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	{{About\|poetic mantra in the Vedas\|metre in Sanskrit poetry\|Sanskrit prosody\|the quatrain poetic form of North India and Pakistan\|Chhand\|the computer typeface\|Chandas (typeface)}}		{{Short description\|Indian poetic metre}}
			{{About\|poetic mantra in the Vedas\|metre in Sanskrit poetry\|Sanskrit prosody\|the Kannada and Telugu poetry\|Chandas (poetry)\|the quatrain poetic form of North India and Pakistan\|Chhand\|the computer typeface\|Chandas (typeface)\|other uses\|Chanda (disambiguation)}}
	'''Vedic metre''' refers to the [[metre (poetry)\|poetic metre]] in the Vedic literature. The study of Vedic metre, along with post-Vedic metre, is part of [[Chandas]], one of the six [[Vedanga]] disciplines.<ref>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Chandas" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN\|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 140</ref>		'''Vedic metre''' refers to the [[metre (poetry)\|poetic metre]] in the Vedic literature. The study of Vedic metre, along with post-Vedic metre, is part of [[Chandas]], one of the six [[Vedanga]] disciplines.<ref>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Chandas" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN\|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 140</ref>

	==Overview==		==Overview==
	{\| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style=" background: transparent; "		{\| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style=" background: transparent; "
	\|+ The major Vedic metres<ref name="TElizarenkova1995p112">{{cite book\|author=Tatyana J. Elizarenkova\|title=Language and Style of the Vedic Rsis\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-B0Y-IwTQAC\|year=1995\|publisher=State University of New York Press\|isbn=978-0-7914-1668-6\|pages=111–121}}</ref>		\|+ The seven major Vedic metres<ref name="TElizarenkova1995p112">{{cite book\|author=Tatyana J. Elizarenkova\|title=Language and Style of the Vedic Rsis\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-B0Y-IwTQAC\|year=1995\|publisher=State University of New York Press\|isbn=978-0-7914-1668-6\|pages=111–121}}</ref>
	\|-style="text-align: center;"		\|-style="text-align: center;"
	! style="background: #ffcc66;" \|Metre		! style="background: #ffcc66;" \|Metre
	\| width= 140px \| Syllable structure \|\| No. of verses~~<ref>~~Sharma (2000~~), p.~~ 232~~.</ref>~~ \|\| width= 230px \| Examples{{Sfn\|~~Horace Hayman~~ Wilson\|1841\|pp=418-422}}		\| width= 140px \| Syllable structure \|\| No. of verses{{Sfn\|Sharma\|2000\|pp=232}} \|\| width= 230px \| Examples{{Sfn\|Wilson\|1841\|pp=418-422}}
	\|-style="text-align: center;"		\|-style="text-align: center;"
	! Gāyatrī		! Gāyatrī
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	\|}		\|}

	There are several other minor metres found in the Vedas, ~~such as~~:~~{{cn\|date=April 2016}}~~		In addition to these seven, there are fourteen less frequent ones syllable-based metres (''Varna-vritta'' or ''Akshara-chandas''):<ref>The numbering given below follows that of H.H. Wilson in the cited work, pp.422-426.</ref>
	*{{IAST\|Virāj}}: 4 lines of 10 syllables		:- 8. ''Atijagati'' (13x4); 9. ''Śakkarī'' (14x4); 10. ''Atiśakarī '' (15x4); 11. ''Ashṭi'' (16x4);
	*{{IAST\|Kakubh}}		:- 12. ''Atyashti'' (17x4); 13. ''Dhritī '' (18x4); 14. ''Atidhritī'' (19x4); 15. ''Kṛiti'' (20x4);
			:- 16. ''Prakṛiti'' (21x4); 17. ''Ākṛiti'' (22x4): 18. ''Vikṛiti'' (23x4); 19. '' Śankṛiti'' (24x4);
			:- 20. ''Atikṛiti'' (25x4); 21. ''Utkṛiti'' (26x4).
			(Note: all metres have several varieties (from 2 to 30 depending on the case).
			:There is also the metre called ''Dandaka'' which is the general name given to other metres of this class exceeding the measure (26x4) of ''Utkriti'' (''Dandaka'' is the No. 22 on the list compiled by H.H. Wilson{{Sfn\|Wilson\|1841\|pp=426}}).

			Furthemore, there are several other minor metres found in the Vedas, of which the following are two examples:
			*{{IAST\|Virāj}}: 4 lines of 10 syllables<ref>[http://www.intratext.com/ixt/ENG0039/__PSM.HTM Ralph T. H. Griffith, Hymns of the Rig Veda, Appendix II. Metre, 1896]. List of various Vedic metres , see « ''Viraj'' ». {{Access-date\|15-11-2021}}.</ref>).
			* {{IAST\|Kakubh}}: 3 lines of 8, 12, 8 syllables<ref>[http://www.intratext.com/ixt/ENG0039/__PSM.HTM Ralph T. H. Griffith, Hymns of the Rig Veda, Appendix II. Metre, 1896]. List of various Vedic metres , see « ''Kakup'' or ''Kakubh'' ». {{Access-date\|15-11-2021}}.</ref>).

	==Gāyatrī metre==		==Gāyatrī metre==
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	One of the best known verses of Gāyatrī is the [[Gayatri Mantra]], which is taken from book 3.62.10 (the last hymn of the 3rd book) of the Rigveda.		One of the best known verses of Gāyatrī is the [[Gayatri Mantra]], which is taken from book 3.62.10 (the last hymn of the 3rd book) of the Rigveda.

	When the Rig-Veda is chanted, performers traditionally recite the first two ''padas'' of Gāyatrī without making a break between them, in accordance with the generally used ''saṃhitā'' text. However, according to Macdonell, "there is no reason to believe that in the original text the second verse was more sharply divided from the third than from the first."<ref ~~name="Macdonell, A. A. p. 438"~~>Macdonell, A. A. ''A Vedic Grammar for Students'', p. 438.</ref><ref>See now however also Gunkel and Ryan (2018).</ref> When the [[Gayatri Mantra]] is recited, on the other hand, a pause is customarily made after each ''pada''.		When the Rig-Veda is chanted, performers traditionally recite the first two ''padas'' of Gāyatrī without making a break between them, in accordance with the generally used ''saṃhitā'' text. However, according to Macdonell, "there is no reason to believe that in the original text the second verse was more sharply divided from the third than from the first."<ref>Macdonell, A. A. ''A Vedic Grammar for Students'', p. 438.</ref><ref>See now however also Gunkel and Ryan (2018).</ref> When the [[Gayatri Mantra]] is recited, on the other hand, a pause is customarily made after each ''pada''.

	When there is a pause, a short syllable at the end of a line can be considered long, by the principle of ''[[brevis in longo]]''.		When there is a pause, a short syllable at the end of a line can be considered long, by the principle of ''[[brevis in longo]]''.

	Although the Gāyatrī is very common in the Rigveda, it fell out of use early and is not found in Sanskrit poetry of the classical period. There is a similar 3 x 8 stanzaic metre in the Avestan scriptures of ancient Iran.<ref ~~name="~~Macdonell, A. A. p. 438"/>		Although the Gāyatrī is very common in the Rigveda, it fell out of use early and is not found in Sanskrit poetry of the classical period. There is a similar 3 x 8 stanzaic metre in the [[Avesta\|Avestan scriptures]] of ancient Iran.<ref>Macdonell, A. A. ''A Vedic Grammar for Students'', p. 438.</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
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	*{{cite book\|last= Arnold\|first= Edward Vernon\|year= 1905\|url= https://archive.org/stream/vedicmetreinitsh00arnouoft#page/viii/mode/2up\| title= Vedic Metre in its historical development\| publisher=Cambridge University Press (Reprint 2009)\|isbn= 978-1113224446}} (Also [https://archive.org/details/vedicmetreinitsh00arnouoft here])		*{{cite book\|last= Arnold\|first= Edward Vernon\|year= 1905\|url= https://archive.org/stream/vedicmetreinitsh00arnouoft#page/viii/mode/2up\| title= Vedic Metre in its historical development\| publisher=Cambridge University Press (Reprint 2009)\|isbn= 978-1113224446}} (Also [https://archive.org/details/vedicmetreinitsh00arnouoft here])
	*Gunkel, Dieter and Kevin M. Ryan. (2018) [https://www.academia.edu/36279300/Phonological_Evidence_for_P%C4%81da_Cohesion_in_Rigvedic_Versification?email_work_card=thumbnail "Phonological Evidence for Pāda Cohesion in Rigvedic Versification"]. In ''Language and Meter'', ed. Dieter Gunkel and Olav Hackstein, 34–52. Leiden: Brill.		*Gunkel, Dieter and Kevin M. Ryan. (2018) [https://www.academia.edu/36279300/Phonological_Evidence_for_P%C4%81da_Cohesion_in_Rigvedic_Versification?email_work_card=thumbnail "Phonological Evidence for Pāda Cohesion in Rigvedic Versification"]. In ''Language and Meter'', ed. Dieter Gunkel and Olav Hackstein, 34–52. Leiden: Brill.
	*Macdonell, A. A. (1916) [http://www.theasis.net/RgV/Vedic_Grammar_for_Students.pdf ''A Vedic Grammar for Students'']. Appendix II. Vedic Metre (pp.~~ ~~436–447).		*Macdonell, A. A. (1916) [http://www.theasis.net/RgV/Vedic_Grammar_for_Students.pdf ''A Vedic Grammar for Students'']. Appendix II. Vedic Metre (pp. 436–447).
	*Müller, F. Max, ''Vedic Hymns, Part I'' (''[[Sacred Books of the East]]'', Vol. 32)		*Müller, F. Max, ''Vedic Hymns, Part I'' (''[[Sacred Books of the East]]'', Vol. 32)
	*Mylius, Klaus (1983) ''Geschichte der altindischen Literatur'', Wiesbaden.		*[[Klaus Mylius\|Mylius, Klaus]] (1983) ''Geschichte der altindischen Literatur'', Wiesbaden.
	*Oldenberg, H. ''Prolegomena on Metre and Textual History of the {{IAST\|Ṛgveda}}'', Berlin 1888. Tr. V. G. Paranjpe and M. A. Mehendale, Motilal Banarsidass 2005 {{ISBN\|81-208-0986-6}}		*Oldenberg, H. ''Prolegomena on Metre and Textual History of the {{IAST\|Ṛgveda}}'', Berlin 1888. Tr. V. G. Paranjpe and M. A. Mehendale, Motilal Banarsidass 2005 {{ISBN\|81-208-0986-6}}
	* Sharma, Arvind (2000~~). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24663308 "~~Of ''Śūdras'', ''Sūtas'', and ''Ślokas'': Why is the ''Mahābhārata'' preeminently in the ''Anuṣṭubh'' Metre?~~"]. ''~~Indo-Iranian Journal~~'', Vol.~~ 43~~, No. 3~~ (2000)~~, pp~~.~~ 225–278~~.		* {{cite journal\| last=Sharma\| first=Arvind\| year=2000\| title=Of ''Śūdras'', ''Sūtas'', and ''Ślokas'': Why is the ''Mahābhārata'' preeminently in the ''Anuṣṭubh'' Metre?\| journal= Indo-Iranian Journal \|volume= 43 (2000)\| issue= 3\| pages= 225–278 \| doi=10.1163/000000000124994047\| jstor=24663308\| url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24663308}}.
	*van Nooten, B. und G. Holland, ''Rig Veda, a metrically restored text'', Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 1994.		*van Nooten, B. und G. Holland, ''Rig Veda, a metrically restored text'', Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 1994.
	*{{cite book\| author1=Wilke, Annette\| author2=Oliver Moebus\| title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCMe67IGPkC\| year=2011\| publisher=Walter de Gruyter\|isbn=978-3-11-018159-3}}		*{{cite book\| author1=Wilke, Annette\| author2=Oliver Moebus\| title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCMe67IGPkC\| year=2011\| publisher=Walter de Gruyter\|isbn=978-3-11-018159-3}}
	*{{cite book\| ~~author~~=Wilson, Horace Hayman\| title=An introduction to the grammar of the Sanskrit language\| url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontogr00wilsuoft~~\| year=1841~~\| publisher=Madden}}		*{{cite book\| last= Wilson\| first= Horace Hayman\| year=1841\| title=An introduction to the grammar of the Sanskrit language\| url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontogr00wilsuoft\| publisher=Madden}}

	==External links==		==External links==

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{{About|poetic mantra in the Vedas|metre in Sanskrit poetry|Sanskrit prosody|the quatrain poetic form of North India and Pakistan|Chhand|the computer typeface|Chandas (typeface)}}
'''Vedic metre''' refers to the [[metre (poetry)|poetic metre]] in the Vedic literature. The study of Vedic metre, along with post-Vedic metre, is part of [[Chandas]], one of the six [[Vedanga]] disciplines.<ref>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Chandas" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 140</ref>

==Overview==
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style=" background: transparent; "
|+ The major Vedic metres<ref name="TElizarenkova1995p112">{{cite book|author=Tatyana J. Elizarenkova|title=Language and Style of the Vedic Rsis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-B0Y-IwTQAC|year=1995|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1668-6|pages=111–121}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
! style="background: #ffcc66;" |Metre
| width= 140px | Syllable structure || No. of verses<ref>Sharma (2000), p. 232.</ref> || width= 230px | Examples{{Sfn|Horace Hayman Wilson|1841|pp=418-422}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
! Gāyatrī
| 8 8 8 || 2447 || Rigveda 7.1.1-30, 8.2.14{{Sfn|Arnold|1905|pp=10, 48}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
! Uṣṇih
| 8 8 12 || 341 || Rigveda 1.8.23-26{{Sfn|Arnold|1905|p=48}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
! [[Anuṣṭubh]]
| 8 8 8 8 ||855 || Rigveda 8.69.7-16, 10.136.7{{Sfn|Arnold|1905|p=11, 50 with note ii(a)}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
! Bṛhatī
| 8 8 12 8 || 181 || Rigveda 5.1.36, 3.9.1-8{{Sfn|Arnold|1905|p=48, 66 with note 110(i)}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
! Pankti
| 8 8 8 8 + 8 || 312 || Rigveda 1.80–82.<ref>Macdonell (1916), p. 440.</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
! [[Triṣṭubh]]
| 11 11 11 11 || 4253 || Rigveda 4.50.4, 7.3.1-12{{Sfn|Arnold|1905|pp=48 with table 91, 13 with note 48, 279 with Mandala VII table}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
! Jagatī
| 12 12 12 12 || 1318 || Rigveda 1.51.13, 9.110.4-12{{Sfn|Arnold|1905|pp=12 with note 46, 13 with note 48, 241-242 with note 251}}
|}

There are several other minor metres found in the Vedas, such as:{{cn|date=April 2016}}
*{{IAST|Virāj}}: 4 lines of 10 syllables
*{{IAST|Kakubh}}

==Gāyatrī metre==
The shortest and most sacred of Vedic metres is the Gāyatrī metre.{{Sfn|Annette Wilke|Oliver Moebus|2011|pp=392-394}} A verse consists of three octosyllabic sections (''pāda'').{{Sfn|Annette Wilke|Oliver Moebus|2011|pp=392-394}}<ref name="LarsonDeutsch2014p217">{{cite book|author=Frits Staal|editor=Gerald James Larson and Eliot Deutsch|title=Interpreting across Boundaries: New Essays in Comparative Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twAABAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-5927-6|pages=217–219}}</ref> The following is an example of the opening of a Rigvedic hymn in Gāyatrī metre:

{{Quote|
<poem>
'''The hymn:'''
इन्द्रमिद्गाथिनो बृहदिन्द्रमर्केभिरर्किणः इन्द्रं वाणीरनूषत ॥१॥

'''Transliteration in 3x8 format:'''
{{transl|sa|índram íd gāthíno br̥hád}}
{{transl|sa|índram arkébhir arkíṇaḥ}}
{{transl|sa|índraṃ vā́ṇīr anūṣata}}

'''Musical beats:'''
/ – ᴗ – – / ᴗ – ᴗ ᴗ /
/ – ᴗ – – / ᴗ – ᴗ – /
/ – – – – / ᴗ – ᴗ – /

/ DUM da DUM DUM / da DUM da da /
/ DUM da DUM DUM / da DUM da DUM /
/ DUM DUM DUM DUM / da DUM da DUM /

'''Translation:'''
The chanters have loudly chanted to Indra,
the singers have sung their songs to Indra,
the musicians have resounded to Indra.
</poem>
|[[Rigveda]] 1.7.1, Translator: [[Frits Staal]]<ref name="LarsonDeutsch2014p217"/>|source=}}

The Gāyatrī metre is considered as the most refined and sacred of the Vedic metres, and one that continues to be part of modern Hindu culture as part of [[Yoga]] and hymns of meditation at sunrise.{{Sfn|Annette Wilke|Oliver Moebus|2011|pp=393-394}}

The general scheme of the Gāyatrī is a stanza of three 8-syllable lines. The length of the syllables is variable, but the rhythm tends to be iambic (ᴗ – ᴗ –), especially in the cadence (last four syllables) of each line. However, there is one rare variety, used for example in Rigveda 8.2.1–39, in which the cadence is trochaic (– ᴗ – x).<ref>Macdonell, A. A. ''A Vedic Grammar for Students'', p. 439.</ref> Another cadence sometimes found (especially in the first line of a stanza) is (ᴗ ᴗ ᴗ x).
The last syllable of a line may be long or short indifferently.

The Gāyatrī metre makes up about 25% of the entire Rigveda.<ref name=macdonellp56>[https://archive.org/stream/historyofsanskri00macdrich#page/56/mode/2up A history of Sanskrit Literature], Arthur MacDonell, Oxford University Press/Appleton & Co, page 56</ref> The only metre more commonly used in Rigveda than Gāyatrī is the [[Tristubh]] metre. The structure of Gāyatrī and other Vedic metres is more flexible than post-Vedic metres.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Stephanie Jamison|author2=Joel Brereton|title= The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972078-1 |pages=71–75 }}</ref>

One of the best known verses of Gāyatrī is the [[Gayatri Mantra]], which is taken from book 3.62.10 (the last hymn of the 3rd book) of the Rigveda.

When the Rig-Veda is chanted, performers traditionally recite the first two ''padas'' of Gāyatrī without making a break between them, in accordance with the generally used ''saṃhitā'' text. However, according to Macdonell, "there is no reason to believe that in the original text the second verse was more sharply divided from the third than from the first."<ref>Macdonell, A. A. ''A Vedic Grammar for Students'', p. 438.</ref><ref>See now however also Gunkel and Ryan (2018).</ref> When the [[Gayatri Mantra]] is recited, on the other hand, a pause is customarily made after each ''pada''.

When there is a pause, a short syllable at the end of a line can be considered long, by the principle of ''[[brevis in longo]]''.

Although the Gāyatrī is very common in the Rigveda, it fell out of use early and is not found in Sanskrit poetry of the classical period. There is a similar 3 x 8 stanzaic metre in the Avestan scriptures of ancient Iran.<ref>Macdonell, A. A. ''A Vedic Grammar for Students'', p. 438.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Vedic accent]]
*[[Sanskrit prosody]]
*[[Gayatri mantra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

;Bibliography
*{{cite book|last= Arnold|first= Edward Vernon|year= 1905|url= https://archive.org/stream/vedicmetreinitsh00arnouoft#page/viii/mode/2up| title= Vedic Metre in its historical development| publisher=Cambridge University Press (Reprint 2009)|isbn= 978-1113224446}} (Also [https://archive.org/details/vedicmetreinitsh00arnouoft here])
*Gunkel, Dieter and Kevin M. Ryan. (2018) [https://www.academia.edu/36279300/Phonological_Evidence_for_P%C4%81da_Cohesion_in_Rigvedic_Versification?email_work_card=thumbnail "Phonological Evidence for Pāda Cohesion in Rigvedic Versification"]. In ''Language and Meter'', ed. Dieter Gunkel and Olav Hackstein, 34–52. Leiden: Brill.
*Macdonell, A. A. (1916) [http://www.theasis.net/RgV/Vedic_Grammar_for_Students.pdf ''A Vedic Grammar for Students'']. Appendix II. Vedic Metre (pp. 436–447).
*Müller, F. Max, ''Vedic Hymns, Part I'' (''[[Sacred Books of the East]]'', Vol. 32)
*Mylius, Klaus (1983) ''Geschichte der altindischen Literatur'', Wiesbaden.
*Oldenberg, H. ''Prolegomena on Metre and Textual History of the {{IAST|Ṛgveda}}'', Berlin 1888. Tr. V. G. Paranjpe and M. A. Mehendale, Motilal Banarsidass 2005 {{ISBN|81-208-0986-6}}
* Sharma, Arvind (2000). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24663308 "Of ''Śūdras'', ''Sūtas'', and ''Ślokas'': Why is the ''Mahābhārata'' preeminently in the ''Anuṣṭubh'' Metre?"]. ''Indo-Iranian Journal'', Vol. 43, No. 3 (2000), pp. 225-278.
*van Nooten, B. und G. Holland, ''Rig Veda, a metrically restored text'', Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 1994.
*{{cite book| author1=Wilke, Annette| author2=Oliver Moebus| title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCMe67IGPkC| year=2011| publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-018159-3}}
*{{cite book| author=Wilson, Horace Hayman| title=An introduction to the grammar of the Sanskrit language| url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontogr00wilsuoft| year=1841| publisher=Madden}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=cTQd3lfz_VgC&lpg=PR1&pg=PA651#v=onepage&q&f=false The Hymns Of The Rigveda V1, Volume 1] List of metres.
* [http://www.vedarahasya.net/rigbk10.htm Appendix II of Griffith's translation], a listing of the names of various Vedic metres, with notes.
* [https://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Textual-Studies/Prosody-Articles/Macdonell-Vedic.pdf A.A. Macdonell on Vedic metre]. (Contains only metrical appendix).
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCQCSN38KYY Rigveda chanted]. The hymn to Indra is at 12:28.
* [https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc/rigveda/RV01.php Transliterated text of Rigveda book 1].
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SarlTxrAbIY&vl=en Gayatri Mantra sung]

[[Category:Vedangas]]
[[Category:Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Prosodies by language]]
[[Category:Indian poetics]]
{{poetry-stub}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:13, 4 January 2022
Line 73:		Line 73:
	One of the best known verses of Gāyatrī is the [[Gayatri Mantra]], which is taken from book 3.62.10 (the last hymn of the 3rd book) of the Rigveda.		One of the best known verses of Gāyatrī is the [[Gayatri Mantra]], which is taken from book 3.62.10 (the last hymn of the 3rd book) of the Rigveda.

	When the Rig-Veda is chanted, performers traditionally recite the first two ''padas'' of Gāyatrī without making a break between them, in accordance with the generally used ''saṃhitā'' text. However, according to Macdonell, "there is no reason to believe that in the original text the second verse was more sharply divided from the third than from the first."<ref>Macdonell, A. A. ''A Vedic Grammar for Students'', p. 438.</ref><ref>See now however also Gunkel and Ryan (2018).</ref> When the [[Gayatri Mantra]] is recited, on the other hand, a pause is customarily made after each ''pada''.		When the Rig-Veda is chanted, performers traditionally recite the first two ''padas'' of Gāyatrī without making a break between them, in accordance with the generally used ''saṃhitā'' text. However, according to Macdonell, "there is no reason to believe that in the original text the second verse was more sharply divided from the third than from the first."<ref name="Macdonell, A. A. p. 438">Macdonell, A. A. ''A Vedic Grammar for Students'', p. 438.</ref><ref>See now however also Gunkel and Ryan (2018).</ref> When the [[Gayatri Mantra]] is recited, on the other hand, a pause is customarily made after each ''pada''.

	When there is a pause, a short syllable at the end of a line can be considered long, by the principle of ''[[brevis in longo]]''.		When there is a pause, a short syllable at the end of a line can be considered long, by the principle of ''[[brevis in longo]]''.

	Although the Gāyatrī is very common in the Rigveda, it fell out of use early and is not found in Sanskrit poetry of the classical period. There is a similar 3 x 8 stanzaic metre in the Avestan scriptures of ancient Iran.<ref>Macdonell, A. A. ~~''A Vedic Grammar for Students'',~~ p. 438.</~~ref~~>		Although the Gāyatrī is very common in the Rigveda, it fell out of use early and is not found in Sanskrit poetry of the classical period. There is a similar 3 x 8 stanzaic metre in the Avestan scriptures of ancient Iran.<ref name="Macdonell, A. A. p. 438"/>

	==See also==		==See also==
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	*{{cite book\|last= Arnold\|first= Edward Vernon\|year= 1905\|url= https://archive.org/stream/vedicmetreinitsh00arnouoft#page/viii/mode/2up\| title= Vedic Metre in its historical development\| publisher=Cambridge University Press (Reprint 2009)\|isbn= 978-1113224446}} (Also [https://archive.org/details/vedicmetreinitsh00arnouoft here])		*{{cite book\|last= Arnold\|first= Edward Vernon\|year= 1905\|url= https://archive.org/stream/vedicmetreinitsh00arnouoft#page/viii/mode/2up\| title= Vedic Metre in its historical development\| publisher=Cambridge University Press (Reprint 2009)\|isbn= 978-1113224446}} (Also [https://archive.org/details/vedicmetreinitsh00arnouoft here])
	*Gunkel, Dieter and Kevin M. Ryan. (2018) [https://www.academia.edu/36279300/Phonological_Evidence_for_P%C4%81da_Cohesion_in_Rigvedic_Versification?email_work_card=thumbnail "Phonological Evidence for Pāda Cohesion in Rigvedic Versification"]. In ''Language and Meter'', ed. Dieter Gunkel and Olav Hackstein, 34–52. Leiden: Brill.		*Gunkel, Dieter and Kevin M. Ryan. (2018) [https://www.academia.edu/36279300/Phonological_Evidence_for_P%C4%81da_Cohesion_in_Rigvedic_Versification?email_work_card=thumbnail "Phonological Evidence for Pāda Cohesion in Rigvedic Versification"]. In ''Language and Meter'', ed. Dieter Gunkel and Olav Hackstein, 34–52. Leiden: Brill.
	*Macdonell, A. A. (1916) [http://www.theasis.net/RgV/Vedic_Grammar_for_Students.pdf ''A Vedic Grammar for Students'']. Appendix II. Vedic Metre (pp. 436–447).		*Macdonell, A. A. (1916) [http://www.theasis.net/RgV/Vedic_Grammar_for_Students.pdf ''A Vedic Grammar for Students'']. Appendix II. Vedic Metre (pp. 436–447).
	*Müller, F. Max, ''Vedic Hymns, Part I'' (''[[Sacred Books of the East]]'', Vol. 32)		*Müller, F. Max, ''Vedic Hymns, Part I'' (''[[Sacred Books of the East]]'', Vol. 32)
	*Mylius, Klaus (1983) ''Geschichte der altindischen Literatur'', Wiesbaden.		*Mylius, Klaus (1983) ''Geschichte der altindischen Literatur'', Wiesbaden.
	*Oldenberg, H. ''Prolegomena on Metre and Textual History of the {{IAST\|Ṛgveda}}'', Berlin 1888. Tr. V. G. Paranjpe and M. A. Mehendale, Motilal Banarsidass 2005 {{ISBN\|81-208-0986-6}}		*Oldenberg, H. ''Prolegomena on Metre and Textual History of the {{IAST\|Ṛgveda}}'', Berlin 1888. Tr. V. G. Paranjpe and M. A. Mehendale, Motilal Banarsidass 2005 {{ISBN\|81-208-0986-6}}
	* Sharma, Arvind (2000). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24663308 "Of ''Śūdras'', ''Sūtas'', and ''Ślokas'': Why is the ''Mahābhārata'' preeminently in the ''Anuṣṭubh'' Metre?"]. ''Indo-Iranian Journal'', Vol. 43, No. 3 (2000), pp. ~~225-278~~.		* Sharma, Arvind (2000). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24663308 "Of ''Śūdras'', ''Sūtas'', and ''Ślokas'': Why is the ''Mahābhārata'' preeminently in the ''Anuṣṭubh'' Metre?"]. ''Indo-Iranian Journal'', Vol. 43, No. 3 (2000), pp. 225–278.
	*van Nooten, B. und G. Holland, ''Rig Veda, a metrically restored text'', Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 1994.		*van Nooten, B. und G. Holland, ''Rig Veda, a metrically restored text'', Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 1994.
	*{{cite book\| author1=Wilke, Annette\| author2=Oliver Moebus\| title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCMe67IGPkC\| year=2011\| publisher=Walter de Gruyter\|isbn=978-3-11-018159-3}}		*{{cite book\| author1=Wilke, Annette\| author2=Oliver Moebus\| title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCMe67IGPkC\| year=2011\| publisher=Walter de Gruyter\|isbn=978-3-11-018159-3}}