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	\| death_date = 24 December 1524<br>(aged approximately 55–65)		\| death_date = 24 December 1524<br>(aged approximately 55–65)
	\| death_place = [[Cochin]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]]		\| death_place = [[Cochin]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]]
	\| death_cause =		\| death_cause = Malaria
	\| resting_place = [[Jerónimos Monastery]], [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]]		\| resting_place = [[Jerónimos Monastery]], [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]]
	\| spouse = Catarina de Ataíde		\| spouse = Catarina de Ataíde
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	}}		}}

	'''Vasco da Gama''', 1st [[Count of Vidigueira]] ({{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|v\|æ\|s\|k\|oʊ\|_\|d\|ə\|_\|ˈ\|ɡ\|ɑː\|m\|ə\|,_\|ˈ\|ɡ\|æ\|m\|ə}};<ref>{{cite LPD\|3}}</ref><ref>{{cite EPD\|18}}</ref> {{IPA-pt\|ˈvaʃku ðɐ ˈɣɐ̃mɐ\|eu}}; c. 1460s – 24 December 1524), was a [[Portugal in the Age of Discovery\|Portuguese explorer]] and the first European to reach India by sea.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|title=Vasco da Gama {{!}} Biography, Achievements, Route, Map, Significance, & Facts\|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vasco-da-Gama\|access-date=2021-10-03\|website=Encyclopedia Britannica\|language=en}}</ref>		'''Vasco da Gama''', 1st [[Count of Vidigueira]] ({{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|v\|æ\|s\|k\|u\|_\|d\|ə\|_\|ˈ\|ɡ\|ɑː\|m\|ə\|,_\|ˈ\|ɡ\|æ\|m\|ə}};<ref>{{cite LPD\|3}}</ref><ref>{{cite EPD\|18}}</ref> {{IPA-pt\|ˈvaʃku ðɐ ˈɣɐ̃mɐ\|eu}}; c. 1460s – 24 December 1524), was a [[Portugal in the Age of Discovery\|Portuguese explorer]] and the first European to reach India by sea.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|title=Vasco da Gama {{!}} Biography, Achievements, Route, Map, Significance, & Facts\|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vasco-da-Gama\|access-date=2021-10-03\|website=Encyclopedia Britannica\|language=en}}</ref>

	His initial voyage to India by way of [[Cape of Good Hope]]<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Vasco da Gama {{!}} Biography, Achievements, Route, Map, Significance, & Facts\|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vasco-da-Gama\|access-date=2021-10-31\|website=Encyclopedia Britannica\|language=en}}</ref> (1497–1499) was the first to link Europe and Asia by an ocean route, connecting the Atlantic and the Indian oceans. This is widely considered a milestone in world history, as it marked the beginning of a sea-based phase of global [[multiculturalism]].<ref>{{cite book\|first=Cliff\|last=Nigel\|title=Holy War: How Vasco da Gama's Epic Voyages Turned the Tide in a Centuries-Old Clash of Civilizations\|publisher=Harper\|year=2011}}{{page needed\|date=January 2016}}.</ref> Da Gama's [[Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India\|discovery of the sea route to India]] opened the way for an age of global [[imperialism]] and enabled the Portuguese to establish a long-lasting [[colonial empire]] along the way from Africa to Asia. The violence and hostage-taking employed by da Gama and those who followed also assigned a brutal reputation to the Portuguese among India's indigenous kingdoms that would set the pattern for [[History of colonialism#Portuguese and Spanish exploration and colonization\|western colonialism]] in the [[Age of Exploration]].<ref>M. G. S. Narayanan, Calicut: The City of Truth (2006) Calicut University Publications.</ref> Traveling the ocean route allowed the Portuguese to avoid sailing across the highly disputed Mediterranean and traversing the dangerous [[Arabian Peninsula]]. The sum of the distances covered in the outward and return voyages made this expedition the longest ocean voyage ever made until then.<ref>Diffie, Bailey W. and George D. Winius, ''Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580'', p. 176</ref>		His initial voyage to India by way of [[Cape of Good Hope]]<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Vasco da Gama {{!}} Biography, Achievements, Route, Map, Significance, & Facts\|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vasco-da-Gama\|access-date=2021-10-31\|website=Encyclopedia Britannica\|language=en}}</ref> (1497–1499) was the first to link Europe and Asia by an ocean route, connecting the Atlantic and the Indian oceans. This is widely considered a milestone in world history, as it marked the beginning of a sea-based phase of global [[multiculturalism]].<ref>{{cite book\|first=Cliff\|last=Nigel\|title=Holy War: How Vasco da Gama's Epic Voyages Turned the Tide in a Centuries-Old Clash of Civilizations\|publisher=Harper\|year=2011}}{{page needed\|date=January 2016}}.</ref> Da Gama's [[Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India\|discovery of the sea route to India]] opened the way for an age of global [[imperialism]] and enabled the Portuguese to establish a long-lasting [[colonial empire]] along the way from Africa to Asia. The violence and hostage-taking employed by da Gama and those who followed also assigned a brutal reputation to the Portuguese among India's indigenous kingdoms that would set the pattern for [[History of colonialism#Portuguese and Spanish exploration and colonization\|western colonialism]] in the [[Age of Exploration]].<ref>M. G. S. Narayanan, Calicut: The City of Truth (2006) Calicut University Publications.</ref>{{Full citation needed\|date=March 2023}} Traveling the ocean route allowed the Portuguese to avoid sailing across the highly disputed Mediterranean and traversing the dangerous [[Arabian Peninsula]]. The sum of the distances covered in the outward and return voyages made this expedition the longest ocean voyage ever made until then.<ref>Diffie, Bailey W. and George D. Winius, ''Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580'', p. 176</ref>

	After decades of sailors trying to reach the Indies, with thousands of lives and dozens of vessels lost in shipwrecks and attacks, da Gama landed in [[Kozhikode\|Calicut]] on 20 May 1498. Unopposed access to the Indian [[spice trade\|spice routes]] boosted the economy of the [[Portuguese Empire]], which was previously based along northern and coastal West Africa. The main spices at first obtained from Southeast Asia were [[Black pepper\|pepper]] and [[cinnamon]], but soon included other products, all new to Europe. Portugal maintained a commercial monopoly of these commodities for several decades. It was not until a century later that other European powers, first the [[Dutch Republic]] and England, later France and Denmark, were able to challenge Portugal's monopoly and naval supremacy in the [[Cape Route]].		After decades of sailors trying to reach the Indies, with thousands of lives and dozens of vessels lost in shipwrecks and attacks, da Gama landed in [[Kozhikode\|Calicut]] on 20 May 1498. Unopposed access to the Indian [[spice trade\|spice routes]] boosted the economy of the [[Portuguese Empire]], which was previously based along northern and coastal West Africa. The main spices at first obtained from Southeast Asia were [[Black pepper\|pepper]] and [[cinnamon]], but soon included other products, all new to Europe. Portugal maintained a commercial monopoly of these commodities for several decades. It was not until a century later that other European powers, first the [[Dutch Republic]] and England, later France and Denmark, were able to challenge Portugal's monopoly and naval supremacy in the [[Cape Route]].
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	Da Gama saw land again only on 2 January 1499, passing before the coastal [[Somali people\|Somali]] city of [[Mogadishu]], then under the influence of the [[Ajuran Sultanate\|Ajuran Empire]] in the [[Horn of Africa]]. The fleet did not make a stop, but passing before Mogadishu, the anonymous diarist of the expedition noted that it was a large city with houses of four or five storeys high and big palaces in its center and many mosques with cylindrical minarets.<ref>Da Gama's First Voyage p. 88.</ref>		Da Gama saw land again only on 2 January 1499, passing before the coastal [[Somali people\|Somali]] city of [[Mogadishu]], then under the influence of the [[Ajuran Sultanate\|Ajuran Empire]] in the [[Horn of Africa]]. The fleet did not make a stop, but passing before Mogadishu, the anonymous diarist of the expedition noted that it was a large city with houses of four or five storeys high and big palaces in its center and many mosques with cylindrical minarets.<ref>Da Gama's First Voyage p. 88.</ref>

	Da Gama's fleet finally arrived in Malindi on 7 January 1499, in a terrible state – approximately half of the crew had died during the crossing, and many of the rest were afflicted with [[scurvy]]. Not having enough crewmen left standing to manage three ships, da Gama ordered the ''São Rafael'' scuttled off the East African coast, and the crew re-distributed to the remaining two ships, the ''São Gabriel'' and the ''Berrio''. ~~Thereafter~~, the sailing was smoother. By early March, ~~they~~ had arrived in Mossel Bay, and crossed the Cape of Good Hope in the opposite direction on 20 March, reaching the west African coast by 25 April.		Da Gama's fleet finally arrived in Malindi on 7 January 1499, in a terrible state – approximately half of the crew had died during the crossing, and many of the rest were afflicted with [[scurvy]]. Not having enough crewmen left standing to manage three ships, da Gama ordered the ''São Rafael'' scuttled off the East African coast, and the crew re-distributed to the remaining two ships, the ''São Gabriel'' and the ''Berrio''. While there he was also granted permission by the [[Sultan]] to set up a [[padrão]]. [[Vasco_da_Gama_Pillar,_Malindi\|The Vasco da Gama Pillar]], as it is still known locally, seems to be the only one of the many padrões set up by Da Gamma to survive to the present day.<ref>Eric Axelson (1981). 'Prince Henry the Navigator and the discovery of the sae route to India', ''The Geographical Journal'', 137, pp. 153-54.</ref>

			After leaving Malindi, the sailing was smoother. By early March, the fleet had arrived in Mossel Bay, and crossed the Cape of Good Hope in the opposite direction on 20 March, reaching the west African coast by 25 April.

	The diary record of the expedition ends abruptly here. Reconstructing from other sources, it seems they continued to Cape Verde, where Nicolau Coelho's ''Berrio'' separated from Vasco da Gama's ''São Gabriel'' and sailed on by itself.<ref>Subrahmanyam, 1997, p. 149.</ref> The ''Berrio'' arrived in Lisbon on 10 July 1499 and [[Nicolau Coelho]] personally delivered the news to King Manuel I and the royal court, then assembled in [[Sintra]]. In the meantime, back in Cape Verde, da Gama's brother, Paulo da Gama, had fallen grievously ill. Da Gama elected to stay by his side on [[Santiago, Cape Verde\|Santiago]] island and handed the ''São Gabriel'' over to his clerk, [[João de Sá]], to take home. The ''São Gabriel'' under Sá arrived in Lisbon sometime in late July or early August. Da Gama and his sickly brother eventually hitched a ride with a Guinea caravel returning to Portugal, but Paulo da Gama died en route. Da Gama disembarked at the [[Azores]] to bury his brother at the monastery of São Francisco in [[Angra do Heroismo]], and lingered there for a little while in mourning. He eventually took passage on an Azorean caravel and finally arrived in Lisbon on 29 August 1499 (according to Barros),<ref>João de Barros, ''Da Asia'', Dec. I, Lib. IV, c. 11, p. 370.</ref> or early September<ref name="Foundations" /> (8th or 18th, according to other sources). Despite his melancholic mood, da Gama was given a hero's welcome and showered with honors, including a triumphal procession and public festivities. King Manuel wrote two letters in which he described da Gama's first voyage, in July and August 1499, soon after the return of the ships. [[Girolamo Sernigi]] also wrote three letters describing da Gama's first voyage soon after the return of the expedition.		The diary record of the expedition ends abruptly here. Reconstructing from other sources, it seems they continued to Cape Verde, where Nicolau Coelho's ''Berrio'' separated from Vasco da Gama's ''São Gabriel'' and sailed on by itself.<ref>Subrahmanyam, 1997, p. 149.</ref> The ''Berrio'' arrived in Lisbon on 10 July 1499 and [[Nicolau Coelho]] personally delivered the news to King Manuel I and the royal court, then assembled in [[Sintra]]. In the meantime, back in Cape Verde, da Gama's brother, Paulo da Gama, had fallen grievously ill. Da Gama elected to stay by his side on [[Santiago, Cape Verde\|Santiago]] island and handed the ''São Gabriel'' over to his clerk, [[João de Sá]], to take home. The ''São Gabriel'' under Sá arrived in Lisbon sometime in late July or early August. Da Gama and his sickly brother eventually hitched a ride with a Guinea caravel returning to Portugal, but Paulo da Gama died en route. Da Gama disembarked at the [[Azores]] to bury his brother at the monastery of São Francisco in [[Angra do Heroismo]], and lingered there for a little while in mourning. He eventually took passage on an Azorean caravel and finally arrived in Lisbon on 29 August 1499 (according to Barros),<ref>João de Barros, ''Da Asia'', Dec. I, Lib. IV, c. 11, p. 370.</ref> or early September<ref name="Foundations" /> (8th or 18th, according to other sources). Despite his melancholic mood, da Gama was given a hero's welcome and showered with honors, including a triumphal procession and public festivities. King Manuel wrote two letters in which he described da Gama's first voyage, in July and August 1499, soon after the return of the ships. [[Girolamo Sernigi]] also wrote three letters describing da Gama's first voyage soon after the return of the expedition.
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	By his appointment letter of February 1524, John III granted Vasco da Gama the privileged title of "[[Viceroy#Portuguese Empire\|Viceroy]]", being only the second Portuguese governor to enjoy that title (the first was [[Francisco de Almeida]] in 1505).<ref>Subrahmanyam, 1997, p. 304.</ref> His second son, [[Estêvão da Gama (16th century)\|Estêvão da Gama]] was simultaneously appointed ''Capitão-mor do Mar da Índia'' ('Captain-major of the Indian Sea', commander of the Indian Ocean naval patrol fleet), to replace Duarte's brother, Luís de Menezes. As a final condition, Gama secured from [[John III of Portugal]] the commitment to appoint all his sons successively as Portuguese captains of [[Malacca]].		By his appointment letter of February 1524, John III granted Vasco da Gama the privileged title of "[[Viceroy#Portuguese Empire\|Viceroy]]", being only the second Portuguese governor to enjoy that title (the first was [[Francisco de Almeida]] in 1505).<ref>Subrahmanyam, 1997, p. 304.</ref> His second son, [[Estêvão da Gama (16th century)\|Estêvão da Gama]] was simultaneously appointed ''Capitão-mor do Mar da Índia'' ('Captain-major of the Indian Sea', commander of the Indian Ocean naval patrol fleet), to replace Duarte's brother, Luís de Menezes. As a final condition, Gama secured from [[John III of Portugal]] the commitment to appoint all his sons successively as Portuguese captains of [[Malacca]].

	Setting out in April 1524, with a fleet of fourteen ships, Vasco da Gama took as his flagship the famous large carrack ''[[Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai]]'' on her last journey to India, along with two of his sons, Estêvão and Paulo. After a troubled journey{{clarify\|reason=Please give a basic description of the route.\|date=April 2019}} (four or five of the ships were lost en route), he arrived in India in September. Vasco da Gama immediately invoked his high viceregent powers to impose a new order in Portuguese India, replacing all the old officials with his own appointments. But Gama contracted [[malaria]] not long after arriving, and died in the city of Cochin on Christmas Eve in 1524, three months after his arrival. As per royal instructions, da Gama was succeeded as governor of India by one of the captains who had come with him, Henrique de Menezes (no relation to Duarte). Da Gama's sons Estêvão and Paulo immediately lost their posts and joined the returning fleet of early 1525 (along with the dismissed Duarte de Menezes and Luís de Menezes).<ref>Subrahmanyam, 1997, pp. 343–345.</ref>		Setting out in April 1524, with a fleet of fourteen ships, Vasco da Gama took as his flagship the famous large carrack ''[[Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai]]'' on her last journey to India, along with two of his sons, Estêvão and Paulo. After a troubled journey{{clarify\|reason=Please give a basic description of the route.\|date=April 2019}} (four or five of the ships were lost en route), he arrived in India in September. Vasco da Gama immediately invoked his high viceregent powers to impose a new order in Portuguese India, replacing all the old officials with his own appointments. But da Gama contracted [[malaria]] not long after arriving, and died in the city of Cochin on Christmas Eve in 1524, three months after his arrival. As per royal instructions, da Gama was succeeded as governor of India by one of the captains who had come with him, Henrique de Menezes (no relation to Duarte). Da Gama's sons Estêvão and Paulo immediately lost their posts and joined the returning fleet of early 1525 (along with the dismissed Duarte de Menezes and Luís de Menezes).<ref>Subrahmanyam, 1997, pp. 343–345.</ref>

	Vasco da Gama's body was first buried at [[St. Francis Church, Cochin\|St. Francis Church]], at [[Fort Kochi]] in the city of [[Kochi (India)\|Kochi]], but his remains were returned to Portugal in 1539. The body of Vasco da Gama was re-interred in Vidigueira in a casket decorated with gold and jewels.		Vasco da Gama's body was first buried at [[St. Francis Church, Cochin\|St. Francis Church]], at [[Fort Kochi]] in the city of [[Kochi (India)\|Kochi]], but his remains were returned to Portugal in 1539. The body of Vasco da Gama was re-interred in Vidigueira in a casket decorated with gold and jewels.
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	* {{Cite book \|last=Ames \|first=Glenn J. \|title=Vasco da Gama: Renaissance Crusader \|year=2004 \|publisher=Longman \|isbn=978-0-321-09282-3 }}		* {{Cite book \|last=Ames \|first=Glenn J. \|title=Vasco da Gama: Renaissance Crusader \|year=2004 \|publisher=Longman \|isbn=978-0-321-09282-3 }}
	* {{Cite book \|last=Ames \|first=Glenn J. \|title=The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700 \|year=2007 \|publisher=Prentice Hall \|isbn=978-0-13-193388-0 }}		* {{Cite book \|last=Ames \|first=Glenn J. \|title=The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700 \|year=2007 \|publisher=Prentice Hall \|isbn=978-0-13-193388-0 }}
			* Axelson, Eric (1981) 'Prince Henry the Navigator and the discovery of the sea route to India', ''The Geographical Journal'', 137, pp. 145-155.
	* Castanhoso, M. de (1898) ''Dos feitos de D. Christovam da Gama em Ethiopia'' Lisbon: Imprensa nacional. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MiFXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR3 online]		* Castanhoso, M. de (1898) ''Dos feitos de D. Christovam da Gama em Ethiopia'' Lisbon: Imprensa nacional. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MiFXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR3 online]
	* {{Cite book \|last=Corrêa \|first=Gaspar \|title=The Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama, and His Viceroyalty \|author-link=Gaspar Correia \|year=2001 \|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation \|isbn=978-1-4021-9543-3 }} Facsimile reprint of an 1869 edition by the [[Hakluyt Society]], London.		* {{Cite book \|last=Corrêa \|first=Gaspar \|title=The Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama, and His Viceroyalty \|author-link=Gaspar Correia \|year=2001 \|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation \|isbn=978-1-4021-9543-3 }} Facsimile reprint of an 1869 edition by the [[Hakluyt Society]], London.
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	== External links ==		== External links ==
	~~{{commons\|Vasco da Gama}}~~
	~~{{wikiquote}}~~
	* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497degama.html Vasco da Gama's ''Round Africa to India''], fordham.edu		* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497degama.html Vasco da Gama's ''Round Africa to India''], fordham.edu
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131213003604/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/vasco.html Vasco da Gama web tutorial with animated maps], [[University of Calgary\|ucalgary.ca]]		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131213003604/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/vasco.html Vasco da Gama web tutorial with animated maps], [[University of Calgary\|ucalgary.ca]]
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	[[Category:History of Goa]]		[[Category:History of Goa]]
	[[Category:People from Sines]]		[[Category:People from Sines]]
	[[Category:People of Portuguese India]]		[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
	[[Category:People from Vidigueira]]		[[Category:People from Vidigueira]]
	[[Category:Portuguese Roman Catholics]]		[[Category:Portuguese Roman Catholics]]

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