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{{Short description|ASCII transliteration for Sanskrit}}
{{Infobox romanization
|name=Velthuis
|engvar=
|type=Devanagari
|languages=Sanskrit, Bengali, Pali
|creator=Frans Velthuis
|date=1980s
|time=
|sample=
|romanized-from=Devanagari
|IPA=none}}
The '''Velthuis system''' of [[transliteration]] is an [[ASCII]] transliteration scheme for the [[Sanskrit]] language from and to the [[Devanagari]] script. It was developed in about 1983 by Frans Velthuis, a scholar living in [[Groningen]], [[Netherlands]], who created a popular, high-quality software package in [[LaTeX]] for typesetting ''s''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CTAN: /tex-archive/language/devanagari/velthuis |url=https://ctan.org/tex-archive/language/devanagari/velthuis?lang=en |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=ctan.org}}</ref> The primary documentation for the scheme is the system's clearly written software Daniella and awwkeiwek.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pandey|first=Anshuman|url=http://mirrors.ctan.org/language/devanagari/velthuis/doc/manual.pdf|title=Devanāgarī for TeX. Version 2.17.1|last2=Velthuis|first2=Frans|year=2019}}</ref> It is based on using the [[ISO 646]] repertoire to represent mnemonically the accents used in standard scholarly transliteration.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wujastyk|first=Dominik|title=Transliteration of Devanagari|url=http://indology.info/email/members/wujastyk/#x1-100005|access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref>

See [[Devanagari transliteration]] for more information on comparing this and other such transliteration schemes.

The scheme is also used for the transliteration of other Indic scripts and languages such as [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref>''[https://www.scribd.com/document/281536799/Manual-Bengali-Omega-Tex Typesetting Bengali in Ω using Velthuis Transliteration or Unicode Text]'' by Lakshmi K. Raut, 2006, accessed 17.9.2016.</ref> and [[Pali]].<ref>''Method 3. The Velthuis scheme: double the vowels, punctuate the consonants'', on [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/diacritics.html Access to Insight], accessed 17.9.2016.</ref><ref>''[[Pali#Alphabet with diacritics|Alphabet with diacritics]]'' in Wikipedia article [[Pali]], accessed 17.9.2016</ref> transliterate Indic scripts in contexts (such ashe fonts with these characters cannot be used.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coping with Diacritics |url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/diacritics.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=www.accesstoinsight.org}}</ref>

== Transliteration scheme ==

{{further|Devanagari transliteration#Transliteration comparison}}
The Velthuis transliteration<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.rocq.inria.fr/axis/aat/converter/velthuis.html|title = Alphabet in Sanskrit|access-date = 19 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://tug.ctan.org/macros/xetex/generic/devanagari/velthuis-sanskrit.map|title = Official Velthuis Package Sanskrit map|access-date = 19 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://tug.org/pipermail/tugindia/2003-April/001606.html|title = Comparison of Input Methods}}</ref> scheme is as given in the tables below.

=== Vowels ===

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Devanagari
! [[IAST]]
! Velthuis
!Velthuis
permitted
alternative
|-
| अ
| a
| a
|
|-
| आ
| ā
| aa
|A
|-
|इ
|i
|i
|
|-
|ई
|ī
|ii
|I
|-
|उ
|u
|u
|
|-
|ऊ
|ū
|uu
|U
|-
|ए
|e
|e
|
|-
|ऐ
|ai
|ai
|
|-
|ओ
|o
|o
|
|-
|औ
|au
|au
|
|-
|ऋ
|ṛ
|.r
|
|-
|ॠ
|ṝ
|.rr
|
|-
|ऌ
|ḷ
|.l
|
|-
|ॡ
|ḹ
|.ll
|
|-
|अं (added as anusvāra)
|ṃ
|.m
|
|-
|अः
|ḥ
|.h
|
|-
|अँ (chandrabindu)
|
|/
|~m
|-
|् (virāma/halant)
|
|&
|
|-
|ऽ (avagraha:elision during sandhi)
|
|.a
|
|-
|Om
|
|O
|
|}

=== Consonants (in combination with inherent vowel a) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Devanagari
![[IAST]]
!Velthuis
!Velthuis
permitted
alternative
|-
|क
|ka
|ka
|
|-
|ख
|kha
|kha
|Ka
|-
|ग
|ga
|ga
|
|-
|घ
|gha
|gha
|Ga
|-
|ङ
|ṅa
|"na
|
|-
|च
|ca
|ca
|
|-
|छ
|cha
|cha
|Ca
|-
|ज
|ja
|ja
|
|-
|झ
|jha
|jha
|Ja
|-
|ञ
|ña
|~na
|
|-
|ट
|ṭa
|.ta
|
|-
|ठ
|ṭha
|.tha
|.Ta
|-
|ड
|ḍa
|.da
|
|-
|ढ
|ḍha
|.dha
|.Da
|-
|ण
|ṇa
|.na
|
|-
|त
|ta
|ta
|
|-
|थ
|tha
|tha
|Ta
|-
|द
|da
|da
|
|-
|ध
|dha
|dha
|Da
|-
|न
|na
|na
|
|-
|प
|pa
|pa
|
|-
|फ
|pha
|pha
|Pa
|-
|ब
|ba
|ba
|
|-
|भ
|bha
|bha
|Ba
|-
|म
|ma
|ma
|
|-
|य
|ya
|ya
|
|-
|र
|ra
|ra
|
|-
|ल
|la
|la
|
|-
|व
|va
|va
|
|-
|श
|śa
|"sa<ref group="note">In MS-Word, type double-inverted commas, then press ctrl+z.</ref>
|
|-
|ष
|ṣa
|.sa
|
|-
|स
|sa
|sa
|
|-
|ह
|ha
|ha
|
|-
|ळ
|ḷa
|.la
|
|}

=== Irregular Consonant Clusters ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Devanagari
![[IAST]]
!Velthuis
|-
|क्ष
|kṣa
|k.sa
|-
|त्र
|tra
|tra
|-
|ज्ञ
|jña
|j~na
|-
|श्र
|śra
|"sra
|}

==See also==

* [[ITRANS]]
* [[Devanagari transliteration]]
* [[Harvard-Kyoto]]
* [[IAST]]

== External links ==
* [http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/index_dit.html Sanskrit transliteration.Convert from one scheme to another]. Maintained by the 'Indian language technology proliferation and deployment centre' (ILTP-DC) of the government of India. Works<ref>[http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/table.html Mapping table with 7 methods] of Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS, Velthuis, SLP, WX-system and IAST, Devanagari used by [http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/index_dit.html ILTP-DC for Sanskrit].</ref> with 7 systems: Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS, Velthuis, SLP, WX-system and IAST, Devanagari.
*[http://www.virtualvinodh.com/wp/projects/ Aksharamukha transliteration tool]. Akshara Mukha is an Asian script (two way) converter freeware.Works<ref name=aksharamukha>[http://www.virtualvinodh.com/wp/projects/ Aksharamukha transliteration tool]. Akshara Mukha is an Asian script (two way) converter freeware. It converts between 20 different South Asian & East Asian scripts. It also supports 5 major Latin transliteration conventions such as IAST, ISO, Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS & Velthuis. You can access the project from [http://www.virtualvinodh.com/wp/aksharamukha/ here]. While using the tool, 'source' can be set to for example: ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto, and 'target' can be set to a particular script like Devanagari-Hindi.(When you are using a north Indian script, tick the box: Remove ‘a’.) It can work in reverse too, for example from Hindi to Latin by ISO transliteration.</ref> with IAST, ISO, Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS & Velthuis.
* [https://shreevatsa.appspot.com/sanskrit/transliterate.html Online Sanskrit transliteration tool at Shreevatsa]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group="note"}}
[[Category:Sanskrit transliteration]]
[[Category:Romanization of Brahmic]]
[[Category:Devanagari]]
[[Category:Writing systems introduced in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Pali]]
[[Category:Bengali language]]
[[Category:Dutch inventions]]

Velthuis - Revision history

Abhishek Mandal: done!