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{{Short description|Indian writer and BBC broadcaster (1912–1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Venu Chitale
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Venu Chitale at the BBC 18 July 1944.png
| image_size =
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| alt =
| caption = Venu Chitale at the BBC, 1944
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym = Weenoo
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 28 December 1912
| birth_place = [[Shirol]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Kolhapur State]] (present-day Maharashtra, India)
| death_date = 1 January 1995 (aged 82)
| death_place = Mumbai, India
| resting_place =
| occupation = [[BBC Radio]] broadcaster, secretary to [[George Orwell]]
| language = English, Hindustani, Marathi
| nationality = 
| citizenship = 
| education = *[[Huzurpaga]]
*[[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]]
*[[University College London]]
*[[Oxford University]]
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works = ''In Transit'' (1950)
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
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| years_active =
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}}
'''Venu Dattatreye Chitale''', also known as '''Leela Ganesh Khare''' (28 December 1912 – 1 January 1995), was an Indian writer, [[BBC Radio]] broadcaster, and secretary to [[George Orwell]] during the early years of the Second World War.

Chitale was born in [[Kolhapur]], Maharashtra, India, and was in England between 1934 and late 1947. In 1940, after assisting with volunteer work in a local [[Air Raid Precautions|air raid precaution unit]] in Oxford, she moved to London to work with Orwell, then BBC Radio's talks producer. She became a broadcaster for both the [[BBC World Service|India section of the BBC's Eastern Service]], where she read news and gave recipes in Marathi, and the [[BBC Home Service]], where she taught British listeners vegetarian cooking at a time when meat was rationed and in short supply.

Around 1944, Chitale began working for [[Krishna Menon]] at the [[India League]] in London. Towards the end of 1947, after [[Independence of India|India's independence]], she returned there and assisted [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]] at refugee camps set up in Delhi following the [[Partition of India]]. Her first novel, ''In Transit'', was published in 1950.

Chitale's life is recorded in a chapter in Vijaya Deo's ''Sakhe Soyare'', a book in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. In 2017, the [[BBC]] produced a video about her, and in 2023, a [[Google Doodle]] was made celebrating her 111th birthday.

==Early life and education==
Venu Chitale was born in [[Shirol]], [[Kolhapur]], in present-day [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref name=Kumar>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Anu |title=The Indian woman who braved World War II bombing to chart an unconventional life for herself |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/922997/the-indian-woman-who-braved-world-war-ii-bombing-to-chart-an-unconventional-life-for-herself |website=Scroll.in |date=27 May 2019 |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722185444/https://scroll.in/magazine/922997/the-indian-woman-who-braved-world-war-ii-bombing-to-chart-an-unconventional-life-for-herself |archive-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> Her date of birth is given as 28 December 1910 in the [[National Registration Act 1939|1939 England and Wales Register]],<ref name=ewr>{{cite news |title=1939 England and Wales Register|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/1670217:61596?tid=&pid=&queryId=08481bffb4c00c0f112202f90faa82a7&_phsrc=arJ2&_phstart=successSource |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=Borough- Oxford|date=1939 |page=12|via=ancestry.co.uk|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and as 1912 in [[Sahitya Akademi]]'s ''Who's Who of Indian Writers'' (1961).<ref name=SA1961>{{cite book |title=Who's Who Of Indian Writers |date=1961 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |location=New Delhi |page=165 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278465/page/n173/mode/2up}}</ref>{{efn|The Sahitya Akademi incorrectly give the publication date of her first novel, ''In Transit'', as 1951.<ref name=SA1961/><ref name=Naik1985/>}} She was the second youngest of seven children and raised by her older siblings following the death of both her parents.<ref name=Kumar/> After attending [[Huzurpaga]], one of the oldest girls schools in Pune, she went to [[St. Columba High School]] in Mumbai's Gamdevi district before gaining admission to [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]], Mumbai, where she was a boarder.<ref name=Kumar/> There she met the [[Afrikaaners|Afrikaaner]] teacher Johanna Adriana Quinta Du Preez, who was impressed by Chitale's interest in theatre.<ref name=Kumar/>

Chitale and Du Preez travelled to England together after an astrologer had predicted family troubles should Chitale marry.<ref name=Kumar/> She subsequently entered [[University College London]], where in 1934 she studied [[Montessori education|Montessori ways of learning]].<ref name=Kumar/> At the onset of the [[Second World War]] in 1939, they were both at the [[University of Oxford]]; Chitale registered as an external student while Du Preez was studying journalism.<ref name=Kumar/><ref name=ewr/> There, she volunteered at a local [[Air Raid Precautions]] unit, where her role included alerting locals to bombings and assisting in rescues.<ref name=Kumar/>

==Early career==
===BBC Radio===
[[File:BBC Broadcasting House, about 1937 (geograph 4877368).jpg|thumb|BBC Broadcasting House (late 1930s)|alt=Refer to caption]]
In 1940, at the request of [[Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari|Z. A. Bukhari]], Chitale began her career with BBC Radio as secretary to the BBC talks producer [[George Orwell]] with the India Section of BBC Radio's Eastern Service.<ref name=Sutaria>{{cite news |last1=Sutaria |first1=Sejal |title=Walking the Line: Venu Chitale |url=https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/100-voices/pioneering-women/venu-chitale/ |access-date=22 July 2022 |work=www.bbc.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722190155/https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/100-voices/pioneering-women/venu-chitale/ |archive-date=22 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Rodrigues1994>{{cite web |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Abha Sharma |title=George Orwell, the B.B.C. and India: a critical study |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/7154 |publisher=Edinburgh University |access-date=28 December 2023 |date=1994|page=105 |quote=This thesis focuses attention on the two years that George Orwell spent, between August 1941 and November 1943, at the Indian Section of the B.B.C., producing propaganda talks for listeners in India and elsewhere.}}</ref>{{efn|Du Preez was already a BBC announcer, according to her death certificate (1948) issued in Cape Town.<ref name=Kumar/>}} There, her contemporaries included [[Una Marson]], [[Mulk Raj Anand]], [[Balraj Sahni]], and [[Princess Indira of Kapurthala]].<ref name=Rodrigues1994/><ref name=Collett2022>{{cite book |last1=Collett |first1=Nigel |title=Developing the Heart: E.M. Forster and India |date=2022 |publisher=City University of Hong Kong Press |isbn=978-962-937-590-4 |chapter=Notes|page=232|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abFYEAAAQBAJ&dq=chitale&pg=PA232 |language=en}}</ref> Every month she wrote and delivered a programme preview, which Orwell edited, and regularly read out translated scripts in Marathi, her mother tongue.<ref name=Rodrigues1994/><ref name=Orwell2017>{{cite book |last1=Orwell |first1=George |title=The Collected Non-Fiction: Essays, Articles, Diaries and Letters, 1903–1950 |date=2017 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-241-25347-2 |page=1351 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D13CCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1351 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1941, in one programme titled "The kitchen in wartime: some suggestions for doing without meat", Chitale gave her suggestion of a vegetarian alternative to [[bangers and mash|sausage and mash]] and spoke of what she thought an Indian housewife might do in Britain with the limited availability of ingredients and fuel;<ref name=Chit1941>{{cite web|last=Chitale|first=Venu|date=1941|url=https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/women/The%20Kitchen%20In%20Wartime%20-%20Venu%20Chitale%20-%2021-01-1941.pdf|title=The kitchen in wartime: some suggestions for doing without meat|work=BBC Home Service}}</ref> in another, she talked of "appetising curries".<ref name=Northern1941>{{cite news |title=Tomorrow |work= Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail|date=10 February 1941|page=4|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000378/19410210/002/0001|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1942 she approached Orwell's wife, [[Eileen Blair]], with a request to help out with Blair's ''In the Kitchen'' series on the [[BBC Home Service]].<ref name=Rodrigues1994/><ref name=Webster2018>{{cite book |last1=Webster |first1=Wendy |title=Mixing it: Diversity in World War Two Britain |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-873576-2 |page=114 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPhJDwAAQBAJ&q=Venu+Chitale&pg=PA114 |language=en |chapter=3. The Empire comes to Britain}}</ref> Chitale also talked to a British audience on the cooking series ''[[The Kitchen Front]]'' and taught listeners vegetarian cooking at a time when [[Rationing in the United Kingdom#Second World War 1939–1945|meat was rationed]].<ref name=Kumar/><ref name=Topp2020>{{cite book |last1=Topp |first1=Sylvia |title=Eileen: The Making of George Orwell |date=2020 |publisher=Unbound Publishing |isbn=978-1-78352-750-2 |pages=329 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UF6vDwAAQBAJ&dq=venu+chitale&pg=PT329 |language=en |chapter=15. But smooth sailing was never an option}}</ref><ref name=Potter2022>{{cite book |last1=Potter |first1=Simon J. |title=This is the BBC: Entertaining the Nation, Speaking for Britain, 1922–2022 |date=2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-289852-4 |page=99 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ziFnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |language=en |chapter=3. Propaganda and war 1939-1945}}</ref> In addition she broadcast recipes to Indians in India in the programme ''In Your Kitchen''.<ref name=Topp2020/><ref name=CMG1943>{{cite news |title=Todays highlights |work=Civil & Military Gazette |location= Lahore|date=17 February 1943|page=4|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19430217/071/0004|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In 1943, Chitale contributed the chapter on the European refugee children's exhibition in [[E. M. Forster]]'s, [[Ritchie Calder]]'s, [[Cedric Dover]]'s, and [[Hsiao Ch'ien]]'s book ''[[Talking to India]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Talking To India |date=1943 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.241082/page/n127/mode/2up?q=venu|page=128}}</ref> How popular she was with Indian listeners was documented in 1943 in an unclear [[Report on Indian Programmes (1943)|Report on Indian Programmes]].<ref name=Rodrigues1994/> BBC producer [[Trevor Hill (producer)|Trevor Hill]] later recalled in his memoirs ''[[Over the Airwaves]]'', that during his early years with the BBC's Overseas Services at 200 Oxford Street, when he was still in his teens "the person I knew best and enjoyed working with was a diminutive, cheerful young Indian woman from Poona, Venu Chitale. Her beautifully embroidered sari and those of her countrywomen gave a marvellous splash of colour to a drab wartime building and to drab studios".<ref name=Hill2005>{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Trevor |title=Over the Airwaves: My Life in Broadcasting |date=2005 |publisher=The Book Guild|location=Sussex |isbn=1-85776-832-9|language=en|chapter=3. 200 Oxford Street, with the BBC's Overseas Service|pages=28–29|oclc=1245625342 }}</ref>{{efn|The India Section worked at first from 55 Portland Place, near Broadcasting House, and moved to 200 Oxford Street sometime before October 1942.<ref name=Orwell2013>{{cite book |last1=Orwell |first1=George |title=George Orwell: A Life in Letters |date=2013 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-87140-462-6 |page=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WE4AAAAQBAJ&dq=bbc+moved+to+200+oxford+street&pg=PA197 |language=en}}</ref>}} Not understanding Marathi, he once [[Tape recorder|played]] her broadcast from end to beginning.<ref name=Hill2005/> According to Sejal Sutaria, who has written on Chitale, her programmes "illustrate how Indians hired by the BBC during the Second World War faced conflicting needs—to establish their solidarity with Britain during the war while maintaining their allegiance to Indian independence from the Raj".<ref name=Sutaria/>

===India League===
Around 1944, Chitale began working for [[Krishna Menon]] at the [[India League]] in London.<ref name=CMG1945>{{cite news |title=First day's session of All India Conference|work=Civil & Military Gazette |location= Lahore|date=30 December 1945|page=5|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19451230/088/0005|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> There, she became acquainted with [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]].<ref name=Inst1928>{{cite web |title=Story |url=https://www.1928institute.org/the-india-league-story |website=The 1928 Institute |access-date=28 August 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418033718/https://www.1928institute.org/the-india-league-story |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other members at that time included [[Bhicoo Batlivala]], [[Ellen Wilkinson]] and [[Aneurin Bevan]].<ref name=Inst1928/> She was also elected a member of [[The Asiatic Society]].<ref name=Kumar/>

In 1945 she visited India to attend the eighteenth [[All India Women's Conference]] in Hyderabad, held 28 December 1945 to 1 January 1946.<ref name=AIWC18>{{cite book |title=The All India Women's Conference Vol Xviii |date=1946 |location=Hyderabad |pages=87–89 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.116079/page/n59/mode/2up}}</ref> There, she was introduced by [[Sarojini Naidu]] and spoke of the little interest in India she found in England; she suggested to Indians to learn as many Indian languages as possible to encourage more unity.<ref name=Kumar/><ref name=AIWC18/> Chitale later recounted her time in England:<ref name=Kumar/><ref name=Khare1963>{{cite book |last1=Khare |first1=Leela G. |title=Careers and courses(July-Dec)1963 |date=1963 |publisher=N.A. |pages=694–698 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11700/page/n115/mode/2up |chapter=Contemporary trends in English literature}}</ref>

<blockquote>I was in England for fourteen years, fourteen precious young healthy years of my life. I lived in a cottage full of dainty flowers, and more full of wonderful books... I dined on nuts and fruit and on the most luscious greens and vegetables that any fastidious naturopath could prescribe. And I did this in company of English friends who lived for ideals, whether they were humble or elevated did not matter.</blockquote>

==Later career==
Chitale left Liverpool for Bombay on 4 December 1947, on the RMS ''[[RMS Empress of Australia (1919)|Empress of Australia]]''.<ref name=Pass1947>{{cite news |title=UK and Ireland, Outward Passenger Lists, 1890–1960|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/2997/images/41039_b001605-00117?treeid=&personid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=iAw3&_phstart=successSource&pId=145951567 |page=3|access-date=25 August 2022 |work=Canadian Pacific Steamships|date=1947 |via=ancestry.co.uk|url-access=subscription}}</ref> That year she assisted Pandit with refugee women and children in the camps set up in Delhi following [[Partition of India|India's Partition]].<ref name=Kumar/>

She published her first novel, ''[[In Transit (book)|In Transit]]'', in 1950, about three generations of an Indian family during the [[interwar years]].<ref name=Naik1985>{{cite book |last1=Naik |first1=M. K. |title=Perspectives on Indian Fiction in English |date=1985 |publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7017-199-7 |pages=203–204 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MW1rYykQvZ0C&dq=Venu+Chitale&pg=PA203 |language=en}}</ref> Anand wrote the preface.<ref name=Kumar/> That same year, she married Ganesh Khare, a chartered accountant, and became known as Leela Ganesh Khare.<ref name=Kumar/> They had a daughter, Nandini Apte.<ref name=Kumar/> In February 1951 a reception by the publisher [[Hind Kitabs]] was held in Bombay, where Chitale was introduced by [[M. C. Chagla]], chief justice of Bombay.<ref name=CMG1951>{{cite news |title=First day's session of All India Conference |work=Civil & Military Gazette |location= Lahore|date=22 February 1951|page=7|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19510222/093/0007|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> She also wrote for ''[[Navshakti]]'', a Marathi newspaper, and spoke occasionally on [[All India Radio]].<ref name=Kumar/> In 1993, she published another book, ''Incognito'', using the pen name 'Weenoo'.<ref name=Kumar/>

==Death and legacy==
Chitale died on 1 January 1995, aged 82.<ref name=Open>{{cite web |title=Venu Chitale {{!}} Making Britain |url=https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/venu-chitale |website=www.open.ac.uk |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722191025/https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/venu-chitale |archive-date=22 July 2022}}</ref> Her life is recorded in a chapter in ''Sakhe Soyare'', a book in Marathi authored by Vijaya Deo.<ref name=Kumar/> In 2017, the BBC produced a video about her.<ref name=Kumar/> On 28 December 2023, a [[Google Doodle]] was made celebrating her 111th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venu Chitale's 111st Birthday Doodle |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/venu-chitales-111st-birthday/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228082303/https://doodles.google/doodle/venu-chitales-111st-birthday/ |archive-date=2023-12-28 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Google Doodles |language=en}}</ref>

==Selected works==
*{{cite book |title=In Transit |date=1950 |publisher=Hind Kitabs |location=Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.536290/page/n3/mode/2up}}

==See also==
* [[Madhur Jaffrey]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=De Souza |first1=Eunice |last2=Pereira |first2=Lindsay |title=Women's voices: selections from nineteenth and early-twentieth century Indian writing in English |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566785-1 |oclc=55005746 |language=English}}
*{{cite book |last1=Morse |first1=Daniel Ryan |title=Radio Empire: The BBC's Eastern Service and the Emergence of the Global Anglophone Novel |date=2020 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-55259-2 |url=http://cup.columbia.edu/book/radio-empire/9780231198370}}
*[https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/women/Through%20Eastern%20Eyes%20-%20The%20Hand%20that%20Rocks%20the%20Cradle%20-%20Venu%20Chitale%20-%2001-01-1942.pdf Through eastern eyes: the hand that rocks the cradle, then and now]. Eastern transmission (1 January 1942)

==External links==
* {{YouTube|SopHz9DyD3E|Venutai Chitale : First voice of BBC Marathi । वेणूताई चितळे : BBC मराठीचा पहिला आवाज}}
*[https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-19-metre-band-1941-online BBC documentary: 19 Metre Band ("Go behind the scenes of Indian programmes on the BBC General Overseas Service (later the World Service)")]
*{{cite web |title=BBC Photos: Venu Chitale |url=https://bbcphotosales.co.uk/search/?searchQuery=venu+chitale |access-date=6 September 2022}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chitale, Venu}}

[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur]]
[[Category:BBC radio presenters]]
[[Category:Indian women radio presenters]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Expatriates from British India in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:BBC World Service presenters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Venu Chitale - Revision history

Loz12: Added - done