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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Socialist Republic of Vietnam
| common_name = Vietnam
| native_name = {{native name|vi|Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam}}
| image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg
| image_coat = Emblem of Vietnam.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| national_motto = {{lang|vi|[[:vi:Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc|Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc]]}}
| englishmotto = "Independence – Freedom – Happiness"
| national_anthem = {{lang|vi|[[Tiến Quân Ca]]}}<br />{{small|({{lang-en|"Army March"}})}}<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"></div><br>[[File:National Anthem of Vietnam.ogg]]
| image_map = Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg}}
| capital = [[Hanoi]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[Ho Chi Minh City]]
| languages_type = Official language <br /> {{nobold|and [[national language]]}}
| languages = [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
| languages2_type = Other spoken languages
| languages2 = {{unbulleted_list|Chinese|French|Arabic|English|Russian}}
| ethnic_groups = {{vunblist
| 85.7% [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]{{#tag:ref|Also called Kinh people.{{sfn|Communist Party of Vietnam|2004}}|group="n"}}
| {{collapsible list
| title= {{small|[[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|53 minorities]]}}| 1.9% [[Tay people|Tay]] | 1.8% [[Tai peoples|Tai]] | 1.5% [[Muong people|Mường]] | 1.5% [[Khmer Krom|Khmer]] | 1.2% [[Hmong people|Hmong]] | 1.1% [[Nùng people|Nùng]] | 5.3% Others}}}}
| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |73.2% [[Vietnamese folk religion|Folk]] or [[Irreligion|Irreligious]] |12.2% [[Buddhism]] |8.3% [[Christianity]] |4.8% [[Caodaism]] |1.4% [[Hòa Hảo|Hoahaoism]] |0.1% Other religions{{sfn|Bielefeldt|2014}} }}
| demonym = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[one-party state|one-party]] [[socialist state|socialist]] [[republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Party General Secretary]]
| leader_name1 = [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]
| leader_title2 = [[President of Vietnam|President]]
| leader_name2 = [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]
| leader_title3 = [[Vice President of Vietnam|Vice-President]]
| leader_name3 = [[Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh]]
| leader_title4 = [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name4 = [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]]
| leader_title5 = [[Chairman of the National Assembly of Vietnam|Chairwoman of National Assembly]]
| leader_name5 = [[Nguyễn Thị Kim Ngân]]
| legislature = [[National Assembly of Vietnam|National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Vietnam|Formation]]
| sovereignty_note =
| established_event1 = [[National Day (Vietnam)|Independence declared]] from France
| established_date1 = 2 September 1945
| established_event2 = [[Geneva Conference (1954)|Geneva Accords]]
| established_date2 = 21 July 1954
| established_event3 = [[Reunification Day|Reunification]]
| established_date3 = 2 July 1976{{sfn|Jeffries|2007|p=4}}
| established_event4 = [[Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Current constitution]]
| established_date4 = 28 November 2013{{#tag:ref|In effect since 1 January 2014.{{sfn|Constitution of Vietnam|2014}}|group="n"}}
| area_km2 = 331,212
| area_rank = 65th
| area_sq_mi = 128,069
| percent_water = 6.38
| population_estimate = {{UN Population|Viet Nam}}{{sfn|United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}
| population_estimate_year = {{UN Population|Year}}
| population_estimate_rank = 15th
| population_density_km2 = {{#expr: 91700000/332210 round 2}}
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_density_rank = 46th
| GDP_PPP = $769.928 billion{{sfn|International Monetary Fund}}
| GDP_PPP_year = 2019
| GDP_PPP_rank = 35th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,063{{sfn|International Monetary Fund}}
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 128th
| GDP_nominal = $260.301 billion{{sfn|International Monetary Fund}}
| GDP_nominal_year = 2019
| GDP_nominal_rank = 47th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $2,726{{sfn|International Monetary Fund}}
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 129th
| Gini = 37.6
| Gini_year = 2014
| Gini_change =
| Gini_ref = {{sfn|World Bank|2016a}}
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.694
| HDI_year = 2017
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = {{sfn|Human Development Report|2018|p=23}}
| HDI_rank = 116th
| currency = [[Vietnamese đồng|đồng]] (₫)
| currency_code = VND
| time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|Vietnam Standard Time]]
| utc_offset = +7
| utc_offset_DST =
| time_zone_DST =
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Vietnam|+84]]
| cctld = [[.vn]]
}}

'''Vietnam''' ({{lang-vi|Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam}}) is a [[country]] in Southeast Asia. The long-form name of the country is the '''Socialist Republic of Vietnam'''. The neighboring countries of Vietnam are China, [[Laos]] and [[Cambodia]]. Vietnam is one of five countries that still have a [[communism|communist]] [[government]]. The capital of Vietnam is [[Hanoi]]. The biggest city is [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (formerly [[Saigon]]). There are about 94,444,200 people living in Vietnam.

After the Japanese occupation in the 1940s, the Vietnamese fought French colonial rule during the [[First Indochina War]] between the Viet Minh and the French in 2 September 1945. [[Hồ Chí Minh]] declared Vietnam's independence from France under the new name of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, but French colonialists tried to put down the independence movement. In 1954, the Vietnamese declared victory in Dien Bien Phu which took place between March and May 1954 and culminated in a major French defeat. Shortly after Vietnamese independence, Vietnam was divided into two political states, [[North Vietnam]] (officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and [[South Vietnam]] (officially the Republic of Vietnam). Conflicts between the two sides intensified in the so-called [[Vietnam War]] with strong influence from the US in South Vietnam. The war ended in 1975 with a North Vietnamese victory.

Vietnam was then united under a communist government. In 1986, the government made many economic and political changes that began Vietnam's path to be a part of the world economy.<ref name="BBC2004">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3752682.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Vietnam's new-look economy | date=18 October 2004| accessdate=21 November 2015}}</ref> By 2000, it had form diplomatic relations with all nations. Since 2000, Vietnam's economic growth has been among the highest in the world,<ref name="BBC2004"/> and in 2011 it had the highest global growth generator index among 11 major economies.<ref>{{cite web|last=Weisenthal|first= Joe |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/willem-buiter-3g-countries-2011-2?slop=1 |title=3G Countries |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |date=22 February 2011 |accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref> Its successful economic reforms resulted in its becoming a member of the World Trade Organization in 2007. It is also a member of economic cooperation between Asia and the Pacific and the International de la Francophonie Organization.

==Names of Vietnam==
* "Annam", which [[origin]]ated (or started) as a Chinese name in the 7th century, was the common name of the country during the colonial period
* [[Hồng Bàng dynasty|Xích Quỷ]] (赤鬼)
* [[Văn Lang]] (文郎/Orang)
* [[Âu Lạc]] (甌雒/Anak)
* [[Nanyue|Nam Việt]] (南越)
* [[Jiaozhi|Giao Chỉ]] (交趾/交阯)
* [[Vạn Xuân]] (萬春)
* [[Dương Dynasty (An Nam)|An Nam]] (安南)
* [[Tĩnh Hải quân|Tĩnh Hải]] (靜海)
* [[Đại Cồ Việt]] (大瞿越)
* [[Đại Việt]] (大越)
* [[Hồ dynasty|Đại Ngu]] (大虞)
* [[Nguyễn dynasty|Đại Nam]] (大南)<ref name="BridgmanWillaims1847">{{cite book| title = The Chinese Repository| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SgEMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA584| year = 1847| publisher = proprietors.| pages = 584–| author1 = Elijah Coleman Bridgman| author2 = Samuel Wells Willaims }}</ref>

== [[Population]] ==
In Vietnam, the approximate population is 97,094,658.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/vietnam-population/|title=Viet Nam Population (2019) - Worldometers|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref> 25.2% of these people are aged between 0-14, with 11,954,354 being male and 10,868,610 being female. 69.3% of the population are between the ages of 15-64. The male-to-female ratio is almost evenly split, with 31,301,879 being male and 31,419,306 being female. 5.5% are 65 and over, with 1,921,652 being male and 3,092,589 being female. So within the older two categories, there are more women than men.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vm.html|accessdate= 10 May 2011|title= CIA The World Fact Book|archive-date= 17 May 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200517025916/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vm.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> <br />
The population is not from one origin. There are many ethnic tribes that developed in the history of Vietnam. This makes Vietnam's history and culture very diverse. It's not the same as a country where every family landed on the country's shores in the same century. French and Chinese colonization didn't involve an excessive migration of people to Vietnam. <br />
Nowadays, the blend of cultures has been increasing with the influence of globalization and world interest. Many Vietnamese that have been living overseas are described as the Viet Kieu. The population has several communities in many countries around the world.

== Geography ==
The length of the country, from North to South, is 1,650 kilometers (1,025 miles).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelersdigest.com/7024-how-big-is-vietnam-in-comparison-to-the-united-states-germany-japan-uk/|title=How Big is Vietnam in Comparison to the United States, Germany, Japan and UK?|date=26 February 2014|publisher=|access-date=28 September 2017|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921185043/http://www.travelersdigest.com/7024-how-big-is-vietnam-in-comparison-to-the-united-states-germany-japan-uk/|url-status=dead}}</ref> "At its [[narrow]]est point, Vietnam is only 30 miles (48 kilometers) wide".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/countries/vietnam/|title=Vietnam|website=Kids}}</ref> Due to the long and narrow shape of Vietnam, the weather in the country varies considerably from north to south. Northern Vietnam offers a humid subtropical climate with four distinct seasons (winter, spring, summer, and fall) while Southern Vietnam is hot year-round.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Best Time to Visit Vietnam: Weather isn't Everything! [2021]|url=https://luxuryunderbudget.com/vietnam-weather-best-time-visit/|access-date=2021-12-02|language=en-US}}</ref>

The country is covered in [[rainforest]]s that are currently going through rapid [[deforestation]]. It borders the [[South China Sea]] to the east, [[Laos]] and [[Cambodia]] to the west, and China to the north. The country is slightly larger than [[Malaysia]] and smaller than [[Japan]].

== History ==
Vietnam's history has long been characterized by the neighborhood of China in the north. For about 1,000 years, northern Vietnam belonged to China, but from 938 the country became independent and later expanded southward at the expense of the Champa kingdom. In the 19th century the country was colonized by France and during the Second World War, the country was occupied by Japan. After this war, the colonial empire did not have the resources to restore the regime and lost the military battle against the liberation forces. This led to the division of the country, which in turn led to the Vietnam War with major human and material losses for the country. The war ended on 30 April 1975 by the fact that [[North Vietnam]] took the southern part. After experimental planning in the 1970s and 1980s, the economy was reformed in a market economy direction.

=== Viet ===
About 5000 years ago, the two ethnic tribes of the Lac Viet and Au Viet lived together in many areas with other inhabitants. Due to increasing needs to control floods, fights against invaders, and culture and trade exchanges, these tribes living near each other tended to gather together and integrate into a larger mixed group.

Among these Lac Viet tribes was the Van Lang, which was the most powerful tribe. The leader of this tribe later joined all the tribes together to found Van Lang Nation in 2897 BC, addressing himself as the King Hung. The next generations followed in their father's footsteps and kept this appellation. Based on historical documents, researchers correlatively delineated the location of Van Lang Nation to the present day regions of North and north of Central Vietnam, as well as the south of present-day Kwangsi (China). The Van Lang Nation lasted to the 3rd century B.C.

[[Óc Eo]] may have been a busy port of the [[kingdom]] of [[Funan]] between the 1st and 7th centuries.

The [[Dong Son culture|Dong Son civilization]] that covered much of [[Southeast Asia]] was also the beginning of Vietnam's history. In 221 BC, the [[Qin Dynasty|Qins]] invaded the land of the Viet tribes. Thuc Phan, leader of the alliance of Au-Viet tribes managed to expel the enemies and declared himself King An Duong Vuong and his territory Au Lac Nation (257-207 BC). In [[208 BC]], a [[Qin Dynasty]] general named [[Zhao Tuo|Triệu Đà]] invaded Au Lac. An Duong Vuong failed this time. As a result, the northern feudalist took turns dominating the country over the next eleven centuries, establishing their harsh regime in the country and dividing the country into administrative regions and districts with unfamiliar names. However, the country's name of Au Lac could not be erased from the people's minds in their everyday life.

In [[207 BC]] Triệu Đà established a state called [[Nam Việt]] which encompassed southern China and the [[Red River Delta]]. The historical significance of the original Nam Việt remains controversial because some historians consider it a Chinese occupation while others believe it was an independent era. For most of the period from [[111 BCE]] to the early 10th century, Vietnam was under the rule of successive [[Chinese dynasties]]. Sporadic independence movements were attempted, but were quickly suppressed by Chinese forces.

The kings of [[Champa]] (Chiêm Thành in Vietnamese) started [[construction]] of [[Hindu temple]]s at [[Mỹ Sơn]] in the 4th century AD.<ref>{{cite web|title=KINGDOM OF CHAMPA|url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/KingdomOfChampa.html|access-date=2017-09-28|archive-date=2012-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503061157/https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/KingdomOfChampa.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Andrew David Hardy, Mauro Cucarzi, Patrizia Zolese ''Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn'' 2009</ref>

[[Hội An]] was founded as a trading port by the Nguyễn Lord [[Nguyễn Hoàng]] sometime around 1595.

Work on [[Imperial City, Huế]] started in 1804.

=== IndoChina ===
[[File:IndoChina1886.jpg|thumb|right|Chochina is shown on the eastern coast of this 1886 map of Indo-China.]]
In September 1858, France occupied Đà Nẵng. Cochinchina was a French colony from 1862 to 1948.

In 1930 [[Ho Chi Minh|Nguyễn Ái Quốc]] established the [[Vietnamese Independence League]] (''Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội'') which is also known as the [[Vietnamese Independence League|Việt Minh]].

The Japanese took over Vietnam in [[World War II]]. The Việt Minh fought against both the Japanese and the [[Vichy]] French.

When the Japanese were defeated, the Vietnamese people, led by the Việt Minh started the [[August Revolution]].

On 2 September 1945, Nguyễn Ái Quốc (who was now calling himself Hồ Chí Minh, meaning 'Hồ (a common last name) with the will of light') read the [[Vietnamese Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] in [[Ba Ðình Square]], in Hànội. It was based on the American Declaration of Independence.

Hồ Chí Minh led the Việt Minh in a war for independence from France.

The "Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina" (''République Autonome de Cochinchine'') was proclaimed 1 June 1946 to frustrate the Việt Minh's desire to rule all of Vietnam.

The War between France and the Việt Minh [[wikt:lasted|lasted]] from 1946 to 1954. The French were defeated in 1954 after the [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu]].

=== North and South Vietnam ===
The nation was then divided into [[North Vietnam]] and [[South Vietnam]]. After independence was achieved, the French gave the land of the [[Mekong River|Mekong]] delta that was part of [[Cambodia]] to [[South Vietnam]]. The anti-communist United States had a lot of influence in the South, and the communist and nationalist Việt Minh controlled the North. Hồ Chí Minh was extremely popular in the whole nation, as he was the only remaining leader after years of fighting, so he became [[President of Vietnam|President]] of the Democratic Republic of (North) Việtnam. It was agreed that the nation would be reunited by elections in 1956. But, the Americans and the Southern government stopped the elections from happening because they expected Hồ Chí Minh to win because communist North Vietnam refused to hold free elections. Dwight Eisenhower said he thought Hồ would win with around 80% of the vote if elections were held because of the majority of the population being in the north added with Ho's few supporters in the South.<ref name="nixon">{{cite web|url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/vietnam/ddeho.htm|title=Eisenhower's Views on the Popularity of Ho Chi Minh|website=www.mtholyoke.edu}}</ref>

Soon, the USA was at war with Vietnam. This war was known as the American War, the [[Vietnam War]], or the Second Indochinese War. Soon, South Vietnam became a military dictatorship with some basic freedoms. The Southern army removed the controversial<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/05/vietnam_war/html/build_up.stm|title=BBC NEWS|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] from power and killed him.

[[File:VietnameseRegions.png|thumb|right|Regions of Vietnam]]

On 2 September 1969, Independence Day, President Hồ Chí Minh died of heart failure.

=== Unification ===
On 30 April 1975, the National Liberation Front with the help of the N.V.A.<ref name="nixon"/> overtook Sàigòn, which was the capital of South Vietnam and quickly renamed it Hồ Chí Minh City. The nation was fully reunified as Socialist Republic of Vietnam on 2 July 1976.

== Provinces ==
Vietnam is divided into 58 [[province]]s. There are also five [[Municipality|city municipalities]] which have province [[authority]].
{| style="margin:auto;"
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
<div class="center">'''[[Red River Delta]]'''</div>
----
[[Bắc Ninh Province|Bac Ninh]]<br />
[[Hà Nam Province|Ha Nam]]<br />
[[Hải Dương Province|Hai Duong]]<br />
[[Hưng Yên Province|Hung Yen]]<br />
[[Nam Định Province|Nam Dinh]]<br />
[[Ninh Bình Province|Ninh Binh]]<br />
[[Thái Bình Province|Thai Binh]]<br />
[[Vĩnh Phúc Province|Vinh Phuc]]<br />
[[Hà Nội|Hanoi]] (municipality)<br />
[[Hải Phòng|Hai Phong]] (municipality)
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
<div class="center">'''[[Bac Trung Bo|North Central Coast]]'''</div>
----
[[Hà Tĩnh Province|Ha Tinh]]<br />
[[Nghệ An Province|Nghe An]]<br />
[[Quảng Bình Province|Quang Binh]]<br />
[[Quảng Trị Province|Quang Tri]]<br />
[[Thanh Hóa Province|Thanh Hoa]]<br />
[[Thừa Thiên-Huế Province|Thua Thien-Hue]]
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
<div class="center">'''[[Dong Bac|Northeast]]'''</div>
----
[[Bắc Giang Province|Bac Giang]]<br />
[[Bắc Kạn Province|Bac Kan]]<br />
[[Cao Bằng Province|Cao Bang]]<br />
[[Hà Giang Province|Ha Giang]]<br />
[[Lạng Sơn Province|Lang Son]]<br />
[[Phú Thọ Province|Phu Tho]]<br />
[[Quảng Ninh Province|Quang Ninh]]<br />
[[Thái Nguyên Province|Thai Nguyen]]<br />
[[Tuyên Quang Province|Tuyen Quang]]<br />
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
<div class="center">'''[[Tay Bac|Northwest]]'''</div>
----
[[Điện Biên Province|Dien Bien]]<br />
[[Hòa Bình Province|Hoa Binh]]<br />
[[Lai Châu Province|Lai Chau]]<br />
[[Lào Cai Province|Lao Cai]]<br />
[[Sơn La Province|Son La]]<br />
[[Yên Bái Province|Yen Bai]]
|-
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
<div class="center">'''[[Tay Nguyen|Central Highlands]]'''</div>
----
[[Đắk Lắk Province|Dak Lak]]<br />
[[Đắk Nông Province|Dak Nong]]<br />
[[Gia Lai Province|Gia Lai]]<br />
[[Kon Tum Province|Kon Tum]]<br />
[[Lâm Đồng Province|Lam Dong]]
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
<div class="center">'''[[Nam Trung Bo|South Central Coast]]'''</div>
----
[[Bình Định Province|Binh Dinh]]<br />
[[Bình Thuận Province|Binh Thuan]]<br />
[[Khánh Hòa Province|Khanh Hoa]]<br />
[[Ninh Thuận Province|Ninh Thuan]]<br />
[[Phú Yên Province|Phu Yen]]<br />
[[Quảng Nam Province|Quang Nam]]<br />
[[Quảng Ngãi Province|Quang Ngai]]<br />
[[Đà Nẵng|Da Nang]] (municipality)
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
<div class="center">'''[[Dong Nam Bo|Southeast]]'''</div>
----
[[Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu Province|Ba Ria-Vung Tau]]<br />
[[Bình Dương Province|Bình Dương]]<br />
[[Bình Phước Province|Bình Phước]]<br />
[[Đồng Nai Province|Đồng Nai]]<br />
[[Tây Ninh Province|Tây Ninh]]<br />
[[Hồ Chí Minh City|Ho Chi Minh]] (municipality)
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
<div class="center">'''[[Mekong Delta|Mekong River Delta]]'''</div>
----
[[An Giang Province|An Giang]]<br />
[[Bạc Liêu Province|Bạc Liêu]]<br />
[[Bến Tre Province|Bến Tre]]<br />
[[Cà Mau Province|Cà Mau]]<br />
[[Đồng Tháp Province|Đồng Tháp]]<br />
[[Hậu Giang Province|Hậu Giang]]<br />
[[Kiên Giang Province|Kiên Giang]]<br />
[[Long An Province|Long An]]<br />
[[Sóc Trăng Province|Sóc Trăng]]<br />
[[Tiền Giang Province|Tiền Giang]]<br />
[[Trà Vinh Province|Trà Vinh]]<br />
[[Vĩnh Long Province|Vĩnh Long]]<br />
[[Cần Thơ|Can Tho]] (municipality)
|}

The provinces of Vietnam are divided (by the government) into [[provincial city (Vietnam)|provincial cities]] and [[province (Vietnam)|provinces]].

==Science and technology==
Media said in 2011 that [[investment]] in science and technology was 2% of [[GDP]].<ref name="StemmingTheOutflow">{{cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/babbage/2011/09/16/stemming-the-outflow-of-talent|title=Stemming the outflow of talent|date=16 September 2011|publisher=|via=The Economist}}</ref>

"Vietnam provides no incentives for students to return to Vietnam from their foreign [[Graduate school|graduate programme]]s" was the [[opinion]] (in 2011) of French physicist [[Pierre Darriulat]].<ref name=StemmingTheOutflow/><ref name="BrainDrain">{{cite web|url=http://en.baomoi.com/Info/Plugging-the-brain-drain/8/95062.epi|title=Website Under Maintenance|website=en.baomoi.com|access-date=2017-09-28|archive-date=2012-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102124407/http://en.baomoi.com/Info/Plugging-the-brain-drain/8/95062.epi|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
{{InterWiki|code=vi}}
{{Wikibooks|Vietnamese}}
{{Commons category|Vietnamese language}}

*[[List of rivers of Vietnam]]
* [[Vietnam at the Olympics]]
* [[Vietnam national football team]]

== References ==
{{Sister project links|Vietnam}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|group=n}}

{{Asia}}
{{ASEAN}}

[[Category:Vietnam| ]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Asia]]

Vietnam - Revision history

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