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{{Short description|Indian climate scientist}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Veerabhadran Ramanathan
| image = Veerabhadran Ramanathan.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Portrait of Veerabhadran Ramanathan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1944|11|24}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Newton|first=David E.|title=Chemistry of the environment|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816052738|url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=9781438109749|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816052738/page/88 88]}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India
| death_date =
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| residence =
| nationality =
| field = [[Atmospheric sciences|Atmospheric Scientist]]
| erdos_number =
| work_institution = [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]]
| alma_mater = [[Annamalai University]] [[IISc]] [[State University of New York at Stony Brook|Stony Brook]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Robert Cess]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| prizes = {{*}}[[Buys Ballot Medal]] {{*}}[[Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal]] {{*}}[[Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement]] {{*}}[[BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award]] {{*}}[[Tang Prize]] {{*}}[[Grande Médaille]] {{*}}[[Crafoord Prize]]
| spouse =
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| website ={{URL|ramanathan.ucsd.edu}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Veerabhadran "Ram" Ramanathan ''' (born 24 November 1944) holds the title of Professor Emeritus at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego. He was Edward A. Frieman Endowed Presidential Chair in Climate Sustainability [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]], [[University of California, San Diego]]. He is also currently an adjunct professor in the Department of Global Development at [[Cornell University]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Climate scientist Ram Ramanathan joins Cornell|first=Matt |last=Hayes |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2021/12/climate-scientist-ram-ramanathan-joins-cornell|newspaper=Cornell Chronicle|date=December 6, 2021}}</ref>
He has contributed to many areas of the atmospheric and [[Climatology|climate sciences]] including developments to [[general circulation model]]s, atmospheric chemistry, and [[radiative transfer]]. He has been a part of major projects such as the [[Indian Ocean Experiment]] (INDOEX) and the [[Earth Radiation Budget Experiment]] (ERBE), and is known for his contributions to the areas of climate physics, Climate Change and atmospheric aerosols research. He is now the Chair of Bending the Curve: Climate Change Solutions education project of University of California. He has received numerous awards, and is a member of the [[US National Academy of Sciences]]. He has spoken about the topic of [[global warming]], and written that "the effect of greenhouse gases on global warming is, in my opinion, the most important environmental issue facing the world today."<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Warming |url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/bulletin/spring2006/12globalwarming.pdf |access-date=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026165346/http://www.amacad.org/publications/bulletin/spring2006/12globalwarming.pdf |archive-date=26 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He is a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, an organization established by the Vatican to promote scientific research and advise the Pope on scientific matters. He was appointed as an ordinary member on October 7, 2004, and serves on its council.
In this capacity, he has personally advised Pope Francis on climate change issues. He was influential in the creation of [[Laudato si']], the Pope's encyclical on [[climate change]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2018|title='Pope's climate scientist' will discuss threats, justice and ideas in climate fight, Feb. 21|url=https://www.creighton.edu/publicrelations/newscenter/news/2018/february2018/february142018/vramanathannr021418/|access-date=9 December 2020|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523052659/https://www.creighton.edu/publicrelations/newscenter/news/2018/february2018/february142018/vramanathannr021418/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Background and education==
Ramanathan was born in [[Chennai]], India. At the age of 11, he moved with his family to [[Bangalore]]. The classes at the school he attended were taught in English, and not his native [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. He admits that he "lost the habit of listening to my teachers and had to figure out things on my own".<ref name="pnas-bio">{{Cite journal |last=Nuzzo |first=Regina|author-link= Regina Nuzzo |date=2005-04-12 |title=Biography of Veerabhadran Ramanathan |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |language=en |volume=102 |issue=15 |pages=5323–5325 |bibcode=2005PNAS..102.5323N |doi=10.1073/pnas.0501756102 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=556241 |pmid=15811938|doi-access=free}}</ref> He received his BE degree from [[Annamalai University]], and ME degree from the [[Indian Institute of Science]].{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} In 1970, he arrived in the US to study [[interferometry]] at the [[State University of New York at Stony Brook]] under the direction of [[Robert Cess]].{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} Before Ramanathan could begin working on his PhD research, Cess decided to change his research and focus on planetary atmospheres.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

==Research and publications==
[[File:Aerosol-India.jpg|thumb|270px|Atmospheric brown clouds in northeastern [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]] as seen from space]]
Ramanathan has contributed to many areas of the atmospheric sciences. His first major findings were in the mid-1970s and were related to the [[greenhouse effect]] of [[CFCs]] and other trace gases<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ramanathan | first = V. | year = 1975 |title = Greenhouse Effect Due to Chlorofluorocarbons: Climatic Implications | journal = Science| volume = 190 | issue = 4209 | pages = 50–51 | doi=10.1126/science.190.4209.50 | bibcode=1975Sci...190...50R | s2cid = 33736550 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Ramanathan | first = V. | year = 1985 | url= https://escholarship.org/content/qt9jh429w9/qt9jh429w9.pdf?t=obpcwg |title = Trace Gas Trends and Their Potential Role in Climate Change | journal = [[J. Geophys. Res.]] | volume = 90 | issue=D3 | pages = 5547–5566 |bibcode = 1985JGR....90.5547R |doi = 10.1029/JD090iD03p05547 | s2cid = 55379057 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Until that time, [[carbon dioxide]] was thought to be the sole [[greenhouse gas]] responsible for [[global warming]]. He also contributed to the early development of global circulation models<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ramanathan | first = V. | year = 1983 |title = The Response of a Spectral General Circulation Model to Refinements in Radiative Processes |journal =[[Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences]] |volume = 40 | issue = 3 | pages = 605–630 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<0605:TROASG>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 1983JAtS...40..605R |display-authors=etal|doi-access = free }}</ref> and the detecting and attribution of climate change.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Madden | first = R.A. |author2=V. Ramanathan | year = 1980 |title = Detecting Climate Change due to Increasing Carbon Dioxide | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 209 | pages = 736–768 |doi = 10.1126/science.209.4458.763 | pmid=17753291 | issue=4458 |bibcode = 1980Sci...209..763M | s2cid = 20613727 }}</ref>

His focus then shifted to the radiative effects of clouds on the climate. This was done using the [[Earth Radiation Budget Experiment]] (ERBE), which showed that clouds have a large cooling effect on the planet.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ramanathan | first = V. | year = 1989 |title = Cloud-Radiative Forcing and Climate: Results from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment | journal = Science | volume = 243 | pages = 57–63 |doi = 10.1126/science.243.4887.57 | pmid=17780422 | issue=4887 |bibcode = 1989Sci...243...57R | s2cid = 3575459 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Ramanathan | first = V. | year = 1995 |title = Warm Pool Heat Budget and Shortwave Cloud Forcing: A Missing Physics? | journal = Science | volume = 267 | pages = 499–503 |doi = 10.1126/science.267.5197.499 | pmid=17788784 | issue=5197 |bibcode = 1995Sci...267..499R | s2cid = 11227462 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> ERBE was also able to measure the greenhouse effect without the use of climate models.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Raval | first = A. |author2=V. Ramanathan | year = 1989 |title = Observational determination of the greenhouse effect | journal = Nature | volume = 342 | pages = 758–761 |doi = 10.1038/342758a0 | issue=6251|bibcode = 1989Natur.342..758R | s2cid = 4326910 }}</ref>

Recently, he has published on the [[aerosol]] radiative properties. His work has shown that aerosols have a cooling effect on the surface of the planet, and at the top of the atmosphere, but the forcing at the top of the atmosphere was only one-third the magnitude as the surface forcing. This has implications for the hydrologic cycle.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Satheesh | first = S. K. |author2=V. Ramanathan | year = 2000 |title = Large differences in tropical aerosol forcing at the top of the atmosphere and Earth's surface | journal = Nature | volume = 405 | pages = 60–63 |doi = 10.1038/35011039 | pmid=10811216 | issue=6782 | bibcode = 2000Natur.405...60S | s2cid = 4341346 }}</ref> While working on the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment, he discovered that absorbing [[black carbon]]aceous aerosols have a larger influence on climate than previously thought, which led to the development of the [[Indian Ocean Experiment]] (INDOEX).<ref>{{cite web |title=INDOEX – The Indian Ocean Experiment |url=http://www-indoex.ucsd.edu/ |access-date=10 October 2008 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514114601/http://www-indoex.ucsd.edu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 1990s, he led the Indian Ocean Experiment with [[Paul Crutzen]] and discovered the widespread existence of [[Asian brown cloud|atmospheric brown clouds]] covering much of the Indian Ocean region. They found that the vast majority of the aerosols were anthropogenic in origin, and that the surface cooling caused by the aerosols is more important than the atmospheric heating.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ramanathan | first = V. | year = 2001 | url = http://www-abc-asia.ucsd.edu/APMEX/Ram%20et%20al-INDOEX-JGR-2001.pdf | title = Indian Ocean Experiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze | journal = J. Geophys. Res. | volume = 106 | issue = D22 | pages = 28371–28399 | doi = 10.1029/2001JD900133 | bibcode = 2001JGR...10628371R | display-authors = etal | doi-access = free | archive-date = 9 August 2017 | access-date = 10 October 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170809134109/http://www-abc-asia.ucsd.edu/APMEX/Ram%20et%20al-INDOEX-JGR-2001.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> These atmospheric brown clouds may have masked as much as 50% of the surface heating caused by the increase in carbon dioxide, and caused reduced precipitation during the Indian monsoon.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ramanathan | first = V. | year = 2005 |title = Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.| volume = 102 | pages = 5326–5333 |doi = 10.1073/pnas.0500656102 | pmid=15749818 | issue=15 | pmc=552786 | bibcode=2005PNAS..102.5326R|display-authors=etal| doi-access = free }}</ref>

Ramanathan is also interested in the impact of climate change on [[Effects of climate change on agriculture|agriculture]] in [[Global warming in India|India]]. While atmospheric brown clouds partially offset the warming due from carbon dioxide, their effect on agriculture has been less certain. A statistical rice model couple to a regional climate model has shown that reductions of both carbon dioxide and atmospheric brown clouds will increase crop yield.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Auffhammer| first = M. | year = 2006 |title = Integrated model shows that atmospheric brown clouds and greenhouse gases have reduced rice harvests in India | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.| volume = 103 | pages = 19668–19672 |doi = 10.1073/pnas.0609584104 | pmid=17158795 | issue=52 | pmc=1693867 |bibcode = 2006PNAS..10319668A |display-authors=etal| doi-access = free }}</ref>

He has also written on [[Climate change mitigation|avoiding dangerous anthropogenic climate change]]. Ramanathan writes that there are several [[Tipping point (climatology)|tipping points]] in the climate system, and that they do not all occur at the same temperature threshold; the tipping point for the arctic summer sea ice is likely to be smaller than that for the [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]]. While the planet has seen an observed warming of 0.6 °C since pre-industrial times, it has already most likely committed itself to 2.4 °C (1.4 °C to 4.3 °C) of warming. These values surpass several of the tipping point thresholds.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ramanathan | first = V. |author2=Y. Feng | year = 2008 |title = On avoiding dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system: Formidable challenges ahead | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.| volume = 105 | pages = 14245–14250 |doi = 10.1073/pnas.0803838105 | pmid=18799733 | issue=38 | pmc=2567151 |bibcode = 2008PNAS..10514245R | doi-access = free }}</ref> In a 2014 paper, Ramanathan and co-authors suggested that mitigating methane, soot, ozone and [[hydrofluorocarbon]]s in the atmosphere could reduce the expected [[sea level rise]] due to climate change.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Aixue |last2=Xu |first2=Yangyang |last3=Tebaldi |first3=Claudia |author-link3=Claudia Tebaldi |last4=Washington |first4=Warren M. |last5=Ramanathan |first5=Veerabhadran |year=2013 |title=Mitigation of short-lived climate pollutants slows sea-level rise |journal=Nature Climate Change |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=730–734 |bibcode=2013NatCC...3..730H |doi=10.1038/nclimate1869}}</ref>

==Project Surya==
In March 2007, Ramanathan wrote a [[white paper]] with Balakrishnan on a potential project that will reduce air pollution and global warming.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-ramanathan.ucsd.edu/Surya-WhitePaper.pdf |title=Project Surya: Reduction of Air Pollution and Global Warming by Cooking with Renewable Sources |access-date=10 November 2008 |date=5 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706133002/http://www-ramanathan.ucsd.edu/Surya-WhitePaper.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2008 }}</ref> Project Surya, which means ''Sun'' in [[Sanskrit]], will use inexpensive [[solar cooker]]s in rural India, and document the reductions in carbon dioxide and soot emissions. The byproducts of biofuel cooking and biomass burning are significant contributors to global warming, and the expanded use of renewable energy is expected to decrease their effects.

The burning of solid fuels causes substantial health risks as well. An estimated 440,000 deaths per year are attributed to unsanitary food preparation techniques due to aerosol exposure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/full6.asp?foldername=20080515&filename=news&sec_id=4&sid=10 |title=New stick to beat developing countries on GHGs |access-date=10 November 2008 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Over 3 billion people cook and heat their home by burning biomass such as wood and [[feces]]. The project, costing an estimated $4.5 million, will buy 3,500 cookers and impact up to 15,000 people. As of November 2008, the project has not been funded.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/metro/20080511-9999-1n11rama.html |title=Climate scientist out to change the world |access-date=10 November 2008 |date=11 May 2008 }}</ref>

Project Surya was soft launched in March 2009. Each household in the village of Khairatpur, [[Uttar Pradesh]] received a biomass cook stove and a solar lamp. Surya has since received $150,000 in funding from [[UNEP]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-ramanathan.ucsd.edu/Project%20Surya/Surya-Launch-Announcement.pdf |title=Project Surya Soft Launch Announcement |date=9 April 2009 }}</ref>

==Honors and awards==
Ramanathan is an [[ISI highly cited researcher]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hcr3.isiknowledge.com/author.cgi?&link1=Search&link2=Search%20Results&AuthLastName=ramanathan&AuthFirstName=Veerabhadran&AuthMiddleName=&AuthMailnstName=&CountryID=-1&DisciplineID=0&id=3348 |title=ISI Highly Cited Researchers |access-date=10 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519223724/http://hcr3.isiknowledge.com/author.cgi |archive-date=19 May 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He is a fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], [[American Meteorological Society]] and [[American Geophysical Union]]. He became a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/veerabhadran-ramanathan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105184905/https://www.amacad.org/person/veerabhadran-ramanathan |title=Veerabhadran Ramanathan |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |date=October 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2020}}</ref> In 1995, the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] awarded him the [[Buys Ballot Medal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knaw.nl/en/awards/laureates/buys-ballot-medal/buys-ballot-medaille |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804205648/https://www.knaw.nl/en/awards/laureates/buys-ballot-medal/buys-ballot-medaille |title=Buys Ballot Medal |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> In 2002, he was awarded the [[Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal]], "... for fundamental insights into the radiative roles of clouds, aerosols and key gases in the Earth's climate system." He was elected a member of the [[US National Academy of Sciences]] in 2002 "... for fundamental contributions to our modern understanding of global climate change and human impacts on climate and environment",<ref>{{cite web |title=Scientist Elected to National Academy of Sciences |url=http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/4296 |access-date=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724204451/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/4296 |archive-date=24 July 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> an Academician of the [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] in 2004, a member the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 2006,<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=V.+Ramanathan&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-05-24|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> and a member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=New members of the Academy | url=http://www.kva.se/KVA_Root/swe/_news/detail.asp?NewsId=1087&br=ns&ver=6up | access-date=4 May 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
Also, Veerabhadran Ramanathan has been bestowed with the [[BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award]] 2015 in the Climate Change category for discovering that human-produced gases and pollutants other than {{CO2}} have a huge power to alter the Earth's climate, and that by acting on them it is possible to make a short-term dent on the rate of global warming. He received the prestigious [[Tang Prize]] for Sustainable Development in 2018. He was awarded the 90th annual Mendel Medal by [[Villanova University]] in 2018 for his work on climate change.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/media/pressreleases/2018/0813.html|title=Villanova University Awards 2018 Mendel Medal to Veerabhadran Ramanathan, PhD, Climate Change Visionary and Pioneer in Climate Science {{!}} Villanova University|website=www1.villanova.edu|access-date=2018-12-20|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805090421/https://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/media/pressreleases/2018/0813.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ramanathan is the recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award ([[Champions of the Earth]]) in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Environment |first1=U. N. |title=Veerabhadran Ramanathan |url=https://www.unep.org/championsofearth/laureates/2013/veerabhadran-ramanathan |website=Champions of the Earth |language=en |date=22 August 2019}}</ref> For 2024 he was awarded the [[Grande Médaille]] of the Académie des sciences (France)<ref>[https://www.la-croix.com/planete/veerabhadran-ramanathan-l-un-des-inspirateurs-de-laudato-si-prime-par-lacademie-des-sciences-20250909 Grande Médaille 2024]</ref> and for 2026 the [[Crafoord Prize]] in Geosciences.<ref>[https://www.crafoordprize.se/news/crafoord-prize-laureate-showed-that-many-factors-affect-the-climate/ Crafoord Prize 2026]</ref>

==Articles==
*[http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/65238/jessica-seddon-wallack-and-veerabhadran-ramanathan/the-other-climate-changers Why Black Carbon and Ozone Also Matter], in September/October 2009 [[Foreign Affairs]] with Veerabhadran Ramanathan and Jessica Seddon Wallack.
*[http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137523/david-g-victor-charles-f-kennel-veerabhadran-ramanathan/the-climate-threat-we-can-beat The Climate Threat We Can Beat], in May/June 2012 Foreign Affairs with [[David G. Victor]], [[Charles Kennel|Charles F. Kennel]], Veerabhadran Ramanathan (website is paid while article is current)<ref>[http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressreleases/ucsd_researchers_where_international_climate_policy_has_failed_grassroots_e/ UCSD Researchers: Where International Climate Policy Has Failed, Grassroots Efforts Can Succeed; Control of greenhouse agents other than CO2 needs to reach the local level, according to a new Foreign Affairs essay] 26 April 2012 [[University of California, San Diego]]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://ramanathan.ucsd.edu Prof. V. (Ram) Ramanathan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100626181531/http://www-ramanathan.ucsd.edu/biography/PNAS_Bio.pdf Biography of Veerabhadran Ramanathan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081111092922/http://oversight.house.gov/documents/20071018110734.pdf Testimonial to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform]
* [http://www-ramanathan.ucsd.edu/ProjectSurya.html Project Surya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626055326/http://www-ramanathan.ucsd.edu/ProjectSurya.html |date=26 June 2010 }}
{{Tang Prize winners}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramanathan, Veerabhadran}}
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian climatologists]]
[[Category:Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Madurai]]
[[Category:Scripps Institution of Oceanography faculty]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Buys Ballot Medal (Netherlands)]]
[[Category:Annamalai University alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Geophysical Union]]
[[Category:Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Atmospheric chemists]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Tamil scientists]]
[[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian fluid dynamicists]]
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]

Veerabhadran Ramanathan - Revision history

TaylaA461435: starting details