Vatteluttu - Revision history

UpdateBot at 10:33, 24 May 2022

2022-05-24T10:33:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:03, 24 May 2022
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	{{short description\|Abugida used in southern Indian subcontinent (c. 6th–12th centuries)}}		{{short description\|Abugida used in southern Indian subcontinent (c. 6th–12th centuries)}}
	{{Infobox Writing system		{{Infobox Writing system
	\|name = ''Vatteluttu''		\| name = ''Vatteluttu''
	\|type = [[Abugida]]		\| type = [[Abugida]]
	\|time =		\| time =
	\|languages =		\| languages = [[Tamil language\|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]]
	*[[Tamil language\|Tamil]]		\| sample = Shukla Vatteluttu.svg
	*[[Malayalam]]		\| imagesize = 220px
	\|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup>		\| caption = 'Vatteluttu' in modern Vatteluttu typeface<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/vatteluttu.htm\|title=Vatteluttu\|website=Omniglot.com}}</ref>
	\|fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup>		\| fam1 = [[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup>
	\|fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup>		\| fam2 = [[Phoenician alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup>
	\|fam4=[[Brāhmī script\|Brahmi]]<ref name=":0" />		\| fam3 = [[Aramaic alphabet]]<sup>[a]</sup>
	\|fam5=[[Tamil Brahmi\|Tamil-Brahmi]]<ref name=":0" />		\| fam4 = [[Brāhmī script\|Brahmi]]<ref name=":0" />
	\|sisters=* [[Pallava Grantha script\|Pallava-Grantha]]		\| fam5 = [[Tamil Brahmi\|Tamil-Brahmi]]<ref name=":0" />
			\| sisters = * [[Pallava Grantha script\|Pallava-Grantha]]
	* [[Tamil script]]<ref name="coulmas" />		* [[Tamil script]]<ref name="coulmas" />
	\|children=[[Kolezhuthu\|Koleluttu (script)]]<ref name=":1" />		\| children = [[Kolezhuthu\|Koleluttu (script)]]<ref name=":1" />
	~~\|sample= Jewish copper plates of Cochin - (plate I, side I) (early 11th century AD).jpg~~		\| direction = left-to-right
	~~\|imagesize=~~		\| footnotes = [a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.
	~~\|caption= [[Jewish copper plates of Cochin\|Jewish Plates]] (11th century AD, [[Malayalam]])~~
	\|direction= left to right
	\|footnotes=[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.
	}}		}}
	{{Contains special characters\|Indic}}		{{Contains special characters\|Indic}}
	{{Italic title\|reason=Tamil-Malayalam loanword}}		{{Italic title\|reason=Tamil-Malayalam loanword}}
	{{brahmic}}		{{brahmic}}
	'''''Vatteluttu,''''' popularly romanised as '''''Vattezhuthu,''''' ({{lang-ta\|வட்டெழுத்து}}, ''{{transl\|ta\|ISO\|Vaṭṭeḻuttu}}'' and {{lang-ml\|വട്ടെഴുത്ത്}}, ''{{transl\|ml\|ISO\|Vaṭṭeḻuttŭ}}''), {{IPA-ml\|ʋɐʈːeɻut̪ːɨ̆\|IPA}}, was a syllabic alphabet of [[south India]] ([[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]) and [[Sri Lanka]] used for writing the [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam\|Malayalam languages]].<ref name="coulmas">{{Cite book\|last1=Coulmas\|first1=Florian\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3KdxBqjg5cC\|title=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems\|year=1999\|isbn=9780631214816\|page=542\|publisher=Blackwell Publishing}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web\|last=Krishnamurti\|first=Bhadriraju\|date=\|title=Tamil Language\|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-language\|url-status=live\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|access-date=\|website=Encyclopædia Britannica\|language=en}}</ref>		'''''Vatteluttu,''''' popularly romanised as '''''Vattezhuthu,''''' ({{lang-ta\|வட்டெழுத்து}}, ''{{transl\|ta\|ISO\|Vaṭṭeḻuttu}}'' and {{lang-ml\|വട്ടെഴുത്ത്}}, ''{{transl\|ml\|ISO\|Vaṭṭeḻuttŭ}}'', {{IPA-ml\|ʋɐʈːeɻut̪ːɨ̆\|IPA}}), was a syllabic alphabet of [[south India]] ([[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]) and [[Sri Lanka]] used for writing the [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam\|Malayalam languages]] .<ref name="coulmas">{{Cite book\|last1=Coulmas\|first1=Florian\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3KdxBqjg5cC\|title=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems\|year=1999\|isbn=9780631214816\|page=542\|publisher=Blackwell Publishing}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web\|last=Krishnamurti\|first=Bhadriraju\|date=\|title=Tamil Language\|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-language\|url-status=live\|archive-url=\|archive-date=\|access-date=\|website=Encyclopædia Britannica\|language=en}}</ref>

	{{lang\|ta-Latn\|Vatteluttu}} belonged to the group of Tamil-Malayalam scripts among the [[Brahmi\|Southern Brahmi]] derivatives.<ref name="coulmas" /><ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84" /> The script was used for centuries in inscriptions and manuscripts of south India.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book\|last=Freeman\|first=Rich\|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520228214/literary-cultures-in-history\|title=Literary Cultures in History\|publisher=University of California Press\|year=2003\|isbn=\|editor-last=Sheldon\|editor-first=Pollock\|location=\|pages=481\|chapter=The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala}}</ref>		{{lang\|ta-Latn\|Vatteluttu}} belonged to the group of Tamil-Malayalam scripts among the [[Brahmi\|Southern Brahmi]] derivatives.<ref name="coulmas" /><ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84" /> The script was used for centuries in inscriptions and manuscripts of south India.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book\|last=Freeman\|first=Rich\|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520228214/literary-cultures-in-history\|title=Literary Cultures in History\|publisher=University of California Press\|year=2003\|isbn=\|editor-last=Sheldon\|editor-first=Pollock\|location=\|pages=481\|chapter=The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala}}</ref>
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	The three suggestions are:		The three suggestions are:

	* ''Vatte'' + ''eluttu''; 'rounded script'<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|last=Narayanan\|first=M. G. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala\|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy\|publisher=CosmoBooks\|year=2013\|isbn=9788188765072\|location=Thrissur (Kerala)\|pages=~~379–80~~ and 398\|orig-year=1972}}</ref><ref name=":2" />		* ''Vatte'' + ''eluttu''; 'rounded script'<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|last=Narayanan\|first=M. G. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala\|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy\|publisher=CosmoBooks\|year=2013\|isbn=9788188765072\|location=Thrissur (Kerala)\|pages=379-80 and 398\|orig-year=1972}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
	* ''Vata'' + ''eluttu''; 'northern script'<ref name=":1" />		* ''Vata'' + ''eluttu''; 'northern script'<ref name=":1" />
	* ''Vette'' + ''eluttu''; 'chiseled script'<ref name=":1" />		* ''Vette'' + ''eluttu''; 'chiseled script'<ref name=":1" />
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	{{lang\|ta-Latn\|Vatteluttu}} probably started developing from [[Tamil-Brahmi]] from around 4th-5th century AD.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal\|author=Rajan\|first=K.\|year=2001\|title=Territorial Division as Gleaned from Memorial Stones\|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757518\|journal=East and West\|volume=51\|pages=359–367\|jstor=29757518\|via=\|number=3/4}}</ref><ref name="Mahadevan2003p210">{{cite book\|author=Mahadevan\|first=Iravatham\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZBkAAAAMAAJ\|title=Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|year=2003\|isbn=978-0-674-01227-1\|location=\|pages=210–213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Salomon\|first=Richard\|date=2004\|title=Review: Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD.\|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4132283\|journal=The Journal of the American Oriental Society\|series=\|publisher=Harvard Oriental Series\|volume=124\|issue=3\|pages=565–569\|doi=10.2307/4132283\|jstor=4132283\|via=}}</ref> The earliest forms of the script have been traced to memorial stone inscriptions from the 4th century AD.<ref name=":0" /> It is distinctly attested in a number of inscriptions in Tamil Nadu from the 6th century AD.<ref name="coulmas" /> By the 7th to 8th centuries, it had completely evolved from the Tamil Brahmi.<ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84">{{cite book\|author=Krishnamurti\|first=Bhadriraju\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC\|title=The Dravidian Languages\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=2003\|isbn=978-1-139-43533-8\|location=\|pages=78, 84–85}}</ref> Its use is also attested in north-eastern [[Sri Lanka]]n rock inscriptions, such as those found near [[Trincomalee]], dated c. 5th and 8th centuries AD.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Manogaran\|first=Chelvadurai\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UZuAAAAMAAJ&q=The+untold+story+of+ancient+Tamils+in+Sri+Lanka\|title=The Untold Story of Ancient Tamils in Sri Lanka\|publisher=Kumaran Publishers\|year=2000\|isbn=\|location=Chennai\|pages=31}}</ref>		{{lang\|ta-Latn\|Vatteluttu}} probably started developing from [[Tamil-Brahmi]] from around 4th-5th century AD.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal\|author=Rajan\|first=K.\|year=2001\|title=Territorial Division as Gleaned from Memorial Stones\|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757518\|journal=East and West\|volume=51\|pages=359–367\|jstor=29757518\|via=\|number=3/4}}</ref><ref name="Mahadevan2003p210">{{cite book\|author=Mahadevan\|first=Iravatham\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZBkAAAAMAAJ\|title=Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|year=2003\|isbn=978-0-674-01227-1\|location=\|pages=210–213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Salomon\|first=Richard\|date=2004\|title=Review: Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD.\|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4132283\|journal=The Journal of the American Oriental Society\|series=\|publisher=Harvard Oriental Series\|volume=124\|issue=3\|pages=565–569\|doi=10.2307/4132283\|jstor=4132283\|via=}}</ref> The earliest forms of the script have been traced to memorial stone inscriptions from the 4th century AD.<ref name=":0" /> It is distinctly attested in a number of inscriptions in Tamil Nadu from the 6th century AD.<ref name="coulmas" /> By the 7th to 8th centuries, it had completely evolved from the Tamil Brahmi.<ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84">{{cite book\|author=Krishnamurti\|first=Bhadriraju\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC\|title=The Dravidian Languages\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=2003\|isbn=978-1-139-43533-8\|location=\|pages=78, 84–85}}</ref> Its use is also attested in north-eastern [[Sri Lanka]]n rock inscriptions, such as those found near [[Trincomalee]], dated c. 5th and 8th centuries AD.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Manogaran\|first=Chelvadurai\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UZuAAAAMAAJ&q=The+untold+story+of+ancient+Tamils+in+Sri+Lanka\|title=The Untold Story of Ancient Tamils in Sri Lanka\|publisher=Kumaran Publishers\|year=2000\|isbn=\|location=Chennai\|pages=31}}</ref>

	{{lang\|ta-Latn\|Vatteluttu}} was replaced by the [[Pallava Grantha script\|Pallava-Grantha script]] from the 7th century AD in the [[Pallava dynasty\|Pallava]] court. From the 11th century AD onwards the [[Tamil script]] displaced the Pallava-Grantha as the principle script for writing Tamil.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="~~Krishnamurti2003p84~~" /> In what is now [[Kerala]], {{lang\|ta-Latn\|Vatteluttu}} continued for a much longer period than in [[Tamil Nadu]] by incorporating characters from [[Pallava Grantha script\|Pallava-Grantha]] to represent Sanskrit loan words in [[Malayalam]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="~~Krishnamurti2003p84~~" /> Early [[Malayalam]] inscriptions (c. 9th and 12th century AD) are composed mostly in {{lang\|ta-Latn\|Vatteluttu}}.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Veluthat, Kesavan. "History and Historiography in Constituting a Region: The Case of Kerala." ''Studies in People’s History'', vol. 5, no. 1, June 2018, pp. 13–31.</ref> The script went on evolving in Kerala during this period and in c. 12th century onwards.<ref name=":1" />		{{lang\|ta-Latn\|Vatteluttu}} was replaced by the [[Pallava Grantha script\|Pallava-Grantha script]] from the 7th century AD in the [[Pallava dynasty\|Pallava]] court. From the 11th century AD onwards the [[Tamil script]] displaced the Pallava-Grantha as the principle script for writing Tamil.<ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84" /><ref name=":0" /> In what is now [[Kerala]], {{lang\|ta-Latn\|Vatteluttu}} continued for a much longer period than in [[Tamil Nadu]] by incorporating characters from [[Pallava Grantha script\|Pallava-Grantha]] to represent Sanskrit loan words in early [[Malayalam]].<ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84" /><ref name=":1" /> Early [[Malayalam]] inscriptions (c. 9th and 12th century AD) are composed mostly in {{lang\|ta-Latn\|Vatteluttu}}.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Veluthat, Kesavan. "History and Historiography in Constituting a Region: The Case of Kerala." ''Studies in People’s History'', vol. 5, no. 1, June 2018, pp. 13–31.</ref> The script went on evolving in Kerala during this period and in c. 12th century onwards.<ref name=":1" />

	=== Replacement ===		=== Replacement ===
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	File:8th Century Grantha and Vatteluttu Scripts Velvikudi Grant in Sanskrit and Tamil, with labels.jpg\|Velvikudi Grant (8th century AD, [[Tamil language\|Tamil]])		File:8th Century Grantha and Vatteluttu Scripts Velvikudi Grant in Sanskrit and Tamil, with labels.jpg\|Velvikudi Grant (8th century AD, [[Tamil language\|Tamil]])
	File:Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 CE) plates 1 and 4.jpg\|[[Quilon Syrian copper plates\|Quilon Plates]] (9th century AD, [[Malayalam language\|Malayalam]])		File:Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 CE) plates 1 and 4.jpg\|[[Quilon Syrian copper plates\|Quilon Plates]] (9th century AD, [[Malayalam language\|Malayalam]])
			File:Jewish copper plates of Cochin - (plate I, side I) (early 11th century AD).jpg\| [[Jewish copper plates of Cochin\|Jewish Plates]] (11th century AD, [[Malayalam]])
	</gallery>		</gallery>
	== See also ==		== See also ==
	*[[Tamil script]]		* [[Tamil script]]
	* [[Pallava script]]		* [[Pallava script]]
	*[[Malayalam script]]		* [[Malayalam script]]

	==References==		==References==

CleanupBot: clean up

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clean up

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:29, 4 January 2022
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	The three suggestions are:		The three suggestions are:

	* ''Vatte'' + ''eluttu''; 'rounded script'<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|last=Narayanan\|first=M. G. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala\|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy\|publisher=CosmoBooks\|year=2013\|isbn=9788188765072\|location=Thrissur (Kerala)\|pages=~~379-80~~ and 398\|orig-year=1972}}</ref><ref name=":2" />		* ''Vatte'' + ''eluttu''; 'rounded script'<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|last=Narayanan\|first=M. G. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala\|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy\|publisher=CosmoBooks\|year=2013\|isbn=9788188765072\|location=Thrissur (Kerala)\|pages=379–80 and 398\|orig-year=1972}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
	* ''Vata'' + ''eluttu''; 'northern script'<ref name=":1" />		* ''Vata'' + ''eluttu''; 'northern script'<ref name=":1" />
	* ''Vette'' + ''eluttu''; 'chiseled script'<ref name=":1" />		* ''Vette'' + ''eluttu''; 'chiseled script'<ref name=":1" />
Line 42:		Line 42:
	{{lang\|ta-Latn\|Vatteluttu}} probably started developing from [[Tamil-Brahmi]] from around 4th-5th century AD.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal\|author=Rajan\|first=K.\|year=2001\|title=Territorial Division as Gleaned from Memorial Stones\|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757518\|journal=East and West\|volume=51\|pages=359–367\|jstor=29757518\|via=\|number=3/4}}</ref><ref name="Mahadevan2003p210">{{cite book\|author=Mahadevan\|first=Iravatham\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZBkAAAAMAAJ\|title=Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|year=2003\|isbn=978-0-674-01227-1\|location=\|pages=210–213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Salomon\|first=Richard\|date=2004\|title=Review: Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD.\|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4132283\|journal=The Journal of the American Oriental Society\|series=\|publisher=Harvard Oriental Series\|volume=124\|issue=3\|pages=565–569\|doi=10.2307/4132283\|jstor=4132283\|via=}}</ref> The earliest forms of the script have been traced to memorial stone inscriptions from the 4th century AD.<ref name=":0" /> It is distinctly attested in a number of inscriptions in Tamil Nadu from the 6th century AD.<ref name="coulmas" /> By the 7th to 8th centuries, it had completely evolved from the Tamil Brahmi.<ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84">{{cite book\|author=Krishnamurti\|first=Bhadriraju\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC\|title=The Dravidian Languages\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=2003\|isbn=978-1-139-43533-8\|location=\|pages=78, 84–85}}</ref> Its use is also attested in north-eastern [[Sri Lanka]]n rock inscriptions, such as those found near [[Trincomalee]], dated c. 5th and 8th centuries AD.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Manogaran\|first=Chelvadurai\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UZuAAAAMAAJ&q=The+untold+story+of+ancient+Tamils+in+Sri+Lanka\|title=The Untold Story of Ancient Tamils in Sri Lanka\|publisher=Kumaran Publishers\|year=2000\|isbn=\|location=Chennai\|pages=31}}</ref>		{{lang\|ta-Latn\|Vatteluttu}} probably started developing from [[Tamil-Brahmi]] from around 4th-5th century AD.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal\|author=Rajan\|first=K.\|year=2001\|title=Territorial Division as Gleaned from Memorial Stones\|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757518\|journal=East and West\|volume=51\|pages=359–367\|jstor=29757518\|via=\|number=3/4}}</ref><ref name="Mahadevan2003p210">{{cite book\|author=Mahadevan\|first=Iravatham\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZBkAAAAMAAJ\|title=Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|year=2003\|isbn=978-0-674-01227-1\|location=\|pages=210–213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Salomon\|first=Richard\|date=2004\|title=Review: Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD.\|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4132283\|journal=The Journal of the American Oriental Society\|series=\|publisher=Harvard Oriental Series\|volume=124\|issue=3\|pages=565–569\|doi=10.2307/4132283\|jstor=4132283\|via=}}</ref> The earliest forms of the script have been traced to memorial stone inscriptions from the 4th century AD.<ref name=":0" /> It is distinctly attested in a number of inscriptions in Tamil Nadu from the 6th century AD.<ref name="coulmas" /> By the 7th to 8th centuries, it had completely evolved from the Tamil Brahmi.<ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84">{{cite book\|author=Krishnamurti\|first=Bhadriraju\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC\|title=The Dravidian Languages\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=2003\|isbn=978-1-139-43533-8\|location=\|pages=78, 84–85}}</ref> Its use is also attested in north-eastern [[Sri Lanka]]n rock inscriptions, such as those found near [[Trincomalee]], dated c. 5th and 8th centuries AD.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Manogaran\|first=Chelvadurai\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UZuAAAAMAAJ&q=The+untold+story+of+ancient+Tamils+in+Sri+Lanka\|title=The Untold Story of Ancient Tamils in Sri Lanka\|publisher=Kumaran Publishers\|year=2000\|isbn=\|location=Chennai\|pages=31}}</ref>

	{{lang\|ta-Latn\|Vatteluttu}} was replaced by the [[Pallava Grantha script\|Pallava-Grantha script]] from the 7th century AD in the [[Pallava dynasty\|Pallava]] court. From the 11th century AD onwards the [[Tamil script]] displaced the Pallava-Grantha as the principle script for writing Tamil.<ref name="~~Krishnamurti2003p84~~" /><ref name=":0" /> In what is now [[Kerala]], {{lang\|ta-Latn\|Vatteluttu}} continued for a much longer period than in [[Tamil Nadu]] by incorporating characters from [[Pallava Grantha script\|Pallava-Grantha]] to represent Sanskrit loan words in [[Malayalam]].<ref name="~~Krishnamurti2003p84~~" /><ref name=":1" /> Early [[Malayalam]] inscriptions (c. 9th and 12th century AD) are composed mostly in {{lang\|ta-Latn\|Vatteluttu}}.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Veluthat, Kesavan. "History and Historiography in Constituting a Region: The Case of Kerala." ''Studies in People’s History'', vol. 5, no. 1, June 2018, pp. 13–31.</ref> The script went on evolving in Kerala during this period and in c. 12th century onwards.<ref name=":1" />		{{lang\|ta-Latn\|Vatteluttu}} was replaced by the [[Pallava Grantha script\|Pallava-Grantha script]] from the 7th century AD in the [[Pallava dynasty\|Pallava]] court. From the 11th century AD onwards the [[Tamil script]] displaced the Pallava-Grantha as the principle script for writing Tamil.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84" /> In what is now [[Kerala]], {{lang\|ta-Latn\|Vatteluttu}} continued for a much longer period than in [[Tamil Nadu]] by incorporating characters from [[Pallava Grantha script\|Pallava-Grantha]] to represent Sanskrit loan words in [[Malayalam]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84" /> Early [[Malayalam]] inscriptions (c. 9th and 12th century AD) are composed mostly in {{lang\|ta-Latn\|Vatteluttu}}.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Veluthat, Kesavan. "History and Historiography in Constituting a Region: The Case of Kerala." ''Studies in People’s History'', vol. 5, no. 1, June 2018, pp. 13–31.</ref> The script went on evolving in Kerala during this period and in c. 12th century onwards.<ref name=":1" />

	=== Replacement ===		=== Replacement ===

223.227.53.71: /* History */

2021-06-12T00:10:57Z

History

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{short description|Abugida used in southern Indian subcontinent (c. 6th–12th centuries)}}
{{Infobox Writing system
|name = ''Vatteluttu''
|type = [[Abugida]]
|time =
|languages =
*[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
*[[Malayalam]]
|fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]][a]
|fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet]][a]
|fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet]][a]
|fam4=[[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]]<ref name=":0" />
|fam5=[[Tamil Brahmi|Tamil-Brahmi]]<ref name=":0" />
|sisters=* [[Pallava Grantha script|Pallava-Grantha]]
* [[Tamil script]]<ref name="coulmas" />
|children=[[Kolezhuthu|Koleluttu (script)]]<ref name=":1" />
|sample= Jewish copper plates of Cochin - (plate I, side I) (early 11th century AD).jpg
|imagesize=
|caption= [[Jewish copper plates of Cochin|Jewish Plates]] (11th century AD, [[Malayalam]])
|direction= left to right
|footnotes=[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Italic title|reason=Tamil-Malayalam loanword}}
{{brahmic}}
'''''Vatteluttu,''''' popularly romanised as '''''Vattezhuthu,''''' ({{lang-ta|வட்டெழுத்து}}, ''{{transl|ta|ISO|Vaṭṭeḻuttu}}'' and {{lang-ml|വട്ടെഴുത്ത്}}, ''{{transl|ml|ISO|Vaṭṭeḻuttŭ}}''), {{IPA-ml|ʋɐʈːeɻut̪ːɨ̆|IPA}}, was a syllabic alphabet of [[south India]] ([[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]) and [[Sri Lanka]] used for writing the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam|Malayalam languages]].<ref name="coulmas">{{Cite book|last1=Coulmas|first1=Florian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3KdxBqjg5cC|title=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems|year=1999|isbn=9780631214816|page=542|publisher=Blackwell Publishing}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|date=|title=Tamil Language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-language|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

{{lang|ta-Latn|Vatteluttu}} belonged to the group of Tamil-Malayalam scripts among the [[Brahmi|Southern Brahmi]] derivatives.<ref name="coulmas" /><ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84" /> The script was used for centuries in inscriptions and manuscripts of south India.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Freeman|first=Rich|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520228214/literary-cultures-in-history|title=Literary Cultures in History|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|isbn=|editor-last=Sheldon|editor-first=Pollock|location=|pages=481|chapter=The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Three possible suggestions for the etymology of the term <nowiki>'</nowiki>{{lang|ta-Latn|Vatteluttu}}<nowiki>'</nowiki> are commonly proposed. ''Eluttu'' (''ezhuthu)'' is literally 'written form' in this context; and affixed here it means 'writing system' or 'script'.

The three suggestions are:

* ''Vatte'' + ''eluttu''; 'rounded script'<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala|title=Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=379-80 and 398|orig-year=1972}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
* ''Vata'' + ''eluttu''; 'northern script'<ref name=":1" />
* ''Vette'' + ''eluttu''; 'chiseled script'<ref name=":1" />
The script was also known as Tekken-Malayalam or Nana-mona.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=T. A. Gopinatha|title=Speciments of Vatteluttu Inscriptions|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=|isbn=|edition=1911|series=Travancore Archaeological Series|volume=XVI|location=|pages=283–84}}</ref> The name "Nana-mona" is given to it because, at the time when it is taught, the words "namostu" etc. are begun, which are spelt "nana, mona, ittanna, tuva" (that is, "na, mo and tu"), and the alphabet therefore came to be known as the "nana-mona" alphabet.<ref name=":3" />

== History ==
{{lang|ta-Latn|Vatteluttu}} probably started developing from [[Tamil-Brahmi]] from around 4th-5th century AD.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|author=Rajan|first=K.|year=2001|title=Territorial Division as Gleaned from Memorial Stones|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757518|journal=East and West|volume=51|pages=359–367|jstor=29757518|via=|number=3/4}}</ref><ref name="Mahadevan2003p210">{{cite book|author=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZBkAAAAMAAJ|title=Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-674-01227-1|location=|pages=210–213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salomon|first=Richard|date=2004|title=Review: Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4132283|journal=The Journal of the American Oriental Society|series=|publisher=Harvard Oriental Series|volume=124|issue=3|pages=565–569|doi=10.2307/4132283|jstor=4132283|via=}}</ref> The earliest forms of the script have been traced to memorial stone inscriptions from the 4th century AD.<ref name=":0" /> It is distinctly attested in a number of inscriptions in Tamil Nadu from the 6th century AD.<ref name="coulmas" /> By the 7th to 8th centuries, it had completely evolved from the Tamil Brahmi.<ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84">{{cite book|author=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC|title=The Dravidian Languages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-1-139-43533-8|location=|pages=78, 84–85}}</ref> Its use is also attested in north-eastern [[Sri Lanka]]n rock inscriptions, such as those found near [[Trincomalee]], dated c. 5th and 8th centuries AD.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Manogaran|first=Chelvadurai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UZuAAAAMAAJ&q=The+untold+story+of+ancient+Tamils+in+Sri+Lanka|title=The Untold Story of Ancient Tamils in Sri Lanka|publisher=Kumaran Publishers|year=2000|isbn=|location=Chennai|pages=31}}</ref>

{{lang|ta-Latn|Vatteluttu}} was replaced by the [[Pallava Grantha script|Pallava-Grantha script]] from the 7th century AD in the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] court. From the 11th century AD onwards the [[Tamil script]] displaced the Pallava-Grantha as the principle script for writing Tamil.<ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84" /><ref name=":0" /> In what is now [[Kerala]], {{lang|ta-Latn|Vatteluttu}} continued for a much longer period than in [[Tamil Nadu]] by incorporating characters from [[Pallava Grantha script|Pallava-Grantha]] to represent Sanskrit loan words in [[Malayalam]].<ref name="Krishnamurti2003p84" /><ref name=":1" /> Early [[Malayalam]] inscriptions (c. 9th and 12th century AD) are composed mostly in {{lang|ta-Latn|Vatteluttu}}.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Veluthat, Kesavan. "History and Historiography in Constituting a Region: The Case of Kerala." ''Studies in People’s History'', vol. 5, no. 1, June 2018, pp. 13–31.</ref> The script went on evolving in Kerala during this period and in c. 12th century onwards.<ref name=":1" />

=== Replacement ===
* {{lang|ta-Latn|Vatteluttu}} gradually developed into a script known as "[[Kolezhuthu|Koleluttu]]" in Kerala. This script was more commonly used in north Kerala. It continued in use among certain Kerala communities, especially Muslims and Christians, even after the 16th century and up to the 19th century AD.<ref name=":1" />
*Another script derived from {{lang|ta-Latn|Vatteluttu}} was the "Malayayma" or "[[Malayanma]]". This script was more commonly used in southern Kerala. The script is not, however, the one that is ancestral to the modern Malayalam script.<ref name=":4" />
*The modern [[Malayalam script]], a modified form of the [[Pallava Grantha script|Pallava-Grantha script]], later replaced {{lang|ta-Latn|Vatteluttu}} for writing Malayalam language.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

==Letters==
[[File:Evolution of Vatteluttu (script).gif|thumb|Evolution of Vatteluttu (script)|424x424px]]The script continuously went on evolving during its period of existence (in such a way that the date of a record may be fixed approximately by reference to the script alone).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />
* Last quarter of the 8th century – the difference between two similar letters, such as for instance between 'p' and 'v'; and 'ṅ' and 'l' etc., was very markedly shown.<ref name=":3" />
* A few centuries later – difficult to distinguish between 'k' and 'c', 'ṅ' and 'l', 'p' and 'v' and so on.<ref name=":3" />
* 17th-18 centuries – letters 'p', 'v', 'y', and 'n' and sometimes 'l' also, are alike.<ref name=":3" />
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
! rowspan="2" |Vatteluttu
! rowspan="2" |[[ISO 15919|ISO]]
! colspan="2" |Equivalent letter in
|-
![[Tamil script|Tamil]]
![[Malayalam script|Malayalam]]
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'a'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|a
|அ
|അ
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'ā'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|ā
|ஆ
|ആ
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'i'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|i
|இ
|ഇ
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'u'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|u
|உ
|ഉ
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'e'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|e
|எ
|എ
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
! rowspan="2" |Vatteluttu
! rowspan="2" |[[ISO 15919|ISO]]
! colspan="2" |Equivalent letter in
|-
![[Tamil script|Tamil]]
![[Malayalam script|Malayalam]]
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'ka'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|k
|க
|ക
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'ṅa'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|ṅ
|ங
|ങ
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'ca'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|c
|ச
|ച
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'ñ'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|ñ
|ஞ
|ഞ
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'ṭ'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|ṭ
|ட
|ട
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'ṇ'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|ṇ
|ண
|ണ
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'t'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|t
|த
|ത
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'na'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|n
|ந
|ന
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'pa'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|p
|ப
|പ
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'ma'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|m
|ம
|മ
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
! rowspan="2" |Vatteluttu
! rowspan="2" |[[ISO 15919|ISO]]
! colspan="2" |Equivalent letter in
|-
![[Tamil script|Tamil]]
![[Malayalam script|Malayalam]]
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'ṟa'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|ṟ
|ற
|റ
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'ya'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|y
|ய
|യ
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'ra'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|r
|ர
|ര
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'la'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|l
|ல
|ല
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'ḷa'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|ḷ
|ள
|ള
|-
|[[File:Vatteluttu_'va'.jpg|26x26px|center|frameless]]
|v
|வ
|വ
|}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:8th Century Grantha and Vatteluttu Scripts Velvikudi Grant in Sanskrit and Tamil, with labels.jpg|Velvikudi Grant (8th century AD, [[Tamil language|Tamil]])
File:Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 CE) plates 1 and 4.jpg|[[Quilon Syrian copper plates|Quilon Plates]] (9th century AD, [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]])
</gallery>
== See also ==
*[[Tamil script]]
* [[Pallava script]]
*[[Malayalam script]]

==References==
{{commons category|Vatteluttu alphabet}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.tnarch.gov.in/epigraphy/inscriptions-vattezhuthu-script Tamil Nadu Government: Archaeology Department]
{{list of writing systems}}
{{Tamil language}}
{{Kawi family}}

[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Tamil language]]
[[Category:Vatteluttu| ]]
[[Category:Malayalam language]]
[[Category:Javanese language]]