 5, No. 4 (August 1978), pages 311-317</ref><ref>Andrew O. Fort (2006), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20106976 Vijñānabhikṣu on Two Forms of "Samādhi"], International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Dec., 2006), pages 271-294</ref> known for his commentary on various schools of [[Hindu philosophy]], particularly the [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]] text of Patanjali.<ref name="fowler202"/><ref>[[T. S. Rukmani]] (1988), ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23445537 VIJÑĀNABHIKṢU'S DOUBLE REFLECTION THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE YOGA SYSTEM]'', Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 16, No. 4 (DECEMBER 1988), pages 367-375</ref> His scholarship stated that there is a unity between Vedānta, Yoga, and Samkhya philosophies,<ref name=nicholson2007p371/><ref name="BryantPatañjali2009p190"/> and he is considered a significant influence on Neo-Advaita movement of the modern era.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010}}<br />
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==Philosophy==<br />
He wrote commentaries in the 15th century on three different schools of Indian philosophy, [[Vedānta]], [[Sāṃkhya]], and [[Yoga]], and integrated them into a nondualism platform that belongs to both the Bhedabheda and Advaita (nondualism) sub-schools of Vedanta.<ref name=nicholson2007p371>{{harvnb|Nicholson | 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Borelli | first=John | title=Vijnanabhiksu and the Re-Assertion of Difference-in-Identity Vedanta | journal=Philosophy East and West | volume=28 | issue=4 | year=1978 | pages=425–437 | doi=10.2307/1398647 | jstor=1398647 }}</ref> According to Andrew Nicholson, this became the basis of Neo-Vedanta.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010}} His integration is known as ''Avibhaga Advaita'' ("indistinguishable non-dualism"). His sub-commentary on the [[Yoga Sutras]], the ''Yogavarttika,'' has been an influential work.<ref name="fowler202">{{cite book|author=Jeaneane D. Fowler|title=Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRZ4E-qgz8C |year=2002|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-93-6|page=202}}</ref><br />
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According to Andrew Fort, Vijnanabhiksu's commentary is Yogic Advaita, since his commentary is suffused with Advaita-influenced Samkhya-Yoga. Vijnanabhiksu discusses, adds Fort, a spiritually liberated person as a yogic [[jivanmukta]]''.<ref name="BryantPatañjali2009p190">{{cite book|author1=Edwin Francis Bryant|author2=Patañjali|title=The Yoga sūtras of Patañjali: a new edition, translation, and commentary with insights from the traditional commentators|url=https://archive.org/details/yogastrasofpataj0000brya|url-access=registration|year=2009|publisher=North Point Press|isbn=978-0-86547-736-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/yogastrasofpataj0000brya/page/190 190], 239}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Andrew O. Fort|title=Jivanmukti in Transformation: Embodied Liberation in Advaita and Neo-Vedanta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iG_J96ALMZYC&pg=PA125| year=1998|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3904-3|page=125}}</ref><br />
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==Influence==<br />
Nicholson mentions Vijnanabhiksu as a prime influence on 19th century Indology and the formation of [[Neo-Vedanta]].{{sfn|Nicholson|2010}} According to Nicholson, already between the twelfth and the sixteenth century,<br />
{{quote|... certain thinkers began to treat as a single whole the diverse philosophical teachings of the Upanishads, epics, Puranas, and the schools known retrospectively as the "six systems" (''saddarsana'') of mainstream Hindu philosophy.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|p=2}}}}<br />
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The tendency of "a blurring of philosophical distinctions" has also been noted by Burley.{{sfn|Burley|2007|p=34}} Lorenzen locates the origins of a distinct Hindu identity in the interaction between Muslims and Hindus,{{sfn|Lorenzen|2006|p=24-33}} and a process of "mutual self-definition with a contrasting Muslim other",{{sfn|Lorenzen|2006|p=27}} which started well before 1800.{{sfn|Lorenzen|2006|p=26-27}} Both the Indian and the European thinkers who developed the term "Hinduism" in the 19th century were influenced by these philosophers.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|p=2}}<br />
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==Works==<br />
Little good work has been written in English on Vijñānabhikṣu, and most of the texts in his large corpus have yet to be edited and published in [[Sanskrit]], let alone translated into English.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}<br />
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===Major works===<br />
Some major texts attributed to Vijnanabhiksu include:<ref>{{cite journal | last=Sato | first=Hiroyuki | title=Vijñanabhiksu's Theory of Mutual Projection | journal= Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies | publisher=Japanese Association of Indian and Buddhist Studies | volume=37 | issue=2 | year=1989 | pages=945–943 | doi=10.4259/ibk.37.945 | doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
* ''Vijnanamritabhashya'' ("The Nectar of Knowledge Commentary", commentary on [[Badarayana]]'s [[Brahma Sutras]])<br />
* ''Ishvaragitabhashya'' ("Commentary on the Ishvara Gita")<br />
* ''Sankhyasara'' ("Quintessence of the [[Sankhya]]")<br />
* ''Sankhyasutrabhashya'' ("Commentary on the [[Sankhya]] Sutras" of [[Kapila]])<br />
* ''Yogasarasamgraha'' ("Compendium on the Quintessence of Yoga")<br />
* ''Yogabhashyavarttika'' ("Explanation of the ''Commentary on the [[Yoga Sutras]]''" of [[Vyasa]])<br />
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===English translations===<br />
* Ganganatha Jha, ''Yogasarasamgraha of Vijnanabhiksu'', New Delhi: Parimal Publications, 1995.<br />
* José Pereira, ''Hindu Theology: A Reader'', Garden City: Doubleday, 1976. Includes translated excerpts from ''Vijnanamritabhashya'' and ''Sankhyasutrabhashya''.<br />
* [[T. S. Rukmani]], ''Yogavarttika of Vijnanabhiksu'', New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1981.<br />
* Nandalal Sinha, ''The Samkhya Philosophy'', New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, 1979. Contains a complete translation of Vijnanabhikshu's ''Sankhyasutrabhashya''.<br />
* Shiv Kumar, ''Samkhyasara of Vijnanabhiksu'', Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers, 1988.<br />
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==See also==<br />
* ''[[Unifying Hinduism]]'' (book)<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
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==Sources==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{Citation |last =Burley | first =Mikel | year =2007 | title =Classical Samkhya and Yoga: An Indian Metaphysics of Experience | publisher =Taylor & Francis}}<br />
* {{Citation | last =Lorenzen | first =David N. | year =2006 | title =Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History | publisher =Yoda Press | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SO-YmMWpcVEC&q=origins+of+hinduism| isbn =9788190227261 }}<br />
* {{Citation | last =Nicholson | first =Andrew | year =2007 | title =Reconciling Dualism and Non-Dualism: Three Arguments in Vijñānabhikṣu's Bhedābheda Vedānta | journal =Journal of Indian Philosophy |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=2007, pp 371–403 | doi=10.1007/s10781-007-9016-6| s2cid =170439037 }}<br />
* {{Citation | last =Nicholson | first =Andrew J. | year =2010 | title =Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History | publisher =Columbia University Press| title-link =Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History }}<br />
* Daniel P. Sheridan, "Vijnanabhikshu", in ''Great Thinkers of the Eastern World'', Ian McGready, ed., New York: Harper Collins, 1995, pp.&nbsp;248–251.<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/a-history-of-indian-philosophy-volume-3/d/doc209985.html A General Idea of ''{{IAST|Vijñāna Bhikṣu’s}}'' Philosophy], Surendranath Dasgupta, 1940<br />
* [https://sbsuny.academia.edu/AndrewNicholson/Papers/1565901/Isvaragitabha_ya_of_Vijnanabhik_u_Sanskrit_edition_of_chapter_one Chapter one of Vijnanabhiksu's ''Ishvaragitabhashya'' (Sanskrit only; PDF Format)].<br />
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{{Hindudharma}}<br />
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[[Category:16th-century Indian philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:16th-century births]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century deaths]]</div>imported>MRRaja001