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	\| successor = [[Vira Narasimha II]]		\| successor = [[Vira Narasimha II]]
	\| spouse = Cholamahadevi		\| spouse = Cholamahadevi,<br/>Ketaladevi
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	[[File:Profile of Amrutesvara temple at Amruthapura in Chikkamagaluru district.JPG\|upright\|thumb\|200px\|~~Amruteshwara~~ temple at Amruthapura, c.1196]]		[[File:Profile of Amrutesvara temple at Amruthapura in Chikkamagaluru district.JPG\|upright\|thumb\|200px\|[[Amrutesvara temple, Amruthapura\|Amrutheshwara Temple at Amruthapura]], c.1196]]
	[[File:Profile of Veeranarayana Temple in Belavadi.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|200px\|Veeranarayana Temple in Belavadi, c.1200]]		[[File:Profile of Veeranarayana Temple in Belavadi.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|200px\|Veeranarayana Temple in Belavadi, c.1200]]
	[[File:Profile of Kedareshwara Temple in Halebidu1.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|200px\|The Kedareshwara temple at Halebidu, c.1200]]		[[File:Profile of Kedareshwara Temple in Halebidu1.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|200px\|[[Kedareshwara Temple, Halebidu\|The Kedareshwara temple at Halebidu]], c.1200]]
	[[File:Nageshvara (near) and Chennakeshava (far) temples at Mosale.JPG\|thumb\|upright\|200px\|Nageshvara (near) and Chennakeshava (far) temples at Mosale, c.1200]]		[[File:Nageshvara (near) and Chennakeshava (far) temples at Mosale.JPG\|thumb\|upright\|200px\|[[Nageshvara-Chennakeshava Temple complex, Mosale\|Nageshvara (near) and Chennakeshava (far) temples]] at Mosale, c.1200]]
	[[File:Old Kannada inscription (1196 AD) in the Amrutesvara temple at Amruthapura.JPG\|thumb\|right\|upright\|Old Kannada inscription (c.1196 AD) from the rule of Veera Ballala II in the Amrutesvara temple at Amruthapura]]		[[File:Old Kannada inscription (1196 AD) in the Amrutesvara temple at Amruthapura.JPG\|thumb\|right\|upright\|Old Kannada inscription (c.1196 AD) from the rule of Veera Ballala II in the Amrutesvara temple at Amruthapura]]
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{{Infobox royalty
| succession = [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala King]]
| reign = {{circa|1173|1220 CE}}
| predecessor = [[Narasimha I]]
| successor = [[Vira Narasimha II]]
| spouse = Cholamahadevi
| dynasty = [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala]]
| father =
| issue = [[Vira Narasimha II]], Somaladevi
}}
{{Hoysala Kings Infobox}}
[[File:Profile of Amrutesvara temple at Amruthapura in Chikkamagaluru district.JPG|upright|thumb|200px|Amruteshwara temple at Amruthapura, c.1196]]
[[File:Profile of Veeranarayana Temple in Belavadi.jpg|thumb|upright|200px|Veeranarayana Temple in Belavadi, c.1200]]
[[File:Profile of Kedareshwara Temple in Halebidu1.jpg|thumb|upright|200px|The Kedareshwara temple at Halebidu, c.1200]]
[[File:Nageshvara (near) and Chennakeshava (far) temples at Mosale.JPG|thumb|upright|200px|Nageshvara (near) and Chennakeshava (far) temples at Mosale, c.1200]]
[[File:Old Kannada inscription (1196 AD) in the Amrutesvara temple at Amruthapura.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Old Kannada inscription (c.1196 AD) from the rule of Veera Ballala II in the Amrutesvara temple at Amruthapura]]
[[File:Old Kannada inscription dated Shaka 1116 (c.1193 AD) of Hoysala empire King Veera Ballala II.JPG|thumb|upright|Old Kannada inscription (c.1193 AD) of Hoysala empire King Veera Ballala II from Bagali, Karnataka]]

'''Veera Ballala II''' ({{lang-kn|ವೀರ ಬಲ್ಲಾಳ 2}}) (r. 1173–1220 CE) was the most notable monarch of the [[Hoysala Empire]]. His successes against the [[Yadavas of Devagiri]], the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Southern Kalachuris]], the [[Pandya Dynasty|Pandyas of Madurai]] and the waning [[Western Chalukya Empire]], and his domination over the diminishing [[Chola dynasty|Cholas of Tanjore]] took the Hoysalas to their peak of power.<ref name="proof">Kamath (1980), pp.126-127</ref><ref name="chopra">Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), part I, pp.154-155</ref><ref name="sastri">Sastri (1955), p.193</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=58–60}}</ref> The historian Chaurasia claims by the end of the 12th century, Ballala II's conquests had made the Hoysalas the most powerful dynasty of the Deccan.<ref name="deccan">Radhey Shyam Chaurasia, p.248, ''History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.'', Atlantic Publishers (2002), New Delhi, {{ISBN|978-81-269-0027-5}}</ref> According to historian Derrett, Ballala II was "the most outstanding among Hoysala kings", and historian William Coelho in comparing Ballala II to King [[Vishnuvardhana]] writes, "he vied in glory with his grandfather".<ref name="hangal">Kamath (1980), p.126</ref>

His court was adorned with some of the most notable of medieval [[Kannada language]] poets including the Jain poets [[Janna]] and [[Nemichandra]], and the Brahman poet [[Rudrabhatta]].<ref name="rudra">Kamath (1980), p.127</ref><ref name="nemi">E.P. Rice (1921), p.43</ref> According to the historians Chopra et al., during his rule, the Hoysala kingdom consolidated into an independent empire commencing an age of "Hoysala imperialism".<ref name="independent">Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), part I, p.154</ref> His architectural legacy includes among numerous ornate temples, the [[Kedareshwara Temple, Halebidu|Kedareshwara temple]], the [[Veera Narayana Temple, Belavadi|Veera Narayana temple]] and the [[Amrutesvara Temple, Amruthapura|Amrutesvara temple]].<ref name="rudra"/> He was ably supported in war and in administrative matters by his son, prince [[Vira Narasimha II]], and crowned queen Umadevi. His other queen Cholamahadevi was a [[Chola]] princes. His daughter Somaladevi was given in marriage to the Chola monarch [[Kulothunga Chola III]].<ref name="rudra"/>

==Wars against the neighbouring kingdoms ==

Ballala II's ascendancy to the Hoysala throne in c. 1173 was preceded by his successful rebellion against his weak father [[Narasimha I]] with the help of some [[malnad]] chiefs, such as the Chengalvas and the Kongalvas. He later ensured the same chiefs' could not rise against him.<ref name="hangal"/> In the late 12th century, the weakening Chalukya throne became the bone of contention between the main vassals, the Yadavas, the Hoysalas and the Kalachuris. Around c.1168, the Kalachuri King [[Bijjala II]] had gained control of the Chalukyan capital [[Basavakalyan]] (then called Kalyani, in modern [[Bidar district]] of Karnataka state). According to historian Kamath, in c.1171, an ambitious Ballala tasted first victory against Pandya king Kavadeva of the Uchchangi family. This was followed by the annexation of [[Hangal]] in c.1178. But an attempt by him to invade Belvola-300 in c.1179 led to his defeat by Kalachuri commander Sankama who seized Hangal. According to Chopra et al., in c.1179, a Kalachuri invasion into the Hoysala territory resulted in a truce with Ballala II agreeing to accept nominal subordination and to help the Kalachuri in their designs against the Chalukyas.<ref name="hangal">Kamath (1980), p.126</ref><ref name="independent"/><ref name="bill"/> However, by c.1183, the Kalachuris themselves were in serious decline due to the inept rule of the sons of Bijjala II. The last Chalukya scion, [[Someshvara IV]], was back in control of his capital Basavakalyan with help from the Kalachuri commander Brahma.

The real contention now, for the territories in the [[Krishna river|Krishna]]-[[Tungabhadra river|Tungabhadra]] doab region was between the Yadava King [[Bhillama V]] and the Hoysala monarch Ballala II.<ref name="bill">Sastri (1955), p.180</ref> By c.1189, Basavakalyana had fallen to Bhillama V who nevertheless failed to gain recognition from Chalukya vassals such as the [[Ratta dynasty|Rattas]], the [[Kadamba of Hangal|Kadambas]] of [[Banavasi]] and the [[Shilahara]]. Taking advantage of this uncertainty, Ballala II led several expeditions to Banavasi against the exiled Chalukya King Someshvara VI and defeated him by c.1190. In c.1191, the Hoysala monarch gained the upper hand over Yadava Bhillama V in the critical battles of Soratur and [[Lakkundi]] (in the modern [[Gadag district]]) where he appears to have spent much time consolidating his gains. Thus, Ballala II was able to push the northern boundaries of the Hoysala empire up to the [[Malaprabha river]] and [[Krishna river]]s.<ref name="bill"/> By c.1192, Ballala II had crowned himself the emperor over the entire modern Karnataka region. A record of his dated c.1196 claims him victorious over several minor ruling families including those of Banavasi, Hangal, [[Halashi, Karnataka|Halashi]], Nolambavadi ([[Nolamba dynasty]]), Bagalkot, and Gulbarga (Yelburgi) indicating he had complete control over the rich Tungabhadra-Krishna river region. After c.1212, he lost all these territories north of the Tungabhadra river to Yadava king Singhana II.<ref name="rudra">Kamath (1980), p.127</ref>

==Relationship with Cholas==
Around c.1216, Maravarman Sundara Pandya ascended the throne at Madurai. To seek revenge for the humiliation of his elder brother Jatavarman Kulashekara by the Chola monarch Kulothunga III, he invaded the Chola territory and drove Kulothunga into exile. Kulothunga III sought the help of the Hoysalas.<ref name="choda">Kamath (1980), p.129</ref><ref name="kaka">Sastri (1955), pp.193-194</ref><ref name="sen">Sen 1999, p.499</ref><ref name="thapa">Thapar (2003), p.368</ref><ref name="chop">Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003) p155, part1</ref> Ballala II promptly sent his forces under the command of prince Narasimha II who succeeded in repulsing the Pandya and re-establishing the Chola kingdom. With this victory, Ballala II not only assumed imperial titles such as ''Cholarajyapratishtacharya'' ("Establisher of the Chola kingdom"), ''Hoysala Chakravarti'' ("Hoysala emperor") and ''Dakshina Chakravarti'' ("Emperor of the south"), he also brought under his direct control parts of the rich [[Kaveri river|Kaveri]] plains around Srirangam (central Tamil Nadu). A Hoysala army was left standing in Kanchi to pursue hostilities with the Telugu Chodas and their overlords, the [[Kakatiya dynasty]].<ref name="choda"/><ref name="kaka"/><ref name="sen"/><ref name="thapa"/><ref name="chop"/> In words of historian John Keay, "Gloriously if briefly the Hoysalas were paramount throughout most of the Kannada speaking Deccan, and could pose a arbiters in the lusher lands below the Eastern Ghats".<ref name="lands">Keay (2000), p.252</ref>

==Patron of art and architecture==

Veera Ballala II was a great patron of Kannada literature. Janna, one of the most influential Kannada poets of the 13th century, graced his court and was honored with the title ''Kavichakravarthi'' ("Emperor among poets"). His most noteworthy writing and magnum opus, the ''Yashodhara Charitre'' (c.1209) deals with [[Jain]] [[wikt:tenet|tenet]]s.<ref name="class">Sastri (1955), pp. 358–359</ref><ref name="class1">Kamath (1980), p. 133</ref> Nemichandra was court poet to both Ballala II and the [[Shilahara]] King Lakshmana of [[Kholapur]]. He wrote ''Lilavati Prabandha'' (about c.1170), the earliest available romantic true fiction in Kannada, and an unfinished Jain epic called ''Neminathapurana'' at the instance of Ballala II's minister.<ref name="nemi"/><ref name="romance">Sastri (1955), p.358</ref> Rudrabhatta, a noteworthy Brahman writer of the late 12th century was patronized by the king and one of his ministers. He composed the ''Jagannatha Vijaya'' in c.1180, the earliest available [[Vaishnava]] epic in the Kannada language.<ref name="epic">Narasimhacharya (1988), p20</ref><ref name="bhatta">Sastri (1955), p.364</ref>

Ballala II's rule saw the proliferation of the temple construction adhering to the ''[[Vesara]]'' architecture, a style first made popular by the [[Western Chalukyas]].<ref name="ves">Kamath (1980), p. 134</ref> Some of the best known temples built during his rule were the Kedareshwara temple at Halebidu, the Veera Narayana temple at Belavadi, the Amrutesvara Temple at Amruthapura and the twin ensemble of the [[Nageshvara-Chennakeshava Temple complex, Mosale|Chennakeshava and Nageshvara temple]]s at Mosale.<ref name="rudra"/><ref name="nara">Foekema (1996), p.53</ref><ref name="twin">Foekema (1996), p.82</ref>

Ballala II donated Meruhalli village and other lands in 1174 CE for providing food to Jain monks.{{sfn|Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh|2008|p=84}} He further gifted two villages to Vajranandi-Siddhantadeva for the same purpose.{{sfn|Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh|2008|p=84}} Nanjedevaragudda stone inscription of 1192 CE describes the donations by Hoysala rulers and subjects for Jain monks at Abhinava Shantideva temple at Somepur, [[Hassan district]].{{sfn|Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh|2008|p=84}}

== References ==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
===Sources===
*{{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P.N.|last2= Ravindran|first2= T.K.|last3=Subrahmanian|first3= N|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-219-0153-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Foekema|first=Gerard |title= A Complete Guide To Hoysala Temples|orig-year=1996|year=1996|publisher= Abhinav|location= New Delhi|isbn=81-7017-345-0}}
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
*{{cite book |last= Keay|first= John|title= India: A History|orig-year=2000|year=2000|publisher= Grove Publications|location= New York|isbn= 0-8021-3797-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Majumdar|first=Ramesh Chandra|title=Ancient India|orig-year=1952|year=1977|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-208-0436-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0303-6}}
*{{cite book |last= Rice|first= E.P.|title= A History of Kanarese Literature|orig-year=1921|year=1982|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-206-0063-0}}
*{{cite book |last= Sen|first= Sailendra Nath |title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization |orig-year=1999|year=1999|publisher= New Age Publishers|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}
*{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= K.A. Nilakanta|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Ram Bhushan Prasad |title=Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka |url={{Google books|JtWGm4E4qZIC|plainurl=yes}} |year=2008 |orig-year=1975 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-3323-4 |ref={{sfnref|Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh|2008}} }}
*{{cite book |last= Thapar|first= Romila|title= The Penguin History of Early India|orig-year=2003|year= 2003|publisher= Penguin Books|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-14-302989-4}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm History of Karnataka, Arthikaje]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Hoysala]]|before=[[Narasimha I]]|after=[[Vira Narasimha II]] |years=1173–1220}}
{{S-end}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ballala 02}}
[[Category:1220 deaths]]
[[Category:Hoysala kings]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]

Veera Ballala II - Revision history

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