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{{Short description|Deer meat}}
{{Other uses}}
{{See also|deer hunting|game hunting}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
'''Venison''' originally meant the [[meat]] of a [[game animal]] but now refers primarily to the meat of [[deer]] (or [[antelope]] in [[South Africa]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/venison|title=Definition: Venison|website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref> Venison can be used to refer to any part of the animal, so long as it is edible, including the [[internal organ]]s. Venison, much like [[beef]] or [[pork]], is categorized into specific [[primal cut|cut]]s, including [[roasting|roast]], [[sirloin steak|sirloin]], and [[ribs (food)|ribs]].

==Etymology==
[[File:Venison escalope raw.jpg|thumb|Raw venison [[escalope]]]]
The word derives from the [[Latin]] ''venari'', meaning "to hunt or pursue".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/venison|title=Venison|website=www.etymonline.com}}</ref> This term entered the [[English language]] through [[Norman French]] ''venaison'' in the 11th century, following the [[Norman conquest]] of England and the establishment of [[Royal Forest]]s.

==Definition==
''Venison'' originally described meat of any game animal killed by [[hunting]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/venison |title=Venison – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=31 August 2012 |access-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> and was applied to any animal from the [[family (biology)|families]] ''[[Cervidae]]'' ([[true deer]]), ''[[Leporidae]]'' ([[rabbit]]s and [[hare]]s), ''[[Suidae]]'' ([[wild boar]]) and certain species of the [[genus]] ''[[Capra (genus)|Capra]]'' ([[goat]]s and [[ibex]]).

In [[Southern Africa]], the word ''venison'' refers to the meat of [[antelope]],<ref>{{Cite thesis |type=MTech |title=Marketing fresh venison in the Eastern Cape Province using a niche marketing strategy |url=http://dspace.nmmu.ac.za:8080/jspui/bitstream/10948/136/1/BullGS.pdf |last=Bull |first=Gregory Simon |year=2007 |publisher=[[Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University]] |page=xcix |access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref> a ''[[Bovidae]]'' [[taxon]], as there are no native ''Cervidae'' in [[sub-Saharan Africa]].

==Qualities==
Venison may be eaten as [[steak]]s, [[wikt:Special:Search/tenderloin|tenderloin]], [[Roasting|roasts]], [[sausage]]s, [[Jerky (food)|jerky]], and [[Ground meat|minced meat]]. It has a flavor reminiscent of [[beef]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.extension.umn.edu/foodsafety/components/columns/Nov10.htm |title=Wild Game Cookery: Venison |author=Suzanne Driessen |date=10 November 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120063249/http://www.extension.umn.edu/foodsafety/components/columns/Nov10.htm |archive-date=20 January 2010 |access-date=29 July 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Cuts of venison tend to have a finer texture and be leaner than comparable cuts of beef.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119835351/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629230109/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119835351/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2012 |title=Nutritional and chemical composition of farmed venison |doi=10.1111/j.1365-277X.1995.tb00339.x |date=28 June 2008 |access-date=12 November 2013 |volume=8 |journal=Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics |pages=441–446 | last1 = Aidoo | first1 = Kofi E.|issue = 6}}</ref> However, like beef, leaner cuts can be tougher as well. Venison burgers are typically so lean as to require the addition of [[fat]] in the form of bacon, beef, olive oil, or cheese to achieve parity with [[hamburger]] cooking time, texture, and taste.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Margaret|date=2020-07-07|title=Tips for Moist and Juicy Venison Burgers {{!}} Kitchen Frau|url=https://www.kitchenfrau.com/venison-burgers-moist-and-juicy/|access-date=2021-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Offal|Organ meats]] (offal) of deer can also be eaten. Traditionally, they are called ''hombres'' ([[Middle English|originally the Middle English]] ''hombres''). This is supposedly the origin of the phrase "[[humble pie]]", meaning a pie made from the organs of the deer.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harper|first1=Douglas|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/humble|website=dictionary.com|access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cunnan.sca.org.au/wiki/New_noumbles_of_Deer_(recipe) |title=New noumbles of Deer (recipe) – Cunnan |publisher=Cunnan.sca.org.au |date=10 June 2004 |access-date=12 November 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Venison escalope.jpg|thumb|Venison escalope cooking in sauce]]
When sourced correctly from a healthy deer, venison is a very healthy meat for human consumption.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kyle |first=Emily |date=2022-08-08 |title=7 Surprising Health Benefits of Venison |url=https://cookvenison.com/health-benefits-of-venison/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Cook Venison! |language=en-US}}</ref> Since deer are inherently wild animals living on grass and wild plants, their meat can be consumed as part of a naturally [[healthy diet]]. Venison is higher in moisture and [[protein]], and the protein is more diverse in [[amino acids]] and lower in [[calories]], [[cholesterol]], and fat than most cuts of grain-fed beef, [[pork]], or [[Lamb (food)|lamb]].<ref>[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov USDA Nutrient Database], NDB numbers 17348, 13434, 10023 and 17060</ref>

==Health concerns==
Since it is unknown whether [[chronic wasting disease]] (CWD), a [[transmissible spongiform encephalopathy]] among deer (similar to [[bovine spongiform encephalopathy|mad cow disease]], scientifically known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy), can pass from deer to humans through the consumption of venison, there have been some fears of dangerous contamination of the food supply from wild deer carrying CWD.<ref>{{cite journal| title=Chronic Wasting Disease and Potential Transmission to Humans |author1=Belay ED |author2=Maddox RA |author3=Williams ES |author4=Miller MW |author5=Gambetti P |author6=Schonberger LB |date=June 2004 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=10 |number=6 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |doi=10.3201/eid1006.031082|pmc=3323184 |pmid=15207045 |pages=977–984 }}</ref> The disease has been found among farmed deer in the US and western Canada, but New Zealand has not identified the disease among its herd.

Deer farmers have had tests developed especially for the particular species they raise to obtain better results than those used on cattle. Hunters are advised not to shoot a deer that appears sick or is acting strangely, and they are also advised to take general precautions in examining the meat from deer they have killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cwd-info.org/recommendations-for-hunters/|title=Recommendations for Hunters}}</ref>

== Availability ==

=== Czech Republic ===
Venison (as well as other [[game meat]]s, mainly [[wild boar]]) is a part of [[Czech cuisine|traditional cuisine]] and is commonly eaten, not considered a specialty. Dishes such as deer [[goulash]] are often on restaurant menus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Restaurace {{!}} Petron|url=https://dobra-zverina.cz/restaurace/|access-date=2020-11-01|website=dobra-zverina.cz}}</ref> A variety of venison ([[roe deer|roe]], [[red deer|red]] and [[fallow deer]], [[mouflon]]) and other game meat is widely available in butcher shops in fresh state, distributed by wholesalers,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Processing and selling of game meat {{!}} Zvěřina BERBERA s.r.o.|url=https://www.berbera.cz/processing-selling-game-meat|access-date=2020-11-01|website=www.berbera.cz}}</ref> as well as in big retail chains such as Tesco, at prices similar to beef or pork, around 200 CZK or 8 EUR per kilogram. Despite the popularity and low prices, in recent years the production of venison has surpassed demand, and is therefore often used in production of animal food.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-19|title=S šípkovou, nebo se zelím? Zvěřiny je moc, končí i v krmivech pro mazlíčky|url=https://www.idnes.cz/ekonomika/domaci/zverina-myslivec-lov-maso.A191018_204843_ekonomika_mato|access-date=2020-11-01|website=iDNES.cz}}</ref>

===New Zealand===
New Zealand has large populations of wild and farmed deer, making venison a relatively common meat. It is widely available in supermarkets.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}

===United Kingdom===
In England, [[hunting rights]] were restricted in an effort to preserve [[property rights]]. As a result, the possession and sale of venison was tightly regulated under English law,<ref>{{cite book |last1=LaCombe |first1=Michael |title=Political Gastronomy: Food and Authority in the English Atlantic World |date=2012 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=9780812207156 |location=Philadelphia |page=84}}</ref> although it is readily available commercially.

===United States===
In the United States, venison is less common at retail due to the requirement that the animal be first inspected by [[USDA]] inspectors. There are very few [[abattoirs]] which process deer in North America, and most of this venison is destined for restaurants. Where deer are considered an invasive species, companies such as [[Molokai Wildlife Management]] and [[Maui Nui Venison]] that hunt [[Chital|axis deer]] in [[Hawaii]], combine [[culling]] with USDA certification and retail sale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krebs |first=Natalie |date=Jun 16, 2021 |title=The Outdoor Life Podcast: Meet the Godfather of Hawaiian Market Hunting |url=https://www.outdoorlife.com/hunting/market-hunting-axis-deer/ |url-status=live |access-date=Aug 13, 2023 |website=[[Outdoor Life]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernabe |first=Danielle |date=Dec 17, 2021 |title=How Eating Hawai‘i’s Invasive Deer Saves Its Ecosystems |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/hawaii-invasive-deer |url-status=live |access-date=Aug 12, 2023 |website=[[bon appetit]]}}</ref> Most venison sold through retail in the United States are farmed from New Zealand and [[Tasmania]]. It is available through some high-end specialty grocers and some chains which focus on more "natural" meats. Non-retail venison is often obtained through hunting and self-processing, or contracting to small meat processing facilities to do the processing for the hunter, but sale of the finished meat is usually illegal.<ref>{{cite news| last = not Sterba | first = not Jim | date = 18 October 2013| title = No Hunters May Sell Venison | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304410204579139424081224050 | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | access-date = 13 December 2014}}</ref>

The American sandwich chain [[Arby's]] gained attention in October 2016 when word leaked through [[social media]] that they were about to test a venison sandwich. Arby's later confirmed that they had selected 17 stores in Georgia, Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Wisconsin (all major [[deer hunting]] states) to offer a venison sandwich during a four-day test during those states' [[hunting season]]s. Both due to curiosity and heavy demand from hunters, the sandwiches sold out in all markets on the first day of the test.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Whitten|first1=Sarah|title=Arby's venison sandwich a hit with hunters, quickly selling out|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/11/08/arbys-venison-sandwich-is-a-hit-with-hunters.html|website=CNBC|access-date=8 October 2017|date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Food}}
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{cookbook inline}}

{{Meat|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meat by animal|Venison]]
[[Category:Native American cuisine]]
[[Category:Vermont cuisine]]
[[Category:Cuisine of West Virginia]]
[[Category:Deer]]

Venison - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article