Vigraharaja IV - Revision history

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	\| succession = King of Sapadalaksha		\| succession = King of Sapadalaksha
	\| name = Vigraharaja		\| name = Vigraharaja
	\| title = '''Sapadalakshiya-Nripati''' ~~<~~ref~~>~~{{Cite book\|last=Hooja\|first=Rima\|title=A History of Rajasthan\|publisher=Rupa Publication\|year=2006\|isbn=81-291-0890-9\|location=New Delhi\|pages=43}}~~<~~/ref~~>~~		\| title = '''Sapadalakshiya-Nripati''' <ref>{{Cite book\|last=Hooja\|first=Rima\|title=A History of Rajasthan\|publisher=Rupa Publication\|year=2006\|isbn=81-291-0890-9\|location=New Delhi\|pages=43}}</ref>
	\| reign = c. 1150–1164 CE		\| reign = c. 1150–1164 CE
	\| image = [[File:Vigraha Raja IV of the Chauhans of Ajmer Circa 1150-1164.jpg\|300px]]		\| image = [[File:Vigraha Raja IV of the Chauhans of Ajmer Circa 1150-1164.jpg\|300px]]
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	\| religion = [[Hinduism]]		\| religion = [[Hinduism]]
	}}		}}
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	'''Vigraharāja IV''' (r. c. 1150–1164 CE), also known as '''Visala-deva''' (or Visaldev), or '''Vigraharāja''' '''the Great''' was a king from the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari\|Chahamana]] (Chauhan) dynasty in north-western India, and is generally considered as one of the greatest rulers of the dynasty. He turned the Chahamana kingdom into an empire by subduing the neighbouring kingdoms of [[Chaulukya]], [[Chahamanas of Naddula\|Naddula]], and [[Tomara dynasty\|Tomara]] kingdoms. He also repulsed Muslim invasions, from the [[Ghaznavid]] ruler [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna\|Bahram Shah]] and defeated [[Khusrau Shah of Ghazna\|Khusrau Shah]].		'''Vigraharāja IV''' (r. c. 1150–1164 CE), also known as '''Visala-deva''' (or Visaldev), or '''Vigraharāja''' '''the Great''' was a king from the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari\|Chahamana]] (Chauhan) dynasty in north-western India, and is generally considered as one of the greatest rulers of the dynasty. He turned the Chahamana kingdom into an empire by subduing the neighbouring kingdoms of [[Chaulukya]], [[Chahamanas of Naddula\|Naddula]], and [[Tomara dynasty\|Tomara]] kingdoms. He also repulsed Muslim invasions, from the [[Ghaznavid]] ruler [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna\|Bahram Shah]] and defeated [[Khusrau Shah of Ghazna\|Khusrau Shah]].

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	According to ''Prithviraja-Viajaya'', Vigraharaja commissioned as many buildings as the hill forts he captured. Most of these appear to have been destroyed or converted to Muslim structures (such as Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra) after the Muslim conquest. He established a number of towns named Visalapura ("the city of Visala") after his alternative name Visala.{{sfn\|Dasharatha Sharma\|1959\|p=64}} He is also said to have commissioned a lake named Visalasara (also known as Vislya or Bisalia) in Ajmer. According to ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'', the king saw a beautiful spot with springs and hills while returning from a hunt. He ordered his chief minister to construct a lake at this spot.{{sfn\|R. B. Singh\|1964\|p=153}}		According to ''Prithviraja-Viajaya'', Vigraharaja commissioned as many buildings as the hill forts he captured. Most of these appear to have been destroyed or converted to Muslim structures (such as Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra) after the Muslim conquest. He established a number of towns named Visalapura ("the city of Visala") after his alternative name Visala.{{sfn\|Dasharatha Sharma\|1959\|p=64}} He is also said to have commissioned a lake named Visalasara (also known as Vislya or Bisalia) in Ajmer. According to ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'', the king saw a beautiful spot with springs and hills while returning from a hunt. He ordered his chief minister to construct a lake at this spot.{{sfn\|R. B. Singh\|1964\|p=153}}

	He also founded the Vigrahapura town (modern [[Bisalpur, Rajasthan\|Bisalpur]]) on the site of an older town called Vanapura. There, he constructed the Gokarnesvara temple, now popularly known as [[Bisaldeo temple\|Bisal Deoji's temple]].~~<~~ref~~>~~{{cite web \|url=http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Bisalpur-%20Bisaldeo%20temple,%20Todarai%20Singh.html \|title=Bisaldeo Temple \|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India \|access-date=29 September 2016 }}~~<~~/ref~~>~~		He also founded the Vigrahapura town (modern [[Bisalpur, Rajasthan\|Bisalpur]]) on the site of an older town called Vanapura. There, he constructed the Gokarnesvara temple, now popularly known as [[Bisaldeo temple\|Bisal Deoji's temple]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Bisalpur-%20Bisaldeo%20temple,%20Todarai%20Singh.html \|title=Bisaldeo Temple \|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India \|access-date=29 September 2016 }}</ref>

	Like his predecessors, Vigraharaja was a devout [[Shaivite]], as indicated by his ''Harakeli-Nataka''. He also aided [[Jainism\|Jain]] scholars, and participated in their religious ceremonies. At the request of the Jain religious teacher Dharmaghosha-Suri, he banned [[animal slaughter]] on the [[Ekadashi]] day.{{sfn\|Dasharatha Sharma\|1959\|p=64}}		Like his predecessors, Vigraharaja was a devout [[Shaivite]], as indicated by his ''Harakeli-Nataka''. He also aided [[Jainism\|Jain]] scholars, and participated in their religious ceremonies. At the request of the Jain religious teacher Dharmaghosha-Suri, he banned [[animal slaughter]] on the [[Ekadashi]] day.{{sfn\|Dasharatha Sharma\|1959\|p=64}}

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{{Short description|King from 12th-Century India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = King of Shakambhari
| title = '''Sapadalakshiya-Nripati''' <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hooja|first=Rima|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa Publication|year=2006|isbn=81-291-0890-9|location=New Delhi|pages=43}}</ref>
| reign = c. 1150-1164 CE
| image = [[File:Vigraha Raja IV of the Chauhans of Ajmer Circa 1150-1164.jpg|300px]]
| caption = A coin of Vigraharaja IV. ''Obverse:'' [[Rama]] standing left, holding bow; “sri ra ma” in Devanagari. ''Reverse:'' “Srimad vigra/ha raja de/va” in Devanagari; star and moon symbols below.
| dynasty = [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]
| predecessor = [[Jagaddeva (Chahamana dynasty)|Jagaddeva]]
| successor = [[Amaragangeya]]
| full name = Visaldev Chauhan
| regnal name = Vigraharāja IV
| father = [[Arnoraja]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
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'''Vigraharāja IV''' (r. c. 1150–1164 CE), also known as '''Visaladeva''', was a king from the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhan (Chahamana)]] dynasty in north-western India. He turned the Chahamana kingdom into an empire by subduing the neighbouring kingdoms of [[Chaulukya]], [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula]], and [[Tomara dynasty|Tomara]] kingdoms. He also repulsed Muslim invasions, probably from the [[Ghaznavid]] rulers [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Bahram Shah]] and [[Khusrau Shah of Ghazna|Khusrau Shah]].

Vigraharaja's kingdom included major parts of present-day [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], and [[Delhi]]; and possibly some parts of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] too. Vigraharaja commissioned several buildings in his capital Ajayameru (modern [[Ajmer]]), most of which were destroyed or converted into Muslim structures after the Muslim conquest of Ajmer. These included a [[Sanskrit]] centre of learning that was later converted into the [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] mosque. ''[[Harakeli Nataka]]'', a [[Sanskrit]]-language drama written by him, is inscribed on inscriptions discovered at the mosque site.

== Early life ==

Vigraharaja was born to the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] king [[Arnoraja]]. Vigraharaja's elder brother and predecessor [[Jagaddeva (Chahamana dynasty)|Jagaddeva]] killed their father. Their half-brother, [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]], was brought up in Gujarat by his [[Chaulukya]] maternal relatives. Vigraharaja probably ascended the throne after killing Jaggaddeva to avenge their father's death.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=56}}

== Military career ==

The 1164 CE Delhi-Shivalik pillar inscription states that Vigraharaja conquered the region between the [[Himalayas]] and the [[Vindhyas]]. The Himalayas and the Vindhyas form the traditional boundary of [[Aryavarta]] (the land of ancient [[Indo-Aryans|Aryans]]), and Vigraharaja claimed to have restored the rule of Aryans in this land. While his claim of having conquered the entire land between these two mountains is an exaggeration, it is not completely baseless. His Delhi-Shivalik pillar inscription was found at Topra village in Haryana, near the [[Shivalik Hills]]. This indicates that Vigraharaja captured territories to the north of Delhi, up to the Himalayan foothills.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=148}} Raviprabha's ''Dharmaghosha-Suri-Stuti'' states that the ruler of [[Malwa]] and Arisiha (possibly Arisimha of [[Guhilas of Medapata|Mewar]]) assisted him in hoisting a flag at the Rajavihara Jain temple in Ajmer. The ruler of Malwa here probably refers to a claimant to the [[Paramara]] kingdom, which had been captured by the [[Chaulukya]]s during this period. Assuming that the claimant to the Malwa throne had accepted Vigraharaja's suzerainty, it appears that Vigraharaja's influence extended up to the Vindhyas, at least in name.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=62}}

His kingdom included the present-day Rajasthan, Haryana, and Delhi. It probably also included a part of [[Punjab]] (to the south-east of [[Sutlej river]]) and a portion of the northern Gangetic plain (to the west of Yamuna).{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=150}}

The play ''Lalita-Vigraharaja-Nataka'', composed by Vigraharaja's court poet, claims that his army included 1 million men; 100,000 horses; and 1,000 elephants.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=150}}

=== Chaulukyas of Gujarat ===
[[File:Visaladeva inscription on Delhi Topra 12th century.jpg|thumb|Visaladeva inscription on [[Topra Kalan|Delhi-Topra pillar]], 12th century]]
Vigraharaja's father [[Arnoraja]] had suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]], the [[Chaulukya]] king of Gujarat. Vigraharaja launched several expeditions against the Chaulukyas to avenge his father's defeat.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=56}}

According to the [[Bijolia]] rock inscription, he killed one Sajjana. The inscription describes Sajjana as "the most wicked person of the land", who was sent to the abode of [[Yama]] (the god of death) by Vigraharaja. Historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]] identified Sajjana with Kumarapala's governor (''daṇḍāhiśa'') of [[Chittor]]. According to the Jain author Somatilaka Suri, Vigraharaja's army captured Sajjana's [[war elephant|elephant force]]. While Vigraharaja was busy fighting at Chittor, Kumarapala tried to create a diversion by besieging [[Nagor]], but lifted the siege after learning about Vigraharaja's victory at Chittor.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=57}}

A Chahamana ''[[prashasti]]'' ([[eulogy]]) boasts that Vigraharaja reduced Kumarapala to a ''karavalapala'' (probably the designation of a subordinate officer). This is obviously an exaggeration, but it does appear that Vigraharaja conquered some of Kumarapala's territories. The earliest Chahamana inscriptions from the [[Bijolia]]-[[Jahazpur]]-[[Mandalgarh]] area are dated to Vigraharaja's reign.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=58-59}}

==== Chahamanas of Naddula ====
[[File:Temple at bisalpur dam.jpg|thumb|The [[Bisaldeo temple]] in [[Bisalpur, Rajasthan|Bisalpur]] was constructed by Vigraharaja IV.]]
Vigraharaja subdued the [[Chahamanas of Naddula]], who had branched off from the Shakambhari Chahamana dynasty, and were feudatories of the Chaulukya king Kumarapala.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=149}} The Bijolia inscription boasts that he turned Javalipura (modern [[Jalore]]) into "Jvalapura" (city of flames); reduced Pallika (modern [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]]) to a ''palli'' (a hamlet); and made Naddula (modern [[Nadol]]) a ''nadvala'' (a cane-stick or a marsh of reeds).{{sfn|Shyam Singh Ratnawat|Krishna Gopal Sharma|1999|p=105}}{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=109}} The Naddula ruler subdued by him was probably [[Alhanadeva]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=148}}

Vigraharaja also defeated one Kuntapala, who can be identified with a Naddula Chahamana subordinate of Kumarapala.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=57-58}}

=== Tomaras of Delhi ===

The [[Bijolia]] rock inscription states that Vigraharaja conquered Ashika (identified with [[Hansi]]) and [[Delhi]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=147}} The Chahamanas had been involved in conflicts with the [[Tomara dynasty|Tomaras]] of Delhi since the time of his ancestor [[Chandanaraja]]. Vigraharaja put an end to this long conflict by decisively defeating the Tomaras, who had grown weak under attacks from the Chahamanas, the [[Gahadavala]]s and the Muslims. The Tomaras continued to rule for a few more decades, but as vassals of the Chahamanas.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=60}}

An old ''bahi'' (manuscript) states that Visaladeva i.e. Vigraharaja captured Delhi from Tamvars ([[Tomara dynasty|Tomaras]]) in the year 1152 CE (1209 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]).{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=59}} According to historian R. B. Singh, [[Hansi]] might have been under Muslim control by this time.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=147}} On the other hand, Dasharatha Sharma theorizes that the Tomaras had recaptured Hansi from [[Ghaznavids]] by this time, and Vigraharaja captured it from the Tomaras.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=60}}

The legendary epic poem ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' states that the later Chahamana king [[Prithviraja III]] married the daughter of the Tomara king Anangapala, and was bequeathed Delhi by the Tomara king. Historian R. B. Singh speculates that it was actually Vigraharaja who married the daughter of the Tomara king. According to Singh, Desaladevi, who has been mentioned in the play ''Lalita-Vigraharaja-Nataka'' as Vigraharaja's lover, might have been the daughter of a Tomara king named Vasantapala.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=147}}

=== Turushkas ===
Several sources indicate that Vigraharaja achieved military successes against the [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]]s, the Muslim Turkic invaders. The Delhi-Shivalik pillar inscription boasts that he destroyed the [[mlechchhas]] (foreigners), and once again made [[Aryavarta]] ("the land of [[Indo-Aryans|Aryans]]") what its name signifies. The ''[[Prabandha Kosha|Prabandha-Kosha]]'' describes him as "the conqueror of Muslims". The Muslim invaders forced to retreat by him were probably the [[Ghaznavid]] rulers [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Bahram Shah]] and [[Khusrau Shah of Ghazna|Khusrau Shah]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=145}}

The plot of [[Harakeli Nataka|''Lalita Vigraharaja Nataka'']] involves Vigraharaja's preparations against a Turushka ruler named Hammira ([[Emir]]). In the story, his minister Shridhara tells him not to risk a battle with a powerful adversary. Nevertheless, Vigraharaja is determined to fight the Turushka king. He sends a message to his lover Desaladevi, informing her that the upcoming battle would soon give him an opportunity to meet her. The play describes Desaladevi as the daughter of prince Vasantapala of Indrapura.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=143}} The play is available only in fragments, so the details of the ensuing battle are not known. Historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]] identified Hammira with Khusrau Shah, and assumed that Vigraharaja repulsed his invasion.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=60}}

Historian R. B. Singh, on the other hand, theorizes that no actual battle took place between Vigraharaja and Hammira. According to Singh's theory, the "Hammira" on the play might have been Bahram Shah, who fled to India after the [[Ghurids]] defeated him at the [[Battle of Ghazni (1151)]]. Bahram Shah invaded the [[Tomara dynasty|Tomara]] territory of [[Delhi]] after coming to India. Vasantapala might have been a Tomara ruler, possibly Anangapala. Indrapura may refer to Indraprastha, that is, Delhi. Vigraharaja probably decided to send an army in support of the Tomara king. But before an actual battle could take place, Bahram Shah returned to Ghazna as the Ghurids had departed from that city.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=143-144}}

=== Other conquests ===

According to the Bijolia inscription, Vigraharaja also defeated the [[Bhadanakas]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=59}} The ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'' claims that he conquered several hill forts.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=60}}

== Cultural activities ==
[[File:Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra Arcade and ceiling detail (6133962667).jpg|thumb|right|Vigraharaja's Sanskrit learning centre was converted into the [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] mosque (pictured) after the Muslim conquest of Ajmer.]]
Vigraharaja patronized a number of scholars, and was a poet himself. Jayanaka, in his ''Prithviraja-Vijaya'', states that when Vigraharaja died, the name ''kavi-bandhava'' ("the friend of the poets") disappeared.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=151}}

The king commissioned a centre of learning in Ajmer, which was later destroyed by the [[Ghurid]] invaders and converted into the [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] mosque. Several literary works were engraved on stones at this centre:{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=152}}
* The play ''Lalita Vigraharaja Nataka'' was composed by his court poet Somadeva in his honour. Only fragments of this play were recovered from the mosque.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=151-152}}
* Fragments of the play ''[[Harikeli Nataka]]'', authored by Vigraharaja himself, were also found inscribed on two slabs at the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra. The play is styled after ''[[Kiratarjuniya]]'', a work by the ancient poet [[Bharavi]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=151}}
* A Chauhan ''prashasti'' (eulogy), which is in form of a ''[[kavya]]'' (poem).{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=62}}
* A ''[[stuti]]'' (prayer) to various Hindu deities, also in ''kavya'' form.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=62}}

According to ''Prithviraja-Viajaya'', Vigraharaja commissioned as many buildings as the hill forts he captured. Most of these appear to have been destroyed or converted to Muslim structures (such as Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra) after the Muslim conquest. He established a number of towns named Visalapura ("the city of Visala") after his alternative name Visala.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=64}} He is also said to have commissioned a lake named Visalasara (also known as Vislya or Bisalia) in Ajmer. According to ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'', the king saw a beautiful spot with springs and hills while returning from a hunt. He ordered his chief minister to construct a lake at this spot.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=153}}

He also founded the Vigrahapura town (modern [[Bisalpur, Rajasthan|Bisalpur]]) on the site of an older town called Vanapura. There, he constructed the Gokarnesvara temple, now popularly known as [[Bisaldeo temple|Bisal Deoji's temple]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Bisalpur-%20Bisaldeo%20temple,%20Todarai%20Singh.html |title=Bisaldeo Temple |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=29 September 2016 }}</ref>

Like his predecessors, Vigraharaja was a devout [[Shaivite]], as indicated by his ''Harakeli-Nataka''. He also patronzed [[Jainism|Jain]] scholars, and participated in their religious ceremonies. At the request of the Jain religious teacher Dharmaghosha-Suri, he banned [[animal slaughter]] on the [[Ekadashi]] day.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=64}}

The Bijolia rock inscription describes Vigraharaja as "a protector of the needy and the distressed".{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=150}} He was succeeded by his son [[Amaragangeya]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=153}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}
* {{cite book |editor1=Shyam Singh Ratnawat |editor2=Krishna Gopal Sharma |title=History and culture of Rajasthan: from earliest times upto 1956 A.D |year=1999 |publisher=University of Rajasthan. Centre for Rajasthan Studies |oclc=42717862 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yNuAAAAMAAJ }}
{{ref end}}

{{Chahamanas of Shakambhari}}

[[Category:Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]