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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
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{{More citations needed|date=March 2008}}
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The '''Vijayanagara musicological nonet''' or the '''''Sangitashastra navaratna''''' are a group of nine musicological treatises written during the reign of the [[Vijayanagara empire]]. These works are counted among the most important and definitive treatises in [[Carnatic music]] theory.{{citation needed|date=March 2008}} Each of these works contributed seminally to the growth of the [[Carnatic music]] tradition. These nine works are the ''Sangitasara'' by the sage [[Vidyaranya]], ''Taladipika'' by Salva Gopa Tippendra, ''Sangitakalanidhi'' by Kallinatha, Bhandaru Vittaleshwara's commentary on the ''[[Sangita Ratnakara]]'', Bhandaru Lakshminarayana's ''Sangitasuryodaya'', Achyutadevaraya's ''Talakalabdhi/Talakalavriddhi'' and the much celebrated ''[[Swaramelakalanidhi]]'' by Ramamatya.

==Historical milieu==
The reign of [[Vijayanagara empire]] was a watershed period in the cultural history of South India, particularly the history of Carnatic music. The period witnessed the prolific contributions of numerous musicians, saints and theoreticians. By virtue of the geo-political influence it exerted, Vijayanagara had become the confluence of many religions, art forms and cultures. Society and culture went through a process of conflict and eclectic assimilation of the traditional and elite values on the one hand and the emerging folk and foreign influences on the other. There was a strong interaction between traditional and elite values on the one hand and folk and foreign influences on the other.{{citation needed|date=March 2008}} Much of this was also the result of a reaction and revolt against emerging sociological and aesthetic trends. Even as this assimilation and nativization of the contending or opposing influences took place, traditional purity and historical continuity continued to be preserved. These cultural trends and objectives were later sustained and fostered in the several feudatory states that continued to thrive beyond the fall of the Vijayanagar empire. Some of the notable states included Anegundi, Penukonda, Tanjore, [[Mysore Kingdom]], Madurai, [[Keladi Nayaka|Ikkeri]] etc.,.{{citation needed|date=March 2008}}

==Innovations in theory and practice==
A wide range of experiments and innovations were carried out in the field of instruments too. The [[Tanpura (instrument)|Tamburi]] introduced during the period soon became the principal drone instrument.{{citation needed|date=March 2008}} Seminal work and innovations also took place in the Vina keyboards with regard to the accordatura, tonal range and instrumental parameters. The ''mela'' replaced the ''grama'' and it's the theoretical possibilities were fully explored through mathematical schemes of tabulation. The innovation of the concept of ''mela'' and organization of the entirety of contemporary melodic material under its umbrella culminated in Venkatamakhin's ''Melakarta'' scheme, one which continues to influence greatly the theory and practice of Carnatic music to this day. New classificatory models emerged for ragas;  ''svayambhusvara'' (upper partials), ''paryaya-svara'' (alternative svara denomination) and ''pratinidhi-svara'' (representative note) scales and intervals were tuned to be brought into alignment with contemporary musical practice.{{citation needed|date=March 2008}}

Various melodic and rhythmic structures found their way art music. All music became ''desi'' and ''marga'' music passed into oblivion as did the ''madhyamagrama'' and its paraphernalia. The totality of melody came to be referred to ''sadja grama'' alone. The arbitrary, archaic and prolific ''desi talas'' made way for the suladi talas engendered by the [[Haridasa]]s. These were further refined based on the principles of the ten vital elements called ''taladasaprana''.{{citation needed|date=March 2008}} 

==Prominent composers==
At the height of the Vijayanagara empire great saint-composers like [[Purandara Dasa]], [[Sripadaraya]], [[Vyasatirtha|Vyasaraya]], [[Vadirajatirtha]], [[Kanaka Dasa]], Tallapakam [[Annamacharya]] and his descendants, and Nijagunashivayogi flourished. Musical forms, the ''Kriti'', the ''Suladi'', the ''Ugabhoga'', the ''Dandaka'', the ''Urttanama'', the ''Namavali'', the ''Mundige'', the ''Gita'', the ''Thaya'' and the ''Prabandha'' developed and found wide currency during this period.{{citation needed|date=March 2008}}

==The 'nonet'==
Throughout the Vijayanagara period, theory and musical practice kept pace with each other closely. Great musicologists like Vidyaranya, Salva Gopa Tippendra, Kallinatha, Kumbhakarna, Ramamatya, Laksmanarayana, Pandarika Vittala, Somanatha, Locana Jha and Hrdayanarayanadeva contributed to musical theory of both North and South India during this period. Tanappacharya, [[Govinda Dikshita]] and Venkatamakhin made foundational contributions from Tanjore about a century later. Each work of these scholars records a revolutionary and seminal concept or development which cumulatively resulted in modern Carnatic music. Nine musicological treatises of great significance were composed in the Vijayanagar period and these have been called the Vijayanagara ''Sangitashastra Navaratna'' or the 'Vijayanagara Musicological Nonet'.{{citation needed|date=March 2008}}

;Sangitasara
The first of the ''navaratnas'' is Vidyaranya's ''Sangitasara'', composed in the second half of the fourteenth century. The work dealt with, among other things, the fifteen ''melas'' and their fifty ''janya ragas'' as well as certain types of singers. Some of this even found its way into Govinda Dikshita's ''Sangitasudha'' (''nidhi''), authored in the early seventeenth century.{{citation needed|date=March 2008}}

;Taladipika
The second of the nonet (chronologically) is the ''Taladipika''. Authored in the mid-fifteenth century by Salva Gopa-Tippendra, brother-in-law of king [[Deva Raya II|Praudha Devaraya II]] and a viceroy of [[Kolar district|Mulbagal]], the work deals at great length with the [[Tala (music)|tala]]. It describes over a hundred desi talas including some of the author's own inventions. Most importantly, the concept of ''taladasaprana'' (ten vital elements of tala) is elucidated for the first time in the work. This innovation was to prove so influential that, following its explication, all temporal activities in music and dance came to be organized and consolidated under these elements.{{citation needed|date=March 2008}}

;Sangitakalanidhi
To the same period belongs the third work of the Nonet, Kallinatha's''Sangitakalanidhi'', a versatile commentary on [[Sarangadeva|Sharngadeva]]'s ''[[Sangita Ratnakara]]'', the encyclopedic magnum opus on Indian music. It was about dancing and aesthetics of the thirteenth century. In the work, Kallinatha meticulously annotated, explicated, criticised and emphasised all the central issues of the ''Ratnakara''; he also illumined it through comparison with contemporary practices, theories and norms of music and dance. He anticipated many developments in these arts.{{citation needed|date=March 2008}}

;Bhandaru Vittaleshwara's commentary
A Telugu commentary by Bhandaru (-ri?) Vittaleshwara on the ''Sangitaratnakara'' in the last quarter of the fifteenth century forms the fourth of the ''navaratnas''.{{citation needed|date=March 2008}}

;Sangitasuryodaya
In 1525, Vittaleshwara's son Bhandaru (ri?) Lakshminarayana composed the fifth treatise, the ''Sangitasuryodaya'', under the patronage of king [[Krishnadevaraya]] of Vijayanagara.{{citation needed|date=March 2008}}

;Talakalabdhi/Talakalavriddhi
In the generation that immediately followed, Achyutadevaraya's ''Talakalabdhi''/''Talakalavridhi'' was written. This was an important treatise on ''tala''. This work organizes for the first time the theory and practice of the ''suladi talas'' of the Haridasas in terms of the ''dasapranas''. In the work, he also compiles views from several earlier works on ''tala'' such as Talakalavilasa, Sangitavidyavinoda, Jainamata, Sangitamarga, Chaturasabhavilasa, Sangitachudamani, Anjaneyamata, Nrttachudamani, Sangitamanidarpana, Katyayaniya, Sangitarnava, Rangaraja Bharatabhashya, Kapardi, and Parameshvara (all of them non-extant), and refutes them.
Further, Achyutaraya applies all the five ''laghu-jatis'' to each ''suladi tala'' and thereby expands the scope and function of the ''suladi talas''. Around the same time, Ashtavadana Somabhatta composed the ''Svararagasudharasa'' or ''Natyachudamani'' under the guidance of his guru Sitarama and probably under Achyutaraya's patronage. This work is now available only in fragments.{{citation needed|date=March 2008}}

;Swaramelakalanidhi
The final 'gem' in the series is the much celebrated ''[[Svaramelakalanidhi]]'' authored by the illustrious Kallinatha's grandson, Ramamatya ca. 1550. Ramamatya was the royal composer and architect in the court of de facto king [[Aliya Rama Raya]].<ref name="kall">Moorthy (2001), p 27</ref> He described himself as ''abhinavabharatacharya'' and ''todara-malla'' (meaning "the hero" (malla) who wears the honorific anklet(''todar'')). The last epithet however, is usually interpreted by scholars as alluding to the Todarmal, a minister in Akbar's court, the anachronism notwithstanding. The Kannada term, in fact translates to 'the hero (malla) who wears the honorific anklet (todar)'.{{citation needed|date=March 2008}}

''Svaramelakalanidhi'' importance lies in the fact that it is more relevant and related to modern practice than the books written prior to it. The work, spread over five chapters deals primarily with ''Raga'' and preliminary to it, describes the ''Mela-s'' for the classification of ''Raga'' - and the different ''Suddha svara-s'' and ''Vikrta svara-s'' constituting the ''Mela-s''. Similar works by other celebrated contemporaries like Pandarika Vitthala and Somanatha project a common theme, namely the description of ''Ragas'', classification under ''Melas'' and the enumeration of the ''Suddha'' and ''Vikrta svaras'' constituting the ''Melas''. Minor ideological differences can however be discerned among these works.<ref name="nram">{{cite web |url=http://www.musicresearch.in/categorydetails.php?imgid=7 |title=Svaramelakalanidhi of Ramamatya |author=N Ramanathan |access-date=2008-02-21 |publisher=[MusicResearch.in]}}</ref>

The ''Svaramelakalanidhi'' brings the theory up to date, rationalizes intervals and scales, introduces the concepts of ''svayambhu-svara'' (self-generating note, upper partial), ''.dharashruti paryayatattva'' and ''pratinidhitattva'' of ''svaras''. ''Mukhari'' is established as the ''shuddhasvara saptaka''. It also fixes and standardizes musical intervals on the keyboard, defines the accordatura, range, preferred strings (for particular notes) etc., for a variety of stringed keyboards. It also innovates and dedicates a new keyboard to Achyutaraya. A new scheme for classifying ragas into ''uttama'' (superior), ''madhyama'' (middling) and ''adhama'' (inferior) on the basis of their expressive potential is also expounded in the work. It also resolves the problem of the ''antara'' and ''kaishiki'' notes.{{citation needed|date=March 2008}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
* [[Vijayanagara empire]]
* [[Carnatic music]]
* [[Haridasas and Carnatic music]]
* [[Annamacharya]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [http://www.musicresearch.in/categorydetails.php?imgid=7 Svaramelakalanidhi of Ramamatya - by N. Ramanathan]
*{{cite book |last= Moorthy |first=Vijaya |title=Romance of the Raga |orig-year=2001|year=2001|publisher= Abhinav Publications|isbn= 81-7017-382-5}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/12/02/stories/0902070b.htm Fountainhead of Carnatic music]

[[Category:Carnatic music]]
[[Category:Musicology]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian music history]]

Vijayanagara musicological nonet - Revision history

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