Vasudeva I - Revision history

Gomateshwari at 16:18, 15 January 2023

2023-01-15T16:18:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:48, 15 January 2023
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	{{Kushan rulers}}		{{Kushan rulers}}
	'''Vāsudeva I''' ([[Bactrian language\|Kushano Bactrian]]: Βαζοδηο ''Bazodeo''; Middle [[Brahmi script]]: [[File:Gupta allahabad vaa.jpg\|9px]][[File:Gupta allahabad su.jpg\|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka de.svg\|10px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_v.svg\|10px]] ''Vā-su-de-va'', [[Chinese language\|Chinese]]: 波調 ''Bodiao''; [[flourished\|fl.]] 200 CE) was a [[Kushan]] emperor, last of the "Great Kushans."<ref name="KR202"/> Named inscriptions dating from year 64 to 98 of [[Kanishka]]'s era suggest his reign extended from at least 191 to 232 CE. He ruled in Northern India and Central Asia, where he minted coins in the city of [[Balkh]] ([[Bactria]]). He probably had to deal with the rise of the Sasanians and the first incursions of the [[Kushano-Sasanians]] in the northwest of his territory. Emperor Vasudeva I was the son of Emperor [[Huvishka]] and his wife Empress Bhagyashree. <ref name="KR202"/>		'''Vāsudeva I''' ([[Bactrian language\|Kushano Bactrian]]: Βαζοδηο ''Bazodeo''; Middle [[Brahmi script]]: [[File:Gupta allahabad vaa.jpg\|9px]][[File:Gupta allahabad su.jpg\|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka de.svg\|10px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_v.svg\|10px]] ''Vā-su-de-va'', [[Chinese language\|Chinese]]: 波調 ''Bodiao''; [[flourished\|fl.]] 200 CE) was a [[Kushan]] emperor, last of the "Great Kushans."<ref name="KR202"/> Named inscriptions dating from year 64 to 98 of [[Kanishka]]'s era suggest his reign extended from at least 191 to 232 CE. He ruled in Northern India and Central Asia, where he minted coins in the city of [[Balkh]] ([[Bactria]]). He probably had to deal with the rise of the Sasanians and the first incursions of the [[Kushano-Sasanians]] in the northwest of his territory. Emperor Vasudeva I was the son of Emperor [[Huvishka]] and his wife Empress Bhagyashree.<ref name="KR202"/>

	The last named inscription of his predecessor, [[Huvishka]], was in the year 60 of the Kanishka era (187 CE), and the Chinese evidence suggests he was still ruling as late as 229 CE.		The last named inscription of his predecessor, [[Huvishka]], was in the year 60 of the Kanishka era (187 CE), and the Chinese evidence suggests he was still ruling as late as 229 CE.

Gomateshwari at 16:05, 15 January 2023

2023-01-15T16:05:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:35, 15 January 2023
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	{{Kushan rulers}}		{{Kushan rulers}}
	'''Vāsudeva I''' ([[Bactrian language\|Kushano Bactrian]]: Βαζοδηο ''Bazodeo''; Middle [[Brahmi script]]: [[File:Gupta allahabad vaa.jpg\|9px]][[File:Gupta allahabad su.jpg\|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka de.svg\|10px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_v.svg\|10px]] ''Vā-su-de-va'', [[Chinese language\|Chinese]]: 波調 ''Bodiao''; [[flourished\|fl.]] 200 CE) was a [[Kushan]] emperor, last of the "Great Kushans."<ref name="KR202"/> Named inscriptions dating from year 64 to 98 of [[Kanishka]]'s era suggest his reign extended from at least 191 to 232 CE. He ruled in Northern India and Central Asia, where he minted coins in the city of [[Balkh]] ([[Bactria]]). He probably had to deal with the rise of the Sasanians and the first incursions of the [[Kushano-Sasanians]] in the northwest of his territory.<ref name="KR202"/>		'''Vāsudeva I''' ([[Bactrian language\|Kushano Bactrian]]: Βαζοδηο ''Bazodeo''; Middle [[Brahmi script]]: [[File:Gupta allahabad vaa.jpg\|9px]][[File:Gupta allahabad su.jpg\|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka de.svg\|10px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_v.svg\|10px]] ''Vā-su-de-va'', [[Chinese language\|Chinese]]: 波調 ''Bodiao''; [[flourished\|fl.]] 200 CE) was a [[Kushan]] emperor, last of the "Great Kushans."<ref name="KR202"/> Named inscriptions dating from year 64 to 98 of [[Kanishka]]'s era suggest his reign extended from at least 191 to 232 CE. He ruled in Northern India and Central Asia, where he minted coins in the city of [[Balkh]] ([[Bactria]]). He probably had to deal with the rise of the Sasanians and the first incursions of the [[Kushano-Sasanians]] in the northwest of his territory. Emperor Vasudeva I was the son of Emperor [[Huvishka]] and his wife Empress Bhagyashree. <ref name="KR202"/>

	The last named inscription of his predecessor, [[Huvishka]], was in the year 60 of the Kanishka era (187 CE), and the Chinese evidence suggests he was still ruling as late as 229 CE.		The last named inscription of his predecessor, [[Huvishka]], was in the year 60 of the Kanishka era (187 CE), and the Chinese evidence suggests he was still ruling as late as 229 CE.

103.210.202.134 at 15:30, 15 January 2023

2023-01-15T15:30:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:00, 15 January 2023
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	\| royal house =		\| royal house =
	\| dynasty = Kushan		\| dynasty = Kushan
	\| father =		\| father = [[Huvishka]]
	\| mother =		\| mother = Bhagyashree
	\| birth_date =		\| birth_date =
	\| birth_place =		\| birth_place =

Gomateshwari: Created page with "{{Short description|Kushan emperor from c.191 to c.232}} {{Infobox royalty | name =Vasudeva I | title =Kushan emperor | image= VASUDEVA I.jpg | image_size=270 | caption =Gold coin of Vasudeva I or II.
'''Obv:''' Vasudeva in tall helmet, holding a scepter, and making an offering over an altar. Legend in Kushan language and Greek script (with the Kushan letter Ϸ "sh"): ϷΑΟΝΑΝΟϷΑΟ ΒΑΖΟΔΗΟ ΚΟϷΑΝΟ ("Shaonanos..."

2023-01-15T09:25:22Z

Created page with "{{Short description|Kushan emperor from c.191 to c.232}} {{Infobox royalty | name =Vasudeva I | title =Kushan emperor | image= VASUDEVA I.jpg | image_size=270 | caption =Gold coin of Vasudeva I or II. '''Obv:''' Vasudeva in tall helmet, holding a scepter, and making an offering over an altar. Legend in Kushan language and Greek script (with the Kushan letter Ϸ "sh"): ϷΑΟΝΑΝΟϷΑΟ ΒΑΖΟΔΗΟ ΚΟϷΑΝΟ ("Shaonanos..."

New page

{{Short description|Kushan emperor from c.191 to c.232}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name =Vasudeva I
| title =[[Kushan]] emperor
| image= VASUDEVA I.jpg
| image_size=270
| caption =Gold coin of Vasudeva I or II. 
'''Obv:''' Vasudeva in tall helmet, holding a scepter, and making an offering over an altar. Legend in Kushan language and Greek script (with the Kushan letter Ϸ "sh"): ϷΑΟΝΑΝΟϷΑΟ ΒΑΖΟΔΗΟ ΚΟϷΑΝΟ ("Shaonanoshao Bazodeo Koshano"): "King of kings, Vasudeva the Kushan". 
'''Rev:''' ΟΗϷΟ (''oesho''), a conflation of Zoroastrian [[Vata-Vayu|Vayu]] and Hindu [[Shiva]], holding a [[trisula]] scepter, with the bull [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]]. Monogram (''tamgha'') to the left.<ref name="COI"/><ref name="PP29">{{cite book |last1=Pal |first1=Pratapaditya |title=Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05991-7 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clUmKaWRFTkC&pg=PA29 |language=en}}</ref>
| reign =191–232 CE
| coronation =
| full name =
| predecessor =[[Huvishka]]
| successor =[[Kanishka II]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty = Kushan
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
|}}
{{Location map+
|South Asia
|float = right
|width = 272
|caption = Location of the inscriptions mentioning Vasudeva I as ruler.
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=27.4925|N |long=77.673611|E |label=[[Mathura]]|position=bottom |label_size=80}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=34.216456|N |long=71.714794|E |label=[[Hashtnagar]] |position=bottom |label_size=80 }}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=34.5|N |long=71.9|E |label=Mamane Dheri |position=top |label_size=80 }}
}}
{{Kushan rulers}}
'''Vāsudeva I''' ([[Bactrian language|Kushano Bactrian]]: Βαζοδηο ''Bazodeo''; Middle [[Brahmi script]]: [[File:Gupta allahabad vaa.jpg|9px]][[File:Gupta allahabad su.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka de.svg|10px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_v.svg|10px]] ''Vā-su-de-va'', [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 波調 ''Bodiao''; [[flourished|fl.]] 200 CE) was a [[Kushan]] emperor, last of the "Great Kushans."<ref name="KR202"/> Named inscriptions dating from year 64 to 98 of [[Kanishka]]'s era suggest his reign extended from at least 191 to 232 CE. He ruled in Northern India and Central Asia, where he minted coins in the city of [[Balkh]] ([[Bactria]]). He probably had to deal with the rise of the Sasanians and the first incursions of the [[Kushano-Sasanians]] in the northwest of his territory.<ref name="KR202"/>

The last named inscription of his predecessor, [[Huvishka]], was in the year 60 of the Kanishka era (187 CE), and the Chinese evidence suggests he was still ruling as late as 229 CE.

==Contacts with China==
In the Chinese historical chronicle [[Sanguozhi]] (三國志), he is recorded to have sent tribute to the Chinese emperor [[Cao Rui]] of the [[Cao Wei|Wei]] in 229 CE (3rd year of Taihe 太和), :
:"The king of the [[Da Yuezhi]], Bodiao (波調) (Vāsudeva), sent his envoy to present tribute and His Majesty granted him a title of "King of the Da Yuezhi Intimate with [[Cao Wei|Wei]] (魏)"." ([[Sanguozhi]])

He is the last Kushan ruler to be mentioned in Chinese sources.<ref name="KR202"/> His rule corresponds to the retreat of Chinese power from [[Central Asia]], and it is thought that Vasudeva may have filled the power vacuum in that area.<ref name="KR202"/> The great expansion of the [[Dharmaguptaka]] Buddhist group in Central Asia during this period has also been related to this event.

==Coinage==
The coinage of Vasudeva consisted in [[gold]] [[dinar]]s and quarter dinars, as well as [[copper]] coins. Vasudeva almost entirely removed the [[Pantheon (religion)|pantheon]] of deities displayed in the coinage of [[Kanishka]] and [[Huvishka]]. Apart from a few coins with the effigies of Mao and Nana, all of Vasudeva's coins feature [[Oesho]] on the reverse, who is generally identified as [[Shiva]].<ref name="COI">[https://books.google.com/books?id=O-d497CKID0C&pg=PA37&lpg=PA37 Coins of India] Calcutta : Association Press ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1922</ref><ref name="PP29"/> On the obverse, Vasudeva restored the royal imagery of Kanishka, with the standing, making a sacrifice over an altar, although he holds a trident rather than Kanishka's spear and he appears [[nimbate]]. Another trident is sometimes also added over the small sacrificial altar. At the end of his rule, Vasudeva introduced the [[nandipada]] symbol ([[File:Triratna black.jpg|15px]]) on his coinage.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rosenfield |first1=John M. |title=The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans |date=1967 |publisher=University of California Press |page=111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA111 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shrava |first1=Satya |title=The Kushāṇa Numismatics |date=1985 |publisher=Praṇava Prakāshan |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1EaAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==Sassanid invasion in the northwest==
Vusadeva I was the last great Kushan emperor, and the end of his rule coincides with the invasion of the [[Sassanian]]s as far as northwestern India, and the establishment of the [[Indo-Sassanians]] or [[Kushanshahs]] from around 240 CE.<ref name="KR202">{{cite book |last1=Rezakhani |first1=Khodadad |title=From the Kushans to the Western Turks |date=2017 |page=202 |url=https://www.academia.edu/32671225|url-access=registration |language=en}}</ref> Vasudeva I may have lost the territory of [[Bactria]] with its capital in [[Balkh]] to [[Ardashir I Kushanshah]]. Thereafter, Kushan rule would be restricted to their eastern territories, in western and central [[Punjab]].

<gallery class="center" widths="280px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Ardashir I Kushanshah in the name of Vasudeva circa 230-245 CE.jpg|An imitation of a coin of Vasudeva I, by the [[Kushano-Sasanian]] ruler [[Ardashir I Kushanshah]], circa 230-245 CE.<ref>[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=17299# CNG Coins]</ref>
Image:Peroz I Kushanshah.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Gold coin of [[Peroz I Kushanshah]] (246-275 CE), imitating the design of Vasudeva I, minted at [[Balkh]].<ref name="JC98">{{cite journal|last1=Cribb|first1=Joe|title=The Kidarites, the numismatic evidence.|journal=Coins, Art and Chronology II: The First Millennium C.E. In the Indo-Iranian Borderlands, Edited by M. Alram et Al.|date=2010|page=98|url=https://www.academia.edu/38112559|url-access=registration|language=en}}</ref>
</gallery>
{{clear}}

==Statuary==
[[File:Inscription Maharaja Devaputra Vasudeva Year 93.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Buddha statue of Vasudeva I]], pedestal inscription: "In the 93rd year" (𑀲𑀁𑁣𑁔) of "Great King, son of God, Vasudeva" ([[File:Gupta_ashoka_m.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_h.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg|10px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_j.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg|18px]] [[File:Gupta_ashoka_d.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_v.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka pu.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg|18px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad vaa.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad su.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta ashoka de.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_v.svg|12px]] ''Mahārājasya Devaputrasya Vāsudeva'', from the start of the first line). [[Mathura Museum]]. [https://vmis.in/ArchiveCategories/collection_gallery_zoom?id=1335&search=1&index=161976&searchstring=maharaja Photograph of the piedestal].]]
{{main|Kushan art}}
The relatively peaceful reign of Vasudeva is marked by an important artistic production, in particular in the area of statuary.<ref name="KR202"/> Several Buddhist statues are dated to the reign of Vasudeva, and are important markers for the chronology of [[Buddhist art]].<ref name="PC"/>

An inscription on the base of the [[Buddha statue of Vasudeva I]] is also known from the [[Mathura Museum]]: "In the 93rd year of Maharaja Devaputra Vasudeva...", probably corresponding to circa 171 CE, or 220 CE with the more recent definition of the Kanishka era as starting in 127 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=R.C. |title=The Splendour of Mathura Art and Museum |date=1994 |publisher=D. K. Printworld Pvt. Ltd. |page=140 |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/splendour-of-mathura-art-and-museum-IDD114/}}</ref> A [[:File:Sakyamuni_statue_of_the_Year_94.jpg|partially preserved Sakyamuni statue]], also from Mathura, has the date "Year 94", although without mentioning Vasudeva specifically.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology, 1994-1995 |page=100, Plate XLVI |url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201994-95%20A%20Review.pdf}}</ref>

Dedications in the name of Vasudeva, with dates, also appear on Jain statuary discovered in Mathura.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=Jas |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.-i |page=392 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.121005/page/n417/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dowson |first1=J. |last2=Cunningham |first2=A. |title=Ancient Inscriptions from Mathura |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1871 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=194 |jstor=44012780 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44012780 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|align=center colspan=2 style="background:#C0C0C0; font-size: 100%;"| '''Statuary dated to the reign of Vasudeva I'''
|-
|
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
Hashtnagar Buddha Year 384 original body only.jpg|[[Hashtnagar]] Buddha, inscribed with "year 384" (probably of the [[Yavana era]]), hence 209 CE.<ref name="PC">{{cite book|last1=Rhi|first1=Juhyung|title=Problems of Chronology in Gandharan. Positionning Gandharan Buddhas in Chronology|date=2017|publisher=Archaeopress Archaeology|location=Oxford|pages=35–51|url=http://www.carc.ox.ac.uk/PublicFiles/media/Final%20e-version%20Problems%20of%20Chronology%20in%20Gandharan%20Art.pdf}}{{free access}}</ref>
Hashtnagar Buddha piedestal Year 384.jpg|Piedestal of the [[Hashtnagar]] Buddha statue, now in the [[British Museum]], inscribed with "year 384" (probably of the [[Yavana era]]), hence 209 CE.<ref name="PC"/> The inscription reads in the [[Kharoshthi script]]: ''sam 1 1 1 100 20 20 20 20 4 Prothavadasa masasa divasammi pamcami 4 1'' ("In the year 384, on the fifth, 5, day of the month Prausthapada").<ref>Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art [http://www.carc.ox.ac.uk/PublicFiles/media/Final%20e-version%20Problems%20of%20Chronology%20in%20Gandharan%20Art.pdf p.37]</ref> The pedestal was sawed off from the body of the statue by L. White King in 1883 and brought to the British Museum.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Errington|first1=Elizabeth|title=Numismatic evidence for dating the Buddhist remains of Gandhara|page=204|url=https://www.academia.edu/3676180|language=en}}</ref> [[British Museum]]
Mamane Dheri sculpture Year 89.jpg|Mamane Dheri Buddha, inscribed with "Year 89" (probably of the [[Kanishka]] era), hence 216 CE.<ref name="PC"/> [[Peshawar Museum]].
File:Sakyamuni statue of the Year 94.jpg|thumb|Sakyamuni statue of the "Year 94" (221 CE). [[Mathura Museum]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Archaeology, 1994-1995|page=100, Plate XLVI|url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201994-95%20A%20Review.pdf}}</ref>
</gallery>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Falk, Harry (2001). "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas." ''Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII'', pp. 121–136.
*Falk, Harry (2004). "The Kaniṣka era in Gupta records." Harry Falk. ''Silk Road Art and Archaeology X'', pp. 167–176.
*Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1998). "Further notes on the Bactrian inscription of Rabatak, with an Appendix on the names of Kujula Kadphises and Vima Taktu in Chinese." ''Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies Part 1: Old and Middle Iranian Studies''. Edited by Nicholas Sims-Williams. Wiesbaden. Pp, 79-93.

==External links==
* [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=200&search=vasudeva Coins of Vasudeva]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040803193854/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/kushan/kushan6.html Coins of late Kushan emperors]
* [http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/kushan/i_kush_3393_o.jpg Vasudeva coin]
* [http://coinindia.com/galleries-vasudeva.html Online catalogue of coins of Vasudeva]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Kushan Empire|Kushan Ruler]]
| years =
| before = [[Huvishka]]
| after = [[Kanishka II]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Kushans}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasudeva 01}}
[[Category:Kushan emperors]]
[[Category:2nd-century births]]
[[Category:3rd-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:2nd-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:3rd-century deaths]]