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Created page with "{{short description|Cable-stayed toll bridge in West Bengal, India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}} {{good article}} {{Infobox bridge |fetchwikidata=coordinates |name= Vidyasagar Setu |other_name = Second Hooghly Bridge |image= Vidyasagar Setu - Kolkata 2014-07-11 7360.JPG |image_size = 250px |caption = Vidyasagar Setu in 2014 |official_name= Vidyasagar Setu |carries= Two-way with 3 general-purpose lanes in each direction |crosses=..."

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	*{{cite book \|last1=Gunguly \|first1=C. K. \|last2=Battarcharya \|first2=S. K. \|title=The Design Methodology and Construction Technique of 457 m Span Cable Stayed Bridge (Dead Load Composite) at Vidyasagar Setu \|editor1-last=Dayaratnam \|editor1-first=P \|work=Cable stayed, supported, and suspension bridges \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pb67nkDk4FMC&pg=PA113 \|year=2000 \|publisher=Universities Press (India) \|pages=113–4 \|isbn=978-81-7371-271-5 }}		*{{cite book \|last1=Gunguly \|first1=C. K. \|last2=Battarcharya \|first2=S. K. \|title=The Design Methodology and Construction Technique of 457 m Span Cable Stayed Bridge (Dead Load Composite) at Vidyasagar Setu \|editor1-last=Dayaratnam \|editor1-first=P \|work=Cable stayed, supported, and suspension bridges \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pb67nkDk4FMC&pg=PA113 \|year=2000 \|publisher=Universities Press (India) \|pages=113–4 \|isbn=978-81-7371-271-5 }}
	*{{cite book \|last=Bhattacherje \|first=S. B. \|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=SL1-PA273 \|year=2009 \|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. \|isbn=978-81-207-4074-7 }}		*{{cite book \|last=Bhattacherje \|first=S. B. \|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=SL1-PA273 \|year=2009 \|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. \|isbn=978-81-207-4074-7 }}

	~~{{Commons category\|Vidyasagar Setu}}~~

	{{Howrah topics}}		{{Howrah topics}}

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{{short description|Cable-stayed toll bridge in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox bridge
|fetchwikidata=coordinates
|name= Vidyasagar Setu
|other_name = Second Hooghly Bridge
|image= Vidyasagar Setu - Kolkata 2014-07-11 7360.JPG
|image_size = 250px
|caption = Vidyasagar Setu in 2014
|official_name= Vidyasagar Setu
|carries= Two-way with 3 general-purpose lanes in each direction
|crosses= [[Hooghly River]]
|locale= [[Kolkata]] and [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]]
|builder = [[Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company]]
|maint= [[Hooghly River Bridge Commissioners]]
|id=
|design= [[Cable-stayed bridge]]
|mainspan= {{convert|457.2|m|ft|0}}
|length= {{convert|822.96|m|ft|0}}
|width= {{convert|35|m|ft|0}}
|clearance=
|below= {{convert|26|m|ft|0}}
|traffic= 45,000 - 61,000 vehicles <small>(February 2008)</small>
|open= {{start date and age|10 October 1992}}
|closed=
|toll= Yes, toll bridge
}}
'''Vidyasagar Setu''', also known as the '''Second Hooghly Bridge''', is a [[toll bridge]] over the [[Hooghly River]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]], linking the cities of [[Kolkata]] and [[Howrah]].

Opened in 1992, with a total length of {{convert|823|m|ft|0}}, Vidyasagar Setu is the first<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vidyasagar Setu / 2nd Hooghly Bridge - Kolkata, West Bengal|url=https://bbjconst.com/featured-vidyasagar-setu-bridge.html|access-date=2020-09-11|website=bbjconst.com}}</ref> and longest [[cable-stayed]] bridge in India. It was the second bridge to be built across the Hooghly River; the first, the [[Howrah Bridge]] (also known as Rabindra Setu) {{convert|3.7|km}} to the north, was completed in 1943. Named after the educationist reformer [[Pandit]] [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], it cost {{Indian Rupee|3.88 billion|link=yes}} to build. The project was a joint effort between the public and private sectors, under the control of the [[Hooghly River Bridge Commissioners]] (HRBC).<ref name=History>{{cite web |url=http://www.howrahbridgekolkata.gov.in/History_Middle.htm |title=History |access-date=8 February 2011 |publisher=Kolkata Port Trust: Government of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413124649/http://www.howrahbridgekolkata.gov.in/History_Middle.htm |archive-date=13 April 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The importance of the bridge has increased manifold since 2013, as the West Bengal State Secretariat had shifted it's office to [[Nabanna]], located adjacent to the bridge on the Howrah side.

Initially, under the toll collection regime of the HRBC, daily traffic was recorded to be a minimum of 28,000 vehicles and a maximum of 39,000 vehicles in 2000, but fell to a maximum of around 30,000 vehicles by December 2002, when the management of the [[toll plaza]] was handed over to a private firm. Subsequently, the daily traffic reached a minimum of 45,000 vehicles and a maximum of 61,000 vehicles by early 2008, against a maximum capacity of 85,000 vehicles per day. The original management of the toll revenue collection by HRBC was consequently criticized for corruption and significant loss of revenue.<ref name="Toll">{{cite web|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Krishnendu|date=8 Dec 2008|title=Rs 50 crore lost in toll plaza scam: Survey|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Rs-50-crore-lost-in-toll-plaza-scam-Survey/articleshow/3806052.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105205057/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Rs-50-crore-lost-in-toll-plaza-scam-Survey/articleshow/3806052.cms|archive-date=5 January 2017|access-date=20 December 2014|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Kolkata5.JPG|thumb|220x220px|left|The bridge seen with the [[Prinsep Ghat]]|alt=]]
Population and commercial activity grew rapidly after India gained independence in August 1947. The only link across the [[Hooghly River]], the [[Howrah Bridge]], between Howrah and Kolkata, was subject to much traffic congestion, with over 85,000 vehicles every day. This necessitated planning for a new bridge across the river so that it could connect to the major cities of [[Mumbai]] (Bombay), [[Delhi]] and [[Chennai]] (Madras) through the [[National highways of India|national highways]] located close to the bridge.<ref name=shib>{{cite web|url=http://www.shibpurinternational.com/sublink/html/Vidyasagar_Setu.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130208182635/http://www.shibpurinternational.com/sublink/html/Vidyasagar_Setu.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2013|title=Vidyasagar setu|access-date=8 February 2011|publisher=Shibpur International website}}</ref>

The foundation stone for the bridge was laid by [[Indira Gandhi]] on 20 May 1972.<ref name=Bhattacherje_242>{{harvnb|Bhattacherje|2009|p=242}}</ref> The bridge took more than 22 years to complete and cost {{INRConvert|3.88|b|lk=on|year=1992}},<ref name=shib/><ref name="Bhattacherje_273"/> but in seven of those years there was no construction activity.<ref name=shib/> The bridge is named after the 19th-century [[Bengali people|Bengali]] educationist reformer [[Pandit]] [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]].<ref name=History/><ref name="HRBC"/> Work on the cable-stayed bridge started with the construction of the well curb on the Calcutta bank end on 3 July 1979.<ref name=Bhattacherje_252>{{harvnb|Bhattacherje|2009|p=252}}</ref>

There are three other bridges on the Hooghly River connecting Kolkata with [[Howrah district]]: [[Vivekananda Setu]] built in 1930, (road-cum-rail bridge) {{spaced ndash}}the first to be commissioned,<ref name=Sister>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbmcw.com/articles/bridges/536-design-and-construction-features-of-nivedita-bridge.html |title=Design and Construction Features of Nivedita Bridge |publisher=NBM Construction Information. Com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205005939/http://nbmcw.com/articles/bridges/536-design-and-construction-features-of-nivedita-bridge.html |archive-date=2013-02-05 }}</ref> and which had become old and needed repairs; [[Howrah Bridge]], a cantilever bridge commissioned in 1943, now renamed as [[Rabindra Setu]] (since 1965 in honour of the [[List of Nobel laureates|Noble Laurette]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]]);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://howrahbridgekolkata.nic.in/Busiest.jpg |title=Oldest still the busiest |publisher=Official web site of Howrah Bridge Kolkata managed by [[National Informatics Centre]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508054202/http://howrahbridgekolkata.nic.in/Busiest.jpg |archive-date=8 May 2013 |access-date=5 January 2013 }}</ref> and [[Nivedita Setu]] (named after [[Sister Nivedita]]), also known as the [[Second Vivekananda Setu]], which is {{convert|50|m}} downstream of the old Vivekananda Setu and was commissioned on 4 June 2007.<ref name=Sister/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2008/07/31/stories/2008073151722303.htm |title=The Nivedita Setu |access-date=5 January 2013 |publisher=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922082853/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2008/07/31/stories/2008073151722303.htm |archive-date=22 September 2012 }}</ref> Kona Expressway and Vidyasagar Setu experienced an exponential rise in the volume of traffic over a couple of years. Over 100,000 vehicles take the expressway to reach Calcutta via Vidyasagar Setu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160119/jsp/calcutta/story_64629.jsp#.V-TuY5eP9Jg|title=Bridge snarl reaches toll plaza|last=Banerjee|first=Tamaghna|work=The Telegraph|date=19 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923182633/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160119/jsp/calcutta/story_64629.jsp#.V-TuY5eP9Jg|archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref>

==Construction==

The bridge was designed by [[Schlaich Bergermann & Partner]], and checked by [[Freeman Fox & Partners]] and Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam Limited. Construction was carried out by the consortium of "[[Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company|The Braithwaite Burn and Jessop Construction Company Limited" (BBJ)]]. The Hooghly River Bridge Commission (HRBC) was responsible for the commissioning operations of the bridge.<ref name="HRBC"/>{{sfn|Gunguly|Battarcharya|2000|pp=113–4}}<ref name=shib/> Construction began on 3 July 1979, and the bridge was commissioned on 10 October 1992 by the [[Hooghly River Bridge Commission]].<ref name="Bhattacherje_273">{{harvnb|Bhattacherje|2009|p=273}}</ref><ref name="HRBC" />{{sfn|Gunguly|Battarcharya|2000|pp=113–4}}

==Architectural features==
[[File:Vidyasagar_Setu_side_Arnab_Dutta_2011.jpg|thumb|One of the four pylons of the Vidyasagar Setu]]
Vidyasagar Setu is a cable-stayed bridge, with 121 cables in a fan arrangement, built using steel [[Tower#Transportation support|pylons]] {{convert|127.62|m}} high.{{sfn|Gunguly|Battarcharya|2000|pp=113–4}}<ref name=shib/> With a total length of {{convert|823|m|ft|0}},<ref name="HRBC">{{cite web |url=http://www.hrbc.in/projects1.htm |title=Vidyasagar Setu |access-date=8 January 2013 |publisher=Official Website of Hooghly River Bridge Commissioners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223125804/http://hrbc.in/projects1.htm |archive-date=23 December 2012 }}</ref> Vidyasagar Setu is the longest cable-stayed bridge in India. As the [[3rd Narmada Bridge]] in [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":011">{{Cite news|last=Mishra|first=Sohit|date=2017-03-07|title=India's longest cable-bridge in Bharuch inaugurated by PM Modi; all you need to know about the 1.4 km bridge|language=en|work=India.com|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/indias-longest-cable-bridge-in-bharuch-inaugurated-by-pm-narendra-modi-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-1-4-km-bridge-1901949/|access-date=2018-07-06}}</ref><ref name="HRBC"/> is an Extradosed bridge. The deck is made of composite steel-reinforced concrete with two carriageways. The total width of the bridge is {{convert|35|m}}, with 3 lanes in each direction and a {{convert|1.2|m}}-wide footpath on each side. The deck over the main span is {{convert|457.20|m}} long.{{sfn|Gunguly|Battarcharya|2000|pp=113–4}} The two side spans are supported by parallel wire cables and are {{convert|182.88|m}} long.{{sfn|Gunguly|Battarcharya|2000|pp=113–4}}<ref name=shib/> Vidyasagar Setu is a toll bridge. It has capacity to handle more than 85,000 vehicles in a day.<ref name=shib/>

The design of the bridge differs slightly from other bridges, which are of live load composite construction. The difference is in the [[dead load]] design concept adopted for this bridge and concreting of the side spans done with support provided by the intermediate trestle. The deck is designed with a grid structure of girders. One set of girders are at the end and another set in the middle, which are braced by girders spaced on an average at {{convert|4.2|m}} centre to centre.{{sfn|Gunguly|Battarcharya|2000|pp=113–4}}

A deck crane was used for the construction of the main span of the bridge. A specially designed crane of 45 tonne capacity was used to erect the pylons of the bridge.{{sfn|Gunguly|Battarcharya|2000|pp=113–4}} The structural steel used in the bridge weighs about 13,200 tonnes.{{sfn|Gunguly|Battarcharya|2000|pp=113–4}} The pylons, which are {{convert|128|m}} in height, are designed as free standing [[Portal frame|portal]]s.{{sfn|Gunguly|Battarcharya|2000|pp=113–4}} They are provided with two cross portal members, one at the bottom and another at the top, below the pylon head. The deck is connected to the end piers by bolts embedded in the chambers of the piers. Pylons made of {{convert|4|x|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} steel boxes of riveted construction were raised on the two side spans of the bridge; one set is on the Calcutta side and the other is on the Howrah side.{{sfn|Gunguly|Battarcharya|2000|pp=113–4}} The six pylons on the Calcutta side of the bridge were installed using 75 MT and 50 MT cranes, while on the Howrah end, a single 50 MT crane was used. Anchorage of the pylon with the base of piers was effected through [[DYWIDAG Systems International|Dywidag]] rods, duly anchored in the piers.{{sfn|Gunguly|Battarcharya|2000|pp=113–4}} Cables were erected from the four pylon heads with the help of 32 [[Megatonne|MT]] hoist frames. The hoist frames were mounted on top of each pylon. Sheave blocks, winches and snatch blocks were used to facilitate the lifting, and cables inside the pylons were stressed with jacks. Pressure grouting was performed to fill the voids between the wire and the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tubes. A two tonne tower crane, fixed inside the pylons, lifted the cables into position.{{sfn|Gunguly|Battarcharya|2000|pp=113–4}}[[File:Vidyasagar Setu (7605077050).jpg|thumb|The bridge illuminated in the night|alt=|left]]The bridge has been subject to prototype wind tunnel tests at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in [[Bangalore]]. [[Bearing (mechanical)|Bearings]] are used in vertical and horizontal directions, with grouted collars in four segments at the two end piers and horizontal bearings at the two middle piers to achieve stability against lateral movement. [[Maurer Söhne]] expansion joints were provided to allow for {{convert|400|mm}} horizontal expansion at the free ends.{{sfn|Gunguly|Battarcharya|2000|pp=113–4}} Fixed end slab seal type expansion joints {{convert|115|mm}} were used for horizontal expansion of the joints.{{sfn|Gunguly|Battarcharya|2000|pp=113–4}} Other essential components provided in the bridge structure are the handrails, [[lightning arrester]]s, crash barriers, gas service support structures, telephone and electric lines, [[Elevator|lift]]s in the pylons, and a maintenance gantry.{{sfn|Gunguly|Battarcharya|2000|pp=113–4}}

==Post-construction scenario==
[[File:Kolkata's Sunset over Ganga.jpg|thumb|220x220px|The bridge during sunset|alt=]]
Over the years, several accidents have occurred on the bridge resulting in traffic congestion, and sometimes closure of the bridge for a few hours.<ref name=Traffic/> To relieve the heavy traffic congestion at the entry to the bridge, the Hooghly River Bridge Commissioners (HRBC) plan to build two one-way-exit and entry–ramps. These are planned with a semi-circular layout in the form of side wings, which will facilitate easy flow of traffic, before the toll plaza, on roads leading to the [[Howrah railway station]].<ref name="Traffic">{{cite web|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Krishnendu|date=28 June 2012|title=Vidyasagar Setu ramps to decongest traffic|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Vidyasagar-Setu-ramps-to-decongest-traffic/articleshow/10686130.cms#:~:text=These%20semi%2Dcircular%20ramps%2C%20like,Rabindra%20Setu%20(Howrah%20Bridge).|access-date=5 January 2013|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> There are also plans to improve the lighting on the bridge by installing [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] lamps and searchlights covering the four pylons, the bridge spans, cables and under-deck. An [[electronic toll collection]] system was scheduled to be introduced by 2014, to help improve the flow of traffic across the bridge.<ref name=Traffic/>

The traffic projections for the bridge at the planning stage have not been achieved. A traffic survey carried out for a week during June 2012 recorded traffic of 29,000 vehicles over the bridge in comparison to a projected 85,000. A survey conducted during the same period in June 2012 indicated a figure of 31,865 vehicles, though it is reported by the concerned traffic and transportation engineer that the rate of increase in traffic has been one percent per year on the basis of traffic surveys carried out from the time of commissioning of the bridge. The reason for the fall in traffic during 2012 is attributed to the peak [[monsoon]] effect during the survey period.<ref name=Traffic/>

==See also==
*[[List of largest cable-stayed bridges]]
*[[List of longest bridges in the world]]
*[[List of longest bridges above water in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Gunguly |first1=C. K. |last2=Battarcharya |first2=S. K. |title=The Design Methodology and Construction Technique of 457 m Span Cable Stayed Bridge (Dead Load Composite) at Vidyasagar Setu |editor1-last=Dayaratnam |editor1-first=P |work=Cable stayed, supported, and suspension bridges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pb67nkDk4FMC&pg=PA113 |year=2000 |publisher=Universities Press (India) |pages=113–4 |isbn=978-81-7371-271-5 }}
*{{cite book |last=Bhattacherje |first=S. B. |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=SL1-PA273 |year=2009 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. |isbn=978-81-207-4074-7 }}

{{Commons category|Vidyasagar Setu}}

{{Howrah topics}}

[[Category:Cable-stayed bridges in India]]
[[Category:Toll bridges in India]]
[[Category:Bridges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bridges in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Howrah district]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1992]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Howrah]]

Vidyasagar Setu - Revision history

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